Tupungato weather in December
In December, Tupungato sees average daytime highs of 20°C and overnight lows near 7°C, with 133 mm of precipitation across 18.8 wet days and about 14.2 hours of daylight. It is the 2nd-warmest and 4th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 19°C in the first days to 21°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 62% of the time in December, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 14 hours at the start of December to 14 h 12 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, December is Tupungato's 4th-clearest and 2nd-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Tupungato's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 20°
- 2nd warmest
- Overnight low
- 7°
- 10th coldest
- Precipitation
- 133 mm
- 18.8 wet days
- Daylight
- 14 h 12 min
- 6:27 AM – 8:39 PM
- Cloud cover
- 35%
- 4th clearest
- Wind
- 7 km/h
- 2nd windiest
- Solar energy
- 8.57 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 5.4
- out of 10
Temperature in December
Highs climb over the month, from about 19°C in the first days to 21°C by the end.
A typical December day in Tupungato reaches about 20°C in the afternoon and slips back to 7°C overnight — a 13°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 16°C and 24°C. Set against its neighbours, December runs about 3°C warmer than November and about 1°C cooler than January.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 |
| Avg low (°C) | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 19 | 6 |
| 2 | 19 | 6 |
| 3 | 19 | 6 |
| 4 | 19 | 6 |
| 5 | 19 | 6 |
| 6 | 19 | 6 |
| 7 | 19 | 6 |
| 8 | 19 | 6 |
| 9 | 19 | 6 |
| 10 | 20 | 7 |
| 11 | 20 | 7 |
| 12 | 20 | 7 |
| 13 | 20 | 7 |
| 14 | 20 | 7 |
| 15 | 20 | 7 |
| 16 | 20 | 7 |
| 17 | 20 | 8 |
| 18 | 20 | 8 |
| 19 | 21 | 8 |
| 20 | 21 | 8 |
| 21 | 21 | 8 |
| 22 | 21 | 8 |
| 23 | 21 | 8 |
| 24 | 21 | 8 |
| 25 | 21 | 9 |
| 26 | 21 | 9 |
| 27 | 21 | 9 |
| 28 | 21 | 9 |
| 29 | 21 | 9 |
| 30 | 21 | 9 |
| 31 | 21 | 9 |
How December really feels in Tupungato
Once humidity and wind are folded in, December averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
December sits comfortably in between — no days that feel dangerously hot or drop to a hard freeze once humidity and wind are folded in.
Tupungato weather by month
How December compares with the rest of the year at a glance. December is the 2nd-warmest and 4th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 21° / 10° | 173 | 25.3 | 0.4 | 14 | 4.6 |
| Feb | 20° / 9° | 155 | 21.5 | 0.8 | 13.2 | 4.6 |
| Mar | 18° / 7° | 155 | 21.2 | 1.2 | 12.3 | 4.6 |
| Apr | 14° / 3° | 111 | 13.4 | 2.5 | 11.2 | 4.1 |
| May | 10° / -1° | 85 | 11.8 | 3.7 | 10.3 | 2.3 |
| Jun | 6° / -4° | 78 | 9.8 | 6.5 | 9.8 | 0.6 |
| Jul | 5° / -5° | 68 | 9 | 6.7 | 10 | 0.1 |
| Aug | 7° / -4° | 72 | 9.5 | 6.1 | 10.8 | 1.2 |
| Sep | 10° / -2° | 86 | 10.9 | 5.7 | 11.8 | 2.4 |
| Oct | 14° / 1° | 106 | 12.9 | 4.3 | 12.8 | 4.0 |
| Nov | 17° / 4° | 111 | 14.5 | 2.6 | 13.7 | 5.4 |
| Dec | 20° / 7° | 133 | 18.8 | 1.3 | 14.2 | 5.4 |
Cloud cover in December
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 62% of the time in December.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 23% of December, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 14%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 85 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 87 | 87 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 85 | 85 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 84 |
| Cloudier (%) | 15 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 85 | 15 |
| 2 | 84 | 16 |
| 3 | 84 | 16 |
| 4 | 84 | 16 |
| 5 | 84 | 16 |
| 6 | 84 | 16 |
| 7 | 84 | 16 |
| 8 | 85 | 15 |
| 9 | 85 | 15 |
| 10 | 85 | 15 |
| 11 | 85 | 15 |
| 12 | 86 | 14 |
| 13 | 86 | 14 |
| 14 | 86 | 14 |
| 15 | 87 | 13 |
| 16 | 87 | 13 |
| 17 | 88 | 12 |
| 18 | 88 | 12 |
| 19 | 88 | 12 |
| 20 | 88 | 12 |
| 21 | 88 | 12 |
| 22 | 88 | 12 |
| 23 | 86 | 14 |
| 24 | 86 | 14 |
| 25 | 86 | 14 |
| 26 | 85 | 15 |
| 27 | 85 | 15 |
| 28 | 84 | 16 |
| 29 | 84 | 16 |
| 30 | 84 | 16 |
| 31 | 84 | 16 |
Chance of precipitation in December
Tupungato gets around 133 mm of rain and snow over 18.8 wet days in December. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 62% and peaks near 70% on the wettest days, and about 1 day brings snow. The odds climb toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 56 | 57 | 57 | 58 | 58 | 59 | 59 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 62 | 62 | 62 | 63 | 64 | 64 | 65 | 66 | 67 | 69 | 70 |
| Snow chance (%) | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 56 | 7 |
| 2 | 57 | 7 |
| 3 | 57 | 7 |
| 4 | 58 | 7 |
| 5 | 58 | 7 |
| 6 | 59 | 7 |
| 7 | 59 | 7 |
| 8 | 60 | 6 |
| 9 | 60 | 6 |
| 10 | 60 | 5 |
| 11 | 60 | 5 |
| 12 | 61 | 5 |
| 13 | 61 | 4 |
| 14 | 61 | 4 |
| 15 | 61 | 4 |
| 16 | 61 | 3 |
| 17 | 61 | 3 |
| 18 | 61 | 3 |
| 19 | 61 | 3 |
| 20 | 61 | 2 |
| 21 | 62 | 2 |
| 22 | 62 | 2 |
| 23 | 62 | 2 |
| 24 | 63 | 2 |
| 25 | 64 | 2 |
| 26 | 64 | 2 |
| 27 | 65 | 2 |
| 28 | 66 | 2 |
| 29 | 67 | 2 |
| 30 | 69 | 1 |
| 31 | 70 | 1 |
Humidity in December
Most of December feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, December lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
| 29 | 100 |
| 30 | 100 |
| 31 | 100 |
Wind in December
Winds average 7 km/h in December.
Across December, daily wind ranges from about 6 km/h on the calmest days to 7 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7 | calm |
| 2 | 7 | calm |
| 3 | 7 | calm |
| 4 | 7 | calm |
| 5 | 7 | calm |
| 6 | 7 | calm |
| 7 | 7 | calm |
| 8 | 7 | calm |
| 9 | 7 | calm |
| 10 | 7 | calm |
| 11 | 7 | calm |
| 12 | 7 | calm |
| 13 | 7 | calm |
| 14 | 7 | calm |
| 15 | 7 | calm |
| 16 | 7 | calm |
| 17 | 7 | calm |
| 18 | 7 | calm |
| 19 | 7 | calm |
| 20 | 6 | calm |
| 21 | 6 | calm |
| 22 | 6 | calm |
| 23 | 6 | calm |
| 24 | 6 | calm |
| 25 | 6 | calm |
| 26 | 6 | calm |
| 27 | 6 | calm |
| 28 | 6 | calm |
| 29 | 6 | calm |
| 30 | 6 | calm |
| 31 | 6 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in December
Daylight runs from about 14 hours at the start of December to 14 h 12 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 12 minutes over December. Sunrise moves from 6:25 AM to 6:34 AM, and sunset from 8:28 PM to 8:45 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 14.0 | 14.1 | 14.1 | 14.1 | 14.1 | 14.1 | 14.1 | 14.1 | 14.1 | 14.2 | 14.2 | 14.2 | 14.2 | 14.2 | 14.2 | 14.2 | 14.2 | 14.2 | 14.2 | 14.2 | 14.2 | 14.2 | 14.2 | 14.2 | 14.2 | 14.2 | 14.2 | 14.2 | 14.2 | 14.2 | 14.2 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:30 | 6:30 | 6:31 | 6:31 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:33 | 6:34 | 6:34 |
| Sunset (PM) | 8:28 | 8:29 | 8:29 | 8:30 | 8:31 | 8:32 | 8:33 | 8:33 | 8:34 | 8:35 | 8:35 | 8:36 | 8:37 | 8:37 | 8:38 | 8:39 | 8:39 | 8:40 | 8:40 | 8:41 | 8:41 | 8:42 | 8:42 | 8:43 | 8:43 | 8:44 | 8:44 | 8:44 | 8:45 | 8:45 | 8:45 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 14.0 | 6:25 | 8:28 |
| 2 | 14.1 | 6:25 | 8:29 |
| 3 | 14.1 | 6:25 | 8:29 |
| 4 | 14.1 | 6:25 | 8:30 |
| 5 | 14.1 | 6:25 | 8:31 |
| 6 | 14.1 | 6:25 | 8:32 |
| 7 | 14.1 | 6:25 | 8:33 |
| 8 | 14.1 | 6:25 | 8:33 |
| 9 | 14.1 | 6:25 | 8:34 |
| 10 | 14.2 | 6:25 | 8:35 |
| 11 | 14.2 | 6:25 | 8:35 |
| 12 | 14.2 | 6:26 | 8:36 |
| 13 | 14.2 | 6:26 | 8:37 |
| 14 | 14.2 | 6:26 | 8:37 |
| 15 | 14.2 | 6:26 | 8:38 |
| 16 | 14.2 | 6:27 | 8:39 |
| 17 | 14.2 | 6:27 | 8:39 |
| 18 | 14.2 | 6:27 | 8:40 |
| 19 | 14.2 | 6:28 | 8:40 |
| 20 | 14.2 | 6:28 | 8:41 |
| 21 | 14.2 | 6:29 | 8:41 |
| 22 | 14.2 | 6:29 | 8:42 |
| 23 | 14.2 | 6:30 | 8:42 |
| 24 | 14.2 | 6:30 | 8:43 |
| 25 | 14.2 | 6:31 | 8:43 |
| 26 | 14.2 | 6:31 | 8:44 |
| 27 | 14.2 | 6:32 | 8:44 |
| 28 | 14.2 | 6:32 | 8:44 |
| 29 | 14.2 | 6:33 | 8:45 |
| 30 | 14.2 | 6:34 | 8:45 |
| 31 | 14.2 | 6:34 | 8:45 |
Solar energy in December
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in December, about 8.57 kWh/m² — the sunniest month for solar.
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 3.06 kWh/m² to a high of 8.57 kWh/m² in December across the year — December's 8.57 kWh/m² sits near the top of that range.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.4 | 8.4 |
| Level | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8.5 | Intense |
| 2 | 8.5 | Intense |
| 3 | 8.5 | Intense |
| 4 | 8.5 | Intense |
| 5 | 8.5 | Intense |
| 6 | 8.5 | Intense |
| 7 | 8.6 | Intense |
| 8 | 8.6 | Intense |
| 9 | 8.6 | Intense |
| 10 | 8.6 | Intense |
| 11 | 8.6 | Intense |
| 12 | 8.6 | Intense |
| 13 | 8.6 | Intense |
| 14 | 8.6 | Intense |
| 15 | 8.6 | Intense |
| 16 | 8.6 | Intense |
| 17 | 8.6 | Intense |
| 18 | 8.6 | Intense |
| 19 | 8.6 | Intense |
| 20 | 8.6 | Intense |
| 21 | 8.6 | Intense |
| 22 | 8.6 | Intense |
| 23 | 8.6 | Intense |
| 24 | 8.6 | Intense |
| 25 | 8.5 | Intense |
| 26 | 8.5 | Intense |
| 27 | 8.5 | Intense |
| 28 | 8.5 | Intense |
| 29 | 8.5 | Intense |
| 30 | 8.4 | Intense |
| 31 | 8.4 | Intense |
Is December a good time to visit Tupungato?
Our two travel scores rate December for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
December is a reasonable time to visit Tupungato for sightseeing.
What to pack for Tupungato in December
From December's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In December, Tupungato sees daytime highs around 20°C and nights near 7°C. Pack rain gear and sun protection. Worth having: a warm layer. About 19 days see rain.
UV index in Tupungato in December
Clear-sky midday UV in December peaks around 14 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Tupungato peaks around January 18 at about 15 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 21 at about 3 (moderate).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 15 | 14 | 11 | 6 | 6 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 11 | 12 | 14 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | High | High | Moderate | Moderate | High | High | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 15 | Extreme |
| Feb | 14 | Extreme |
| Mar | 11 | Extreme |
| Apr | 6 | High |
| May | 6 | High |
| Jun | 3 | Moderate |
| Jul | 4 | Moderate |
| Aug | 6 | High |
| Sep | 7 | High |
| Oct | 11 | Extreme |
| Nov | 12 | Extreme |
| Dec | 14 | Extreme |
Where is Tupungato?
Tupungato sits at 33.4°S, 69.1°W, 1,060 m above sea level, in Argentina. The nearest listed city is Tunuyán, 27 km away.
Topography around Tupungato
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Tupungato.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Tupungato has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 133 m around an average of 1,081 m above sea level; within 16 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 824 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 5,927 m.
The land around Tupungato is covered by cropland (40%) and grassland (35%) within 3 km, shrubs (54%) and grassland (23%) within 16 km, and shrubs (34%), bare terrain (29%) and grassland (24%) within 80 km.
Argentina travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 1
- Exercise Normal Precautions
- Power plugs
- Type C / I
- 220 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 46% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $14,898
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.4 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Homicide rate
- 4.5
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 14.1
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- High
- EF EPI 575
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Tupungato (-33.3693°, -69.1478°, elevation 1,060 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).