Mmopone weather in September
In September, Mmopone sees average daytime highs of 29°C and overnight lows near 14°C, with 8 mm of rain across 1.2 wet days and about 11.8 hours of daylight. It is the 7th-warmest and 10th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 28°C in the first days to 30°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 81% of the time in September, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 11 h 30 min at the start of September to 12 h 12 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, September is Mmopone's 5th-clearest and 2nd-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Mmopone's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 29°
- 7th warmest
- Overnight low
- 14°
- 5th coldest
- Rainfall
- 8 mm
- 1.2 wet days
- Daylight
- 11 h 54 min
- 6:15 AM – 6:07 PM
- Cloud cover
- 19%
- 5th clearest
- Wind
- 12 km/h
- 2nd windiest
- Solar energy
- 6.23 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 7.2
- out of 10
Temperature in September
Highs climb over the month, from about 28°C in the first days to 30°C by the end.
A typical September day in Mmopone reaches about 29°C in the afternoon and slips back to 14°C overnight — a 15°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 24°C and 34°C. Set against its neighbours, September runs about 4°C warmer than August and about 2°C cooler than October.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 27 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 |
| Avg low (°C) | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 27 | 12 |
| 2 | 28 | 12 |
| 3 | 28 | 12 |
| 4 | 28 | 12 |
| 5 | 28 | 12 |
| 6 | 28 | 13 |
| 7 | 28 | 13 |
| 8 | 28 | 13 |
| 9 | 29 | 13 |
| 10 | 29 | 13 |
| 11 | 29 | 13 |
| 12 | 29 | 14 |
| 13 | 29 | 14 |
| 14 | 29 | 14 |
| 15 | 29 | 14 |
| 16 | 29 | 14 |
| 17 | 29 | 14 |
| 18 | 30 | 15 |
| 19 | 30 | 15 |
| 20 | 30 | 15 |
| 21 | 30 | 15 |
| 22 | 30 | 15 |
| 23 | 30 | 15 |
| 24 | 30 | 15 |
| 25 | 30 | 15 |
| 26 | 30 | 16 |
| 27 | 30 | 16 |
| 28 | 30 | 16 |
| 29 | 30 | 16 |
| 30 | 30 | 16 |
Mmopone weather by month
How September compares with the rest of the year at a glance. September is the 7th-warmest and 10th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 31° / 21° | 77 | 10.8 | 13.4 | 4.5 |
| Feb | 31° / 20° | 69 | 8.8 | 12.9 | 4.8 |
| Mar | 29° / 19° | 48 | 7.1 | 12.2 | 5.9 |
| Apr | 27° / 15° | 23 | 3.8 | 11.4 | 7.8 |
| May | 25° / 10° | 11 | 1.4 | 10.8 | 9.1 |
| Jun | 22° / 7° | 9 | 0.9 | 10.5 | 9.0 |
| Jul | 22° / 6° | 2 | 0.5 | 10.6 | 9.0 |
| Aug | 25° / 9° | 2 | 0.6 | 11.1 | 9.3 |
| Sep | 29° / 14° | 8 | 1.2 | 11.8 | 7.2 |
| Oct | 31° / 18° | 28 | 4.7 | 12.6 | 5.4 |
| Nov | 31° / 19° | 58 | 8.7 | 13.2 | 4.6 |
| Dec | 31° / 20° | 71 | 11 | 13.5 | 4.4 |
Cloud cover in September
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 81% of the time in September.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 9% of September, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 10%. Skies tend to cloud over as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 93 | 93 | 94 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 92 | 92 | 91 | 91 | 90 | 90 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 |
| Cloudier (%) | 7 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 93 | 7 |
| 2 | 93 | 7 |
| 3 | 94 | 6 |
| 4 | 93 | 7 |
| 5 | 93 | 7 |
| 6 | 93 | 7 |
| 7 | 93 | 7 |
| 8 | 93 | 7 |
| 9 | 92 | 8 |
| 10 | 92 | 8 |
| 11 | 91 | 9 |
| 12 | 91 | 9 |
| 13 | 90 | 10 |
| 14 | 90 | 10 |
| 15 | 89 | 11 |
| 16 | 89 | 11 |
| 17 | 89 | 11 |
| 18 | 88 | 12 |
| 19 | 88 | 12 |
| 20 | 88 | 12 |
| 21 | 87 | 13 |
| 22 | 87 | 13 |
| 23 | 87 | 13 |
| 24 | 87 | 13 |
| 25 | 87 | 13 |
| 26 | 87 | 13 |
| 27 | 88 | 12 |
| 28 | 88 | 12 |
| 29 | 88 | 12 |
| 30 | 88 | 12 |
Chance of precipitation in September
Mmopone gets around 8 mm of rain over 1.2 wet days in September. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 5% and peaks near 8% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 3 |
| 2 | 3 |
| 3 | 3 |
| 4 | 3 |
| 5 | 3 |
| 6 | 3 |
| 7 | 4 |
| 8 | 4 |
| 9 | 4 |
| 10 | 4 |
| 11 | 4 |
| 12 | 4 |
| 13 | 4 |
| 14 | 4 |
| 15 | 4 |
| 16 | 4 |
| 17 | 5 |
| 18 | 5 |
| 19 | 5 |
| 20 | 5 |
| 21 | 5 |
| 22 | 5 |
| 23 | 5 |
| 24 | 5 |
| 25 | 6 |
| 26 | 6 |
| 27 | 7 |
| 28 | 7 |
| 29 | 7 |
| 30 | 8 |
Humidity in September
Most of September feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, September lands in the dry band about 98% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 97 | 97 | 96 | 95 | 93 | 93 | 92 |
| Comfortable (%) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7 |
| Humid (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | Humid (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 99 | 1 | 0 |
| 2 | 99 | 1 | 0 |
| 3 | 99 | 1 | 0 |
| 4 | 99 | 1 | 0 |
| 5 | 99 | 1 | 0 |
| 6 | 99 | 1 | 0 |
| 7 | 99 | 1 | 0 |
| 8 | 99 | 1 | 0 |
| 9 | 99 | 1 | 0 |
| 10 | 99 | 1 | 0 |
| 11 | 99 | 1 | 0 |
| 12 | 99 | 1 | 0 |
| 13 | 99 | 1 | 0 |
| 14 | 99 | 1 | 0 |
| 15 | 99 | 1 | 0 |
| 16 | 99 | 1 | 0 |
| 17 | 99 | 1 | 0 |
| 18 | 99 | 1 | 0 |
| 19 | 99 | 1 | 0 |
| 20 | 98 | 2 | 0 |
| 21 | 98 | 2 | 0 |
| 22 | 98 | 2 | 0 |
| 23 | 98 | 2 | 0 |
| 24 | 97 | 3 | 0 |
| 25 | 97 | 3 | 0 |
| 26 | 96 | 4 | 0 |
| 27 | 95 | 5 | 0 |
| 28 | 93 | 6 | 1 |
| 29 | 93 | 6 | 1 |
| 30 | 92 | 7 | 1 |
Wind in September
Winds average 12 km/h in September.
Across September, daily wind ranges from about 11 km/h on the calmest days to 12 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11 | calm |
| 2 | 11 | calm |
| 3 | 11 | calm |
| 4 | 11 | calm |
| 5 | 11 | calm |
| 6 | 11 | calm |
| 7 | 11 | calm |
| 8 | 11 | calm |
| 9 | 11 | calm |
| 10 | 12 | calm |
| 11 | 12 | calm |
| 12 | 12 | calm |
| 13 | 12 | calm |
| 14 | 12 | calm |
| 15 | 12 | calm |
| 16 | 12 | calm |
| 17 | 12 | calm |
| 18 | 12 | calm |
| 19 | 12 | calm |
| 20 | 12 | light breeze |
| 21 | 12 | light breeze |
| 22 | 12 | light breeze |
| 23 | 12 | light breeze |
| 24 | 12 | light breeze |
| 25 | 12 | light breeze |
| 26 | 12 | light breeze |
| 27 | 12 | light breeze |
| 28 | 12 | light breeze |
| 29 | 12 | light breeze |
| 30 | 12 | light breeze |
Sunrise & sunset in September
Daylight runs from about 11 h 30 min at the start of September to 12 h 12 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 42 minutes over September. Sunrise moves from 6:31 AM to 6:00 AM, and sunset from 6:01 PM to 6:12 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:31 | 6:30 | 6:29 | 6:28 | 6:27 | 6:26 | 6:25 | 6:24 | 6:23 | 6:22 | 6:21 | 6:19 | 6:18 | 6:17 | 6:16 | 6:15 | 6:14 | 6:13 | 6:12 | 6:11 | 6:10 | 6:08 | 6:07 | 6:06 | 6:05 | 6:04 | 6:03 | 6:02 | 6:01 | 6:00 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:01 | 6:01 | 6:02 | 6:02 | 6:03 | 6:03 | 6:03 | 6:04 | 6:04 | 6:04 | 6:05 | 6:05 | 6:06 | 6:06 | 6:06 | 6:07 | 6:07 | 6:07 | 6:08 | 6:08 | 6:08 | 6:09 | 6:09 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:11 | 6:11 | 6:11 | 6:12 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11.5 | 6:31 | 6:01 |
| 2 | 11.5 | 6:30 | 6:01 |
| 3 | 11.5 | 6:29 | 6:02 |
| 4 | 11.6 | 6:28 | 6:02 |
| 5 | 11.6 | 6:27 | 6:03 |
| 6 | 11.6 | 6:26 | 6:03 |
| 7 | 11.6 | 6:25 | 6:03 |
| 8 | 11.7 | 6:24 | 6:04 |
| 9 | 11.7 | 6:23 | 6:04 |
| 10 | 11.7 | 6:22 | 6:04 |
| 11 | 11.7 | 6:21 | 6:05 |
| 12 | 11.8 | 6:19 | 6:05 |
| 13 | 11.8 | 6:18 | 6:06 |
| 14 | 11.8 | 6:17 | 6:06 |
| 15 | 11.8 | 6:16 | 6:06 |
| 16 | 11.9 | 6:15 | 6:07 |
| 17 | 11.9 | 6:14 | 6:07 |
| 18 | 11.9 | 6:13 | 6:07 |
| 19 | 11.9 | 6:12 | 6:08 |
| 20 | 12.0 | 6:11 | 6:08 |
| 21 | 12.0 | 6:10 | 6:08 |
| 22 | 12.0 | 6:08 | 6:09 |
| 23 | 12.0 | 6:07 | 6:09 |
| 24 | 12.1 | 6:06 | 6:10 |
| 25 | 12.1 | 6:05 | 6:10 |
| 26 | 12.1 | 6:04 | 6:10 |
| 27 | 12.1 | 6:03 | 6:11 |
| 28 | 12.2 | 6:02 | 6:11 |
| 29 | 12.2 | 6:01 | 6:11 |
| 30 | 12.2 | 6:00 | 6:12 |
Solar energy in September
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in September, about 6.23 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.04 kWh/m² to a high of 6.94 kWh/m² in November across the year — September's 6.23 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.7 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 7 | 6.0 | Bright |
| 8 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 9 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 10 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 11 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 12 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 13 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 14 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 15 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 16 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 17 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 18 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 19 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 20 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 21 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 22 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 23 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 24 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 25 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 26 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 27 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 28 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 29 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 30 | 6.7 | Intense |
Is September a good time to visit Mmopone?
Our two travel scores rate September for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
September is one of the better times to visit Mmopone for general sightseeing. The water and warmth also suit a beach or pool day.
What to pack for Mmopone in September
From September's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In September, Mmopone sees daytime highs around 29°C and nights near 14°C. Pack light clothes and sun protection.
UV index in Mmopone in September
Clear-sky midday UV in September peaks around 9 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Mmopone peaks around January 13 at about 14 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 16 at about 5 (high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 14 | 13 | 12 | 9 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 13 | 14 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | High | High | High | Very high | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 14 | Extreme |
| Feb | 13 | Extreme |
| Mar | 12 | Extreme |
| Apr | 9 | Very high |
| May | 6 | High |
| Jun | 5 | High |
| Jul | 6 | High |
| Aug | 8 | Very high |
| Sep | 9 | Very high |
| Oct | 10 | Extreme |
| Nov | 13 | Extreme |
| Dec | 14 | Extreme |
Where is Mmopone?
Mmopone sits at 24.6°S, 25.9°E, 1,009 m above sea level, in Botswana. The nearest listed city is Mogoditshane, 7.0 km away.
Topography around Mmopone
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Mmopone.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Mmopone has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 118 m around an average of 1,004 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 350 m; within 80 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 619 m.
The land around Mmopone is covered by shrubs (54%) and cropland (22%) within 3 km, shrubs (46%) and cropland (22%) within 16 km, and shrubs (75%) within 80 km.
Botswana travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type D / G / M
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 38% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $7,778
- 2025
- Happiness
- 3.5 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 63%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 11.4
- per 100k, 2021
- Road deaths
- 26.4
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Mmopone (-24.5669°, 25.8742°, elevation 1,009 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).