Belterra weather in February
In February, Belterra sees average daytime highs of 29°C and overnight lows near 24°C, with 394 mm of rain across 26.1 wet days and about 12.1 hours of daylight. It is the 10th-warmest and 4th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 29°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 2% of the time in February, and the air most often feels oppressive.
Daylight stretches from about 12 h 06 min at the start of February to 12 h 06 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Belterra's 10th-clearest and 4th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Belterra's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 29°
- 10th warmest
- Overnight low
- 24°
- 2nd coldest
- Rainfall
- 394 mm
- 26.1 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 06 min
- 6:52 AM – 6:57 PM
- Cloud cover
- 86%
- 10th clearest
- Wind
- 10 km/h
- 4th windiest
- Solar energy
- 4.47 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 3.1
- out of 10
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 29°C through the month.
A typical February day in Belterra reaches about 29°C in the afternoon and slips back to 24°C overnight — a 4°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 27°C and 30°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs on par with January and on par with March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 |
| Avg low (°C) | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 29 | 25 |
| 2 | 29 | 25 |
| 3 | 29 | 25 |
| 4 | 29 | 25 |
| 5 | 29 | 25 |
| 6 | 29 | 25 |
| 7 | 29 | 25 |
| 8 | 29 | 25 |
| 9 | 29 | 25 |
| 10 | 29 | 25 |
| 11 | 29 | 25 |
| 12 | 29 | 25 |
| 13 | 29 | 25 |
| 14 | 29 | 24 |
| 15 | 29 | 24 |
| 16 | 29 | 24 |
| 17 | 29 | 24 |
| 18 | 29 | 24 |
| 19 | 29 | 24 |
| 20 | 29 | 24 |
| 21 | 29 | 24 |
| 22 | 29 | 24 |
| 23 | 29 | 24 |
| 24 | 29 | 24 |
| 25 | 29 | 24 |
| 26 | 29 | 24 |
| 27 | 29 | 24 |
| 28 | 29 | 24 |
How February really feels in Belterra
Once humidity and wind are folded in, February averages 21 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
The story in February is heat — humidity pushes the afternoon "feels like" well above the raw temperature.
Belterra weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 10th-warmest and 4th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 29° / 25° | 412 | 28 | 12.1 | 3.1 |
| Feb | 29° / 24° | 394 | 26.1 | 12.1 | 3.1 |
| Mar | 29° / 24° | 493 | 29.2 | 12 | 3.0 |
| Apr | 29° / 25° | 448 | 29 | 11.9 | 2.9 |
| May | 29° / 25° | 337 | 29.5 | 11.9 | 3.1 |
| Jun | 29° / 25° | 157 | 23.1 | 11.9 | 3.7 |
| Jul | 30° / 25° | 111 | 19.2 | 11.9 | 4.3 |
| Aug | 31° / 26° | 78 | 13.5 | 11.9 | 4.4 |
| Sep | 32° / 26° | 76 | 12.3 | 12 | 4.1 |
| Oct | 32° / 26° | 112 | 12.7 | 12.1 | 3.9 |
| Nov | 31° / 26° | 157 | 17.2 | 12.1 | 3.6 |
| Dec | 30° / 25° | 240 | 21.9 | 12.1 | 3.4 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 2% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 6% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 92%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| Cloudier (%) | 90 | 90 | 90 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10 | 90 |
| 2 | 10 | 90 |
| 3 | 10 | 90 |
| 4 | 9 | 91 |
| 5 | 9 | 91 |
| 6 | 9 | 91 |
| 7 | 9 | 91 |
| 8 | 9 | 91 |
| 9 | 9 | 91 |
| 10 | 9 | 91 |
| 11 | 8 | 92 |
| 12 | 8 | 92 |
| 13 | 8 | 92 |
| 14 | 8 | 92 |
| 15 | 8 | 92 |
| 16 | 7 | 93 |
| 17 | 7 | 93 |
| 18 | 7 | 93 |
| 19 | 7 | 93 |
| 20 | 7 | 93 |
| 21 | 7 | 93 |
| 22 | 7 | 93 |
| 23 | 7 | 93 |
| 24 | 6 | 94 |
| 25 | 6 | 94 |
| 26 | 6 | 94 |
| 27 | 6 | 94 |
| 28 | 6 | 94 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Belterra gets around 394 mm of rain over 26.1 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 93% and peaks near 96% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 91 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 96 | 96 | 96 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 91 |
| 2 | 92 |
| 3 | 92 |
| 4 | 92 |
| 5 | 92 |
| 6 | 92 |
| 7 | 92 |
| 8 | 92 |
| 9 | 92 |
| 10 | 92 |
| 11 | 92 |
| 12 | 92 |
| 13 | 92 |
| 14 | 92 |
| 15 | 93 |
| 16 | 93 |
| 17 | 93 |
| 18 | 93 |
| 19 | 94 |
| 20 | 94 |
| 21 | 94 |
| 22 | 94 |
| 23 | 95 |
| 24 | 95 |
| 25 | 95 |
| 26 | 96 |
| 27 | 96 |
| 28 | 96 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels oppressive — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the oppressive band about 93% of days. Sticky, muggy-or-worse air turns up on roughly 100% of them.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oppressive (%) | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 90 |
| Miserable (%) | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 |
| Oppressive (%) | Miserable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 94 | 6 |
| 2 | 94 | 6 |
| 3 | 94 | 6 |
| 4 | 94 | 6 |
| 5 | 94 | 6 |
| 6 | 94 | 6 |
| 7 | 94 | 6 |
| 8 | 94 | 6 |
| 9 | 94 | 6 |
| 10 | 94 | 6 |
| 11 | 94 | 6 |
| 12 | 94 | 6 |
| 13 | 94 | 6 |
| 14 | 94 | 6 |
| 15 | 94 | 6 |
| 16 | 93 | 7 |
| 17 | 93 | 7 |
| 18 | 93 | 7 |
| 19 | 93 | 7 |
| 20 | 92 | 8 |
| 21 | 92 | 8 |
| 22 | 92 | 8 |
| 23 | 91 | 9 |
| 24 | 91 | 9 |
| 25 | 91 | 9 |
| 26 | 91 | 9 |
| 27 | 91 | 9 |
| 28 | 90 | 10 |
Wind in February
Winds average 10 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 10 km/h on the calmest days to 10 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10 | calm |
| 2 | 10 | calm |
| 3 | 10 | calm |
| 4 | 10 | calm |
| 5 | 10 | calm |
| 6 | 10 | calm |
| 7 | 10 | calm |
| 8 | 10 | calm |
| 9 | 10 | calm |
| 10 | 10 | calm |
| 11 | 10 | calm |
| 12 | 10 | calm |
| 13 | 10 | calm |
| 14 | 10 | calm |
| 15 | 10 | calm |
| 16 | 10 | calm |
| 17 | 10 | calm |
| 18 | 10 | calm |
| 19 | 10 | calm |
| 20 | 10 | calm |
| 21 | 10 | calm |
| 22 | 10 | calm |
| 23 | 10 | calm |
| 24 | 10 | calm |
| 25 | 10 | calm |
| 26 | 10 | calm |
| 27 | 10 | calm |
| 28 | 10 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 12 h 06 min at the start of February to 12 h 06 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 0 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 6:50 AM to 6:51 AM, and sunset from 6:57 PM to 6:55 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:50 | 6:50 | 6:50 | 6:50 | 6:51 | 6:51 | 6:51 | 6:51 | 6:51 | 6:51 | 6:51 | 6:52 | 6:52 | 6:52 | 6:52 | 6:52 | 6:52 | 6:52 | 6:52 | 6:52 | 6:52 | 6:52 | 6:52 | 6:52 | 6:52 | 6:52 | 6:52 | 6:51 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:57 | 6:57 | 6:57 | 6:57 | 6:57 | 6:57 | 6:57 | 6:57 | 6:57 | 6:57 | 6:57 | 6:57 | 6:57 | 6:57 | 6:57 | 6:57 | 6:57 | 6:57 | 6:57 | 6:56 | 6:56 | 6:56 | 6:56 | 6:56 | 6:56 | 6:55 | 6:55 | 6:55 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.1 | 6:50 | 6:57 |
| 2 | 12.1 | 6:50 | 6:57 |
| 3 | 12.1 | 6:50 | 6:57 |
| 4 | 12.1 | 6:50 | 6:57 |
| 5 | 12.1 | 6:51 | 6:57 |
| 6 | 12.1 | 6:51 | 6:57 |
| 7 | 12.1 | 6:51 | 6:57 |
| 8 | 12.1 | 6:51 | 6:57 |
| 9 | 12.1 | 6:51 | 6:57 |
| 10 | 12.1 | 6:51 | 6:57 |
| 11 | 12.1 | 6:51 | 6:57 |
| 12 | 12.1 | 6:52 | 6:57 |
| 13 | 12.1 | 6:52 | 6:57 |
| 14 | 12.1 | 6:52 | 6:57 |
| 15 | 12.1 | 6:52 | 6:57 |
| 16 | 12.1 | 6:52 | 6:57 |
| 17 | 12.1 | 6:52 | 6:57 |
| 18 | 12.1 | 6:52 | 6:57 |
| 19 | 12.1 | 6:52 | 6:57 |
| 20 | 12.1 | 6:52 | 6:56 |
| 21 | 12.1 | 6:52 | 6:56 |
| 22 | 12.1 | 6:52 | 6:56 |
| 23 | 12.1 | 6:52 | 6:56 |
| 24 | 12.1 | 6:52 | 6:56 |
| 25 | 12.1 | 6:52 | 6:56 |
| 26 | 12.1 | 6:52 | 6:55 |
| 27 | 12.1 | 6:52 | 6:55 |
| 28 | 12.1 | 6:51 | 6:55 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 4.47 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.16 kWh/m² to a high of 6.18 kWh/m² in October across the year — February's 4.47 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 2 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 3 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 4 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 5 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 6 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 7 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 8 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 9 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 10 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 11 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 12 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 13 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 14 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 15 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 16 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 17 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 18 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 19 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 20 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 21 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 22 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 23 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 24 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 25 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 26 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 27 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 28 | 4.4 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for Belterra
In February, Belterra sits inside its rainy season season. The full year is below, with each hazard's peak months called out.
Belterra's rainy season runs December–May, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is February a good time to visit Belterra?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Belterra.
What to pack for Belterra in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Belterra sees daytime highs around 29°C and nights near 24°C. Pack light clothes and rain gear. About 26 days see rain.
UV index in Belterra in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 15 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Belterra peaks around March 12 at about 15 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near November 18 at about 10 (very high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 14 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 10 | 11 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 14 | Extreme |
| Feb | 15 | Extreme |
| Mar | 15 | Extreme |
| Apr | 14 | Extreme |
| May | 11 | Extreme |
| Jun | 10 | Very high |
| Jul | 10 | Very high |
| Aug | 10 | Extreme |
| Sep | 11 | Extreme |
| Oct | 12 | Extreme |
| Nov | 10 | Very high |
| Dec | 11 | Extreme |
Air quality in Belterra in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Belterra is worst in November — around 50 µg/m³ PM2.5 (poor), about 5.5× the cleanest month (June, 9 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 16 | 15 | 15 | 13 | 10 | 9 | 10 | 15 | 24 | 47 | 50 | 27 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Good | Good | Good | Moderate | Moderate | Poor | Poor | Moderate |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 16 | Moderate |
| Feb | 15 | Moderate |
| Mar | 15 | Moderate |
| Apr | 13 | Moderate |
| May | 10 | Good |
| Jun | 9 | Good |
| Jul | 10 | Good |
| Aug | 15 | Moderate |
| Sep | 24 | Moderate |
| Oct | 47 | Poor |
| Nov | 50 | Poor |
| Dec | 27 | Moderate |
Where is Belterra?
Belterra sits at 2.6°S, 54.9°W, 169 m above sea level, in Brazil. The nearest listed city is Mojuí dos Campos, 33 km away.
Topography around Belterra
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Belterra.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Belterra has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 161 m around an average of 147 m above sea level; within 16 km, only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 194 m; within 80 km, only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 239 m.
The land around Belterra is covered by trees (61%) and grassland (38%) within 3 km, trees (48%), water (29%) and grassland (24%) within 16 km, and trees (57%) and water (26%) within 80 km.
Brazil travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type C / N
- 127 / 220 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 46% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $10,713
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.6 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 89%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 19.3
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 16
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 482
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Belterra (-2.6364°, -54.9372°, elevation 169 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).