Tirana weather in February
In February, Tirana sees average daytime highs of 12°C and overnight lows near 4°C, with 106 mm of precipitation across 10.7 wet days and about 10.3 hours of daylight. It is the 10th-warmest and 5th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 11°C in the first days to 13°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 40% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 9 h 48 min at the start of February to 10 h 54 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Tirana's 9th-clearest and 2nd-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Tirana's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 12°
- 10th warmest
- Overnight low
- 4°
- 2nd coldest
- Precipitation
- 106 mm
- 10.7 wet days
- Daylight
- 10 h 24 min
- 6:45 AM – 5:06 PM
- Cloud cover
- 52%
- 9th clearest
- Wind
- 8 km/h
- 2nd windiest
- Solar energy
- 2.87 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 3.0
- out of 10
Tirana is capital and the largest city of Albania.
- Density
- 10,012/km²
- people per km²
- Founded
- 1614
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Highs climb over the month, from about 11°C in the first days to 13°C by the end.
A typical February day in Tirana reaches about 12°C in the afternoon and slips back to 4°C overnight — a 8°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 7°C and 16°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 1°C warmer than January and about 3°C cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 |
| Avg low (°C) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11 | 3 |
| 2 | 11 | 3 |
| 3 | 11 | 3 |
| 4 | 11 | 3 |
| 5 | 11 | 3 |
| 6 | 11 | 3 |
| 7 | 11 | 3 |
| 8 | 11 | 3 |
| 9 | 11 | 3 |
| 10 | 11 | 3 |
| 11 | 11 | 3 |
| 12 | 12 | 3 |
| 13 | 12 | 3 |
| 14 | 12 | 4 |
| 15 | 12 | 4 |
| 16 | 12 | 4 |
| 17 | 12 | 4 |
| 18 | 12 | 4 |
| 19 | 12 | 4 |
| 20 | 12 | 4 |
| 21 | 12 | 4 |
| 22 | 12 | 4 |
| 23 | 13 | 4 |
| 24 | 13 | 4 |
| 25 | 13 | 4 |
| 26 | 13 | 4 |
| 27 | 13 | 5 |
| 28 | 13 | 5 |
Tirana weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 10th-warmest and 5th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 10° / 3° | 103 | 10 | 0.6 | 9.4 | 2.5 |
| Feb | 12° / 4° | 106 | 10.7 | 1 | 10.3 | 3.0 |
| Mar | 15° / 6° | 113 | 11 | 0.3 | 11.7 | 4.5 |
| Apr | 18° / 9° | 102 | 12.6 | 0 | 13.1 | 5.6 |
| May | 22° / 13° | 83 | 11 | 0 | 14.3 | 6.8 |
| Jun | 27° / 17° | 48 | 7.2 | 0 | 14.9 | 7.4 |
| Jul | 29° / 19° | 31 | 5.2 | 0 | 14.7 | 6.6 |
| Aug | 30° / 19° | 32 | 5.6 | 0 | 13.7 | 6.2 |
| Sep | 26° / 16° | 96 | 9.2 | 0 | 12.3 | 7.2 |
| Oct | 21° / 12° | 118 | 9.4 | 0 | 10.9 | 6.9 |
| Nov | 16° / 8° | 141 | 11.2 | 0.1 | 9.7 | 5.1 |
| Dec | 11° / 4° | 136 | 12 | 0.3 | 9.1 | 2.9 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 40% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 14% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 46%. Skies tend to cloud over as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 53 | 53 | 53 | 54 | 54 | 55 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 57 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 53 | 52 | 52 | 51 | 51 | 50 | 49 | 49 |
| Cloudier (%) | 47 | 47 | 47 | 46 | 46 | 45 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 43 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 47 | 48 | 48 | 49 | 49 | 50 | 51 | 51 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 53 | 47 |
| 2 | 53 | 47 |
| 3 | 53 | 47 |
| 4 | 54 | 46 |
| 5 | 54 | 46 |
| 6 | 55 | 45 |
| 7 | 56 | 44 |
| 8 | 56 | 44 |
| 9 | 56 | 44 |
| 10 | 57 | 43 |
| 11 | 56 | 44 |
| 12 | 56 | 44 |
| 13 | 56 | 44 |
| 14 | 56 | 44 |
| 15 | 55 | 45 |
| 16 | 55 | 45 |
| 17 | 55 | 45 |
| 18 | 54 | 46 |
| 19 | 54 | 46 |
| 20 | 54 | 46 |
| 21 | 53 | 47 |
| 22 | 52 | 48 |
| 23 | 52 | 48 |
| 24 | 51 | 49 |
| 25 | 51 | 49 |
| 26 | 50 | 50 |
| 27 | 49 | 51 |
| 28 | 49 | 51 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Tirana gets around 106 mm of rain and snow over 10.7 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 38% and peaks near 42% on the wettest days, and about 1 day brings snow. The odds climb toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 36 | 36 | 37 | 37 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 39 | 39 | 40 | 40 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 |
| Snow chance (%) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 34 | 2 |
| 2 | 34 | 2 |
| 3 | 34 | 2 |
| 4 | 34 | 2 |
| 5 | 35 | 2 |
| 6 | 35 | 2 |
| 7 | 35 | 3 |
| 8 | 36 | 3 |
| 9 | 36 | 3 |
| 10 | 37 | 3 |
| 11 | 37 | 3 |
| 12 | 38 | 3 |
| 13 | 38 | 3 |
| 14 | 38 | 3 |
| 15 | 39 | 4 |
| 16 | 39 | 4 |
| 17 | 40 | 4 |
| 18 | 40 | 4 |
| 19 | 41 | 4 |
| 20 | 41 | 4 |
| 21 | 41 | 4 |
| 22 | 41 | 4 |
| 23 | 41 | 4 |
| 24 | 42 | 4 |
| 25 | 42 | 4 |
| 26 | 42 | 4 |
| 27 | 42 | 4 |
| 28 | 42 | 3 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
Wind in February
Winds average 8 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 8 km/h on the calmest days to 9 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9 | calm |
| 2 | 9 | calm |
| 3 | 9 | calm |
| 4 | 9 | calm |
| 5 | 9 | calm |
| 6 | 9 | calm |
| 7 | 9 | calm |
| 8 | 9 | calm |
| 9 | 9 | calm |
| 10 | 9 | calm |
| 11 | 9 | calm |
| 12 | 8 | calm |
| 13 | 8 | calm |
| 14 | 8 | calm |
| 15 | 8 | calm |
| 16 | 8 | calm |
| 17 | 8 | calm |
| 18 | 8 | calm |
| 19 | 8 | calm |
| 20 | 8 | calm |
| 21 | 8 | calm |
| 22 | 8 | calm |
| 23 | 8 | calm |
| 24 | 8 | calm |
| 25 | 8 | calm |
| 26 | 8 | calm |
| 27 | 8 | calm |
| 28 | 8 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 9 h 48 min at the start of February to 10 h 54 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 66 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 7:00 AM to 6:27 AM, and sunset from 4:48 PM to 5:22 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 9.8 | 9.8 | 9.9 | 9.9 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 10.2 | 10.2 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.9 | 10.9 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 7:00 | 6:59 | 6:58 | 6:57 | 6:56 | 6:55 | 6:54 | 6:53 | 6:52 | 6:51 | 6:50 | 6:48 | 6:47 | 6:46 | 6:45 | 6:44 | 6:42 | 6:41 | 6:40 | 6:38 | 6:37 | 6:35 | 6:34 | 6:33 | 6:31 | 6:30 | 6:28 | 6:27 |
| Sunset (PM) | 4:48 | 4:50 | 4:51 | 4:52 | 4:53 | 4:55 | 4:56 | 4:57 | 4:58 | 5:00 | 5:01 | 5:02 | 5:03 | 5:05 | 5:06 | 5:07 | 5:08 | 5:10 | 5:11 | 5:12 | 5:13 | 5:14 | 5:16 | 5:17 | 5:18 | 5:19 | 5:20 | 5:22 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9.8 | 7:00 | 4:48 |
| 2 | 9.8 | 6:59 | 4:50 |
| 3 | 9.9 | 6:58 | 4:51 |
| 4 | 9.9 | 6:57 | 4:52 |
| 5 | 10.0 | 6:56 | 4:53 |
| 6 | 10.0 | 6:55 | 4:55 |
| 7 | 10.0 | 6:54 | 4:56 |
| 8 | 10.1 | 6:53 | 4:57 |
| 9 | 10.1 | 6:52 | 4:58 |
| 10 | 10.1 | 6:51 | 5:00 |
| 11 | 10.2 | 6:50 | 5:01 |
| 12 | 10.2 | 6:48 | 5:02 |
| 13 | 10.3 | 6:47 | 5:03 |
| 14 | 10.3 | 6:46 | 5:05 |
| 15 | 10.4 | 6:45 | 5:06 |
| 16 | 10.4 | 6:44 | 5:07 |
| 17 | 10.4 | 6:42 | 5:08 |
| 18 | 10.5 | 6:41 | 5:10 |
| 19 | 10.5 | 6:40 | 5:11 |
| 20 | 10.6 | 6:38 | 5:12 |
| 21 | 10.6 | 6:37 | 5:13 |
| 22 | 10.6 | 6:35 | 5:14 |
| 23 | 10.7 | 6:34 | 5:16 |
| 24 | 10.7 | 6:33 | 5:17 |
| 25 | 10.8 | 6:31 | 5:18 |
| 26 | 10.8 | 6:30 | 5:19 |
| 27 | 10.9 | 6:28 | 5:20 |
| 28 | 10.9 | 6:27 | 5:22 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 2.87 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 1.69 kWh/m² to a high of 7.16 kWh/m² in July across the year — February's 2.87 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.4 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2.4 | Moderate |
| 2 | 2.4 | Moderate |
| 3 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 4 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 5 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 6 | 2.6 | Moderate |
| 7 | 2.6 | Moderate |
| 8 | 2.6 | Moderate |
| 9 | 2.7 | Moderate |
| 10 | 2.7 | Moderate |
| 11 | 2.7 | Moderate |
| 12 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 13 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 14 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 15 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 16 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 17 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 18 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 19 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 20 | 3.1 | Moderate |
| 21 | 3.1 | Moderate |
| 22 | 3.1 | Moderate |
| 23 | 3.2 | Moderate |
| 24 | 3.2 | Moderate |
| 25 | 3.3 | Moderate |
| 26 | 3.3 | Moderate |
| 27 | 3.4 | Moderate |
| 28 | 3.4 | Moderate |
Is February a good time to visit Tirana?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Tirana.
What to pack for Tirana in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Tirana sees daytime highs around 12°C and nights near 4°C. Pack a warm layer. Worth having: rain gear. About 11 days see rain.
Sea temperature near Tirana in February
The nearest coast averages about 14°C in February — the other half of the beach question. The full-year curve and swim-comfort zones are below.
The sea at the nearest coast (about 37 km away) is warmest in August at about 25°C and coldest in February near 14°C.
It's comfortable for a long swim from May 26 to Nov 3 — about 5.3 months when the water holds above 20°C.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sea temperature (°C) | 15 | 14 | 14 | 16 | 19 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 24 | 21 | 19 | 16 |
| Comfort | Bracing | Bracing | Bracing | Cool | Cool | Refreshing | Warm | Warm | Refreshing | Refreshing | Cool | Cool |
| Sea temperature (°C) | Comfort | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 15 | Bracing |
| Feb | 14 | Bracing |
| Mar | 14 | Bracing |
| Apr | 16 | Cool |
| May | 19 | Cool |
| Jun | 23 | Refreshing |
| Jul | 24 | Warm |
| Aug | 25 | Warm |
| Sep | 24 | Refreshing |
| Oct | 21 | Refreshing |
| Nov | 19 | Cool |
| Dec | 16 | Cool |
UV index in Tirana in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 3. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Tirana peaks around July 17 at about 9 (very high) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 20 at about 1 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 8 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 |
| Level | Low | Moderate | High | High | High | Very high | Very high | Very high | High | Moderate | Moderate | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 2 | Low |
| Feb | 3 | Moderate |
| Mar | 5 | High |
| Apr | 7 | High |
| May | 7 | High |
| Jun | 9 | Very high |
| Jul | 9 | Very high |
| Aug | 9 | Very high |
| Sep | 6 | High |
| Oct | 4 | Moderate |
| Nov | 2 | Moderate |
| Dec | 1 | Low |
Where is Tirana?
Tirana sits at 41.3°N, 19.8°E, 113 m above sea level, in Albania. The nearest listed city is Fushë-Krujë, 19 km away.
Topography around Tirana
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Tirana.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Tirana has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 185 m around an average of 126 m above sea level; within 16 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,578 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,709 m.
The land around Tirana is covered by artificial surfaces (75%) within 3 km, trees (59%) and grassland (20%) within 16 km, and trees (44%), water (23%) and grassland (22%) within 80 km.
Albania travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type C / F
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 43% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $12,998
- 2025
- Happiness
- 5.7 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 71%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 1.4
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 11.7
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Moderate
- EF EPI 532
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Tirana (41.3274°, 19.8187°, elevation 113 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. Sea temperatures are the NOAA OISST v2.1 1991–2020 monthly climatology (public domain), sampled at the nearest ocean point. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).