Caranavi weather in February
In February, Caranavi sees average daytime highs of 26°C and overnight lows near 18°C, with 296 mm of rain across 26.6 wet days and about 12.5 hours of daylight. It is the 6th-warmest and 3rd-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 26°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 1% of the time in February, and the air most often feels muggy.
Daylight stretches from about 12 h 42 min at the start of February to 12 h 18 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Caranavi's 11th-clearest and 10th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Caranavi's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 26°
- 6th warmest
- Overnight low
- 18°
- 11th coldest
- Rainfall
- 296 mm
- 26.6 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 30 min
- 6:29 AM – 7:01 PM
- Cloud cover
- 91%
- 11th clearest
- Wind
- 3 km/h
- 10th windiest
- Solar energy
- 4.42 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 3.6
- out of 10
Caranavi is city in Bolivia.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 26°C through the month.
A typical February day in Caranavi reaches about 26°C in the afternoon and slips back to 18°C overnight — a 8°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 22°C and 28°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs on par with January and on par with March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 |
| Avg low (°C) | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 26 | 18 |
| 2 | 26 | 18 |
| 3 | 26 | 18 |
| 4 | 26 | 18 |
| 5 | 26 | 18 |
| 6 | 26 | 18 |
| 7 | 26 | 18 |
| 8 | 25 | 18 |
| 9 | 25 | 18 |
| 10 | 25 | 18 |
| 11 | 25 | 18 |
| 12 | 25 | 18 |
| 13 | 25 | 18 |
| 14 | 25 | 18 |
| 15 | 25 | 18 |
| 16 | 25 | 18 |
| 17 | 25 | 18 |
| 18 | 25 | 18 |
| 19 | 25 | 18 |
| 20 | 25 | 18 |
| 21 | 25 | 18 |
| 22 | 25 | 18 |
| 23 | 25 | 18 |
| 24 | 26 | 18 |
| 25 | 26 | 18 |
| 26 | 26 | 18 |
| 27 | 26 | 18 |
| 28 | 26 | 18 |
Caranavi weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 6th-warmest and 3rd-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 26° / 18° | 351 | 29.1 | 12.8 | 3.6 |
| Feb | 26° / 18° | 296 | 26.6 | 12.5 | 3.6 |
| Mar | 26° / 18° | 238 | 27.7 | 12.1 | 3.8 |
| Apr | 25° / 17° | 146 | 20.8 | 11.7 | 4.8 |
| May | 24° / 15° | 132 | 16.2 | 11.3 | 5.7 |
| Jun | 22° / 14° | 92 | 12.5 | 11.1 | 6.1 |
| Jul | 22° / 13° | 83 | 12.3 | 11.2 | 6.2 |
| Aug | 24° / 14° | 102 | 13.2 | 11.5 | 6.4 |
| Sep | 25° / 15° | 149 | 17.7 | 11.9 | 5.5 |
| Oct | 26° / 17° | 201 | 24.4 | 12.4 | 4.4 |
| Nov | 26° / 17° | 216 | 24.7 | 12.7 | 4.1 |
| Dec | 26° / 18° | 300 | 29 | 12.9 | 3.6 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 1% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 4% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 96%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 |
| Cloudier (%) | 95 | 96 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 94 | 94 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5 | 95 |
| 2 | 4 | 96 |
| 3 | 3 | 97 |
| 4 | 3 | 97 |
| 5 | 3 | 97 |
| 6 | 3 | 97 |
| 7 | 3 | 97 |
| 8 | 3 | 97 |
| 9 | 3 | 97 |
| 10 | 3 | 97 |
| 11 | 3 | 97 |
| 12 | 3 | 97 |
| 13 | 3 | 97 |
| 14 | 3 | 97 |
| 15 | 4 | 96 |
| 16 | 4 | 96 |
| 17 | 4 | 96 |
| 18 | 5 | 95 |
| 19 | 5 | 95 |
| 20 | 5 | 95 |
| 21 | 5 | 95 |
| 22 | 5 | 95 |
| 23 | 5 | 95 |
| 24 | 5 | 95 |
| 25 | 5 | 95 |
| 26 | 5 | 95 |
| 27 | 6 | 94 |
| 28 | 6 | 94 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Caranavi gets around 296 mm of rain over 26.6 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 95% and peaks near 95% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 95 |
| 2 | 95 |
| 3 | 95 |
| 4 | 95 |
| 5 | 95 |
| 6 | 95 |
| 7 | 95 |
| 8 | 95 |
| 9 | 94 |
| 10 | 94 |
| 11 | 94 |
| 12 | 94 |
| 13 | 94 |
| 14 | 94 |
| 15 | 94 |
| 16 | 94 |
| 17 | 94 |
| 18 | 94 |
| 19 | 94 |
| 20 | 94 |
| 21 | 95 |
| 22 | 95 |
| 23 | 95 |
| 24 | 95 |
| 25 | 95 |
| 26 | 95 |
| 27 | 95 |
| 28 | 95 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels muggy — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the muggy band about 76% of days. Sticky, muggy-or-worse air turns up on roughly 76% of them.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Humid (%) | 15 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 27 | 27 | 27 |
| Muggy (%) | 85 | 84 | 84 | 83 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 81 | 80 | 79 | 78 | 77 | 76 | 75 | 75 | 74 | 73 | 73 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 73 | 73 | 73 |
| Oppressive (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Humid (%) | Muggy (%) | Oppressive (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 15 | 85 | 0 |
| 2 | 16 | 84 | 0 |
| 3 | 16 | 84 | 0 |
| 4 | 16 | 83 | 1 |
| 5 | 17 | 82 | 1 |
| 6 | 17 | 82 | 1 |
| 7 | 18 | 82 | 0 |
| 8 | 19 | 81 | 0 |
| 9 | 20 | 80 | 0 |
| 10 | 21 | 79 | 0 |
| 11 | 22 | 78 | 0 |
| 12 | 23 | 77 | 0 |
| 13 | 24 | 76 | 0 |
| 14 | 25 | 75 | 0 |
| 15 | 25 | 75 | 0 |
| 16 | 26 | 74 | 0 |
| 17 | 27 | 73 | 0 |
| 18 | 27 | 73 | 0 |
| 19 | 28 | 72 | 0 |
| 20 | 28 | 72 | 0 |
| 21 | 28 | 72 | 0 |
| 22 | 28 | 72 | 0 |
| 23 | 28 | 72 | 0 |
| 24 | 28 | 72 | 0 |
| 25 | 28 | 72 | 0 |
| 26 | 27 | 73 | 0 |
| 27 | 27 | 73 | 0 |
| 28 | 27 | 73 | 0 |
Wind in February
Winds average 3 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 3 km/h on the calmest days to 3 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 3 | calm |
| 2 | 3 | calm |
| 3 | 3 | calm |
| 4 | 3 | calm |
| 5 | 3 | calm |
| 6 | 3 | calm |
| 7 | 3 | calm |
| 8 | 3 | calm |
| 9 | 3 | calm |
| 10 | 3 | calm |
| 11 | 3 | calm |
| 12 | 3 | calm |
| 13 | 3 | calm |
| 14 | 3 | calm |
| 15 | 3 | calm |
| 16 | 3 | calm |
| 17 | 3 | calm |
| 18 | 3 | calm |
| 19 | 3 | calm |
| 20 | 3 | calm |
| 21 | 3 | calm |
| 22 | 3 | calm |
| 23 | 3 | calm |
| 24 | 3 | calm |
| 25 | 3 | calm |
| 26 | 3 | calm |
| 27 | 3 | calm |
| 28 | 3 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 12 h 42 min at the start of February to 12 h 18 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 24 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 6:23 AM to 6:33 AM, and sunset from 7:05 PM to 6:54 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.3 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:30 | 6:30 | 6:30 | 6:31 | 6:31 | 6:31 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:33 | 6:33 | 6:33 |
| Sunset (PM) | 7:05 | 7:05 | 7:04 | 7:04 | 7:04 | 7:04 | 7:03 | 7:03 | 7:03 | 7:03 | 7:02 | 7:02 | 7:01 | 7:01 | 7:01 | 7:00 | 7:00 | 6:59 | 6:59 | 6:58 | 6:58 | 6:57 | 6:57 | 6:56 | 6:56 | 6:55 | 6:55 | 6:54 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.7 | 6:23 | 7:05 |
| 2 | 12.7 | 6:23 | 7:05 |
| 3 | 12.7 | 6:24 | 7:04 |
| 4 | 12.7 | 6:24 | 7:04 |
| 5 | 12.7 | 6:25 | 7:04 |
| 6 | 12.6 | 6:25 | 7:04 |
| 7 | 12.6 | 6:26 | 7:03 |
| 8 | 12.6 | 6:26 | 7:03 |
| 9 | 12.6 | 6:27 | 7:03 |
| 10 | 12.6 | 6:27 | 7:03 |
| 11 | 12.6 | 6:27 | 7:02 |
| 12 | 12.6 | 6:28 | 7:02 |
| 13 | 12.6 | 6:28 | 7:01 |
| 14 | 12.5 | 6:29 | 7:01 |
| 15 | 12.5 | 6:29 | 7:01 |
| 16 | 12.5 | 6:29 | 7:00 |
| 17 | 12.5 | 6:30 | 7:00 |
| 18 | 12.5 | 6:30 | 6:59 |
| 19 | 12.5 | 6:30 | 6:59 |
| 20 | 12.5 | 6:31 | 6:58 |
| 21 | 12.4 | 6:31 | 6:58 |
| 22 | 12.4 | 6:31 | 6:57 |
| 23 | 12.4 | 6:32 | 6:57 |
| 24 | 12.4 | 6:32 | 6:56 |
| 25 | 12.4 | 6:32 | 6:56 |
| 26 | 12.4 | 6:33 | 6:55 |
| 27 | 12.4 | 6:33 | 6:55 |
| 28 | 12.3 | 6:33 | 6:54 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 4.42 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 2.99 kWh/m² to a high of 4.92 kWh/m² in October across the year — February's 4.42 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 2 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 3 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 4 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 5 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 6 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 7 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 8 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 9 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 10 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 11 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 12 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 13 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 14 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 15 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 16 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 17 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 18 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 19 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 20 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 21 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 22 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 23 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 24 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 25 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 26 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 27 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 28 | 4.5 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for Caranavi
In February, Caranavi sits inside its rainy season season. The full year is below, with each hazard's peak months called out.
Caranavi's rainy season runs October–March, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is February a good time to visit Caranavi?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Caranavi.
What to pack for Caranavi in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Caranavi sees daytime highs around 26°C and nights near 18°C. Pack rain gear. Worth having: light clothes. About 27 days see rain.
UV index in Caranavi in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 16 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Caranavi peaks around February 8 at about 16 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near July 11 at about 8 (very high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 16 | 16 | 15 | 12 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 11 | 11 | 14 | 14 | 15 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Very high | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 16 | Extreme |
| Feb | 16 | Extreme |
| Mar | 15 | Extreme |
| Apr | 12 | Extreme |
| May | 10 | Very high |
| Jun | 8 | Very high |
| Jul | 8 | Very high |
| Aug | 11 | Extreme |
| Sep | 11 | Extreme |
| Oct | 14 | Extreme |
| Nov | 14 | Extreme |
| Dec | 15 | Extreme |
Air quality in Caranavi in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Caranavi is worst in October — around 40 µg/m³ PM2.5 (poor), about 5.3× the cleanest month (May, 8 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 9 | 10 | 11 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 17 | 31 | 40 | 22 | 11 |
| Level | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Moderate | Moderate | Poor | Moderate | Good |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 9 | Good |
| Feb | 10 | Good |
| Mar | 11 | Good |
| Apr | 9 | Good |
| May | 8 | Good |
| Jun | 8 | Good |
| Jul | 10 | Good |
| Aug | 17 | Moderate |
| Sep | 31 | Moderate |
| Oct | 40 | Poor |
| Nov | 22 | Moderate |
| Dec | 11 | Good |
Where is Caranavi?
Caranavi sits at 15.8°S, 67.6°W, 986 m above sea level, in Bolivia. The nearest listed city is La Paz, 97 km away.
Topography around Caranavi
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Caranavi.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Caranavi has large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 915 m around an average of 858 m above sea level; within 16 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,665 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 5,728 m.
The land around Caranavi is covered by trees (85%) within 3 km, trees (96%) within 16 km, and trees (88%) within 80 km.
Bolivia travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type A / B / C
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 40% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $5,148
- 2025
- Happiness
- 5.8 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Homicide rate
- 4.4
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 21.1
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Lower middle
- World Bank
- English
- Moderate
- EF EPI 521
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Caranavi (-15.834°, -67.5659°, elevation 986 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).