Piritiba weather in May

In May, Piritiba sees average daytime highs of 27°C and overnight lows near 19°C, with 46 mm of rain across 13.9 wet days and about 11.5 hours of daylight. It is the 9th-warmest and 7th-wettest month of the year here.

Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 27°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 14% of the time in May, and the air most often feels muggy.

Daylight stretches from about 11 h 36 min at the start of May to 11 h 24 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, May is Piritiba's 11th-clearest and 7th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Piritiba's year-round climate.

Daytime high: 27°; 9th warmest
Overnight low: 19°; 6th coldest
Rainfall: 46 mm; 13.9 wet days
Daylight: 11 h 30 min; 5:55 AM – 5:22 PM
Cloud cover: 67%; 11th clearest
Wind: 10 km/h; 7th windiest
Solar energy: 3.74 kWh/m²
Travel score: 5.8; out of 10

Piritiba is human settlement in Brazil.

Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.

← April Piritiba year-round climate June →Best places to visit in May

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Temperature in May

Average highAverage lowShaded bands: 10–90% of days

Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 27°C through the month.

A typical May day in Piritiba reaches about 27°C in the afternoon and slips back to 19°C overnight — a 8°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 24°C and 29°C. Set against its neighbours, May runs about 2°C cooler than April and about 2°C warmer than June.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Avg high (°C)	28	28	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	26	26	26	26	26	26	26
Avg low (°C)	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	19	19	19	19	19	19	19	19	19	19	19	19	19	19	19	19	19	19	19

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	28	20
2	28	20
3	27	20
4	27	20
5	27	20
6	27	20
7	27	20
8	27	20
9	27	20
10	27	20
11	27	20
12	27	20
13	27	19
14	27	19
15	27	19
16	27	19
17	27	19
18	27	19
19	27	19
20	27	19
21	27	19
22	27	19
23	27	19
24	27	19
25	26	19
26	26	19
27	26	19
28	26	19
29	26	19
30	26	19
31	26	19

How May really feels in Piritiba

Once humidity and wind are folded in, May averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.

Days feeling ≥ 32°C

heat index over the day's high

Days feeling ≤ 0°C

wind chill below the day's low

May sits comfortably in between — no days that feel dangerously hot or drop to a hard freeze once humidity and wind are folded in.

Piritiba weather by month

How May compares with the rest of the year at a glance. May is the 9th-warmest and 7th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.

Month	High / Low (°C)	Rainfall (mm)	Wet days	Daylight (hours)	Travel score
Jan	30° / 21°	88	12.6	12.6	4.5
Feb	30° / 21°	64	13.3	12.4	4.3
Mar	30° / 21°	85	15.8	12.1	4.3
Apr	29° / 20°	57	16.2	11.7	4.8
May	27° / 19°	46	13.9	11.5	5.8
Jun	25° / 18°	45	15.9	11.3	5.8
Jul	25° / 17°	42	15.6	11.4	5.9
Aug	26° / 17°	39	14.2	11.6	6.1
Sep	28° / 18°	30	10.6	11.9	6.1
Oct	30° / 19°	37	8.1	12.3	5.5
Nov	30° / 20°	70	9.8	12.5	5.0
Dec	30° / 20°	73	10.1	12.7	4.8

Cloud cover in May

ClearMostly clearPartly cloudyMostly cloudyOvercast

The sky is clear or mostly clear about 14% of the time in May.

Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 24% of May, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 62%.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Clearer (%)	41	41	39	39	39	38	38	37	37	37	36	35	36	36	36	36	37	37	37	37	39	39	39	39	39	39	40	40	40	39	40
Cloudier (%)	59	59	61	61	61	62	62	63	63	63	64	65	64	64	64	64	63	63	63	63	61	61	61	61	61	61	60	60	60	61	60

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	41	59
2	41	59
3	39	61
4	39	61
5	39	61
6	38	62
7	38	62
8	37	63
9	37	63
10	37	63
11	36	64
12	35	65
13	36	64
14	36	64
15	36	64
16	36	64
17	37	63
18	37	63
19	37	63
20	37	63
21	39	61
22	39	61
23	39	61
24	39	61
25	39	61
26	39	61
27	40	60
28	40	60
29	40	60
30	39	61
31	40	60

Chance of precipitation in May

Any precipitation

Piritiba gets around 46 mm of rain over 13.9 wet days in May. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.

Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 45% and peaks near 50% on the wettest days.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Rain chance (%)	50	49	48	47	47	46	45	44	44	43	43	43	43	43	43	43	44	44	44	45	45	45	45	46	46	46	46	47	47	48	48

	Rain chance (%)
1	50
2	49
3	48
4	47
5	47
6	46
7	45
8	44
9	44
10	43
11	43
12	43
13	43
14	43
15	43
16	43
17	44
18	44
19	44
20	45
21	45
22	45
23	45
24	46
25	46
26	46
27	46
28	47
29	47
30	48
31	48

Humidity in May

DryComfortableHumidMuggyOppressiveMiserable

Most of May feels muggy — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.

By dew point, May lands in the muggy band about 74% of days. Sticky, muggy-or-worse air turns up on roughly 76% of them.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Comfortable (%)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2
Humid (%)	13	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	22	23	24	25	25	26	26	26	26	26	26	26	27	27	27	28	29	29	30	31
Muggy (%)	84	84	83	82	81	80	80	79	78	76	75	75	74	73	71	71	70	70	70	70	70	71	71	69	69	70	69	68	68	67	66
Oppressive (%)	3	3	3	3	3	3	2	2	2	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	2	2	2	2	1	1	1	1	1	1

	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)	Muggy (%)	Oppressive (%)
1	0	13	84	3
2	0	13	84	3
3	0	14	83	3
4	0	15	82	3
5	0	16	81	3
6	0	17	80	3
7	0	18	80	2
8	0	19	79	2
9	0	20	78	2
10	0	21	76	3
11	0	22	75	3
12	0	22	75	3
13	0	23	74	3
14	0	24	73	3
15	1	25	71	3
16	1	25	71	3
17	1	26	70	3
18	1	26	70	3
19	1	26	70	3
20	1	26	70	3
21	1	26	70	3
22	1	26	71	2
23	1	26	71	2
24	2	27	69	2
25	2	27	69	2
26	2	27	70	1
27	2	28	69	1
28	2	29	68	1
29	2	29	68	1
30	2	30	67	1
31	2	31	66	1

Wind in May

Winds average 10 km/h in May.

Across May, daily wind ranges from about 10 km/h on the calmest days to 10 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Wind speed (km/h)	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10
Feels	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm

	Wind speed (km/h)	Feels
1	10	calm
2	10	calm
3	10	calm
4	10	calm
5	10	calm
6	10	calm
7	10	calm
8	10	calm
9	10	calm
10	10	calm
11	10	calm
12	10	calm
13	10	calm
14	10	calm
15	10	calm
16	10	calm
17	10	calm
18	10	calm
19	10	calm
20	10	calm
21	10	calm
22	10	calm
23	10	calm
24	10	calm
25	10	calm
26	10	calm
27	10	calm
28	10	calm
29	10	calm
30	10	calm
31	10	calm

Sunrise & sunset in May

DaylightNight

Daylight runs from about 11 h 36 min at the start of May to 11 h 24 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.

Days shrink by about 12 minutes over May. Sunrise moves from 5:52 AM to 5:59 AM, and sunset from 5:27 PM to 5:21 PM.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Daylight (h)	11.6	11.6	11.6	11.6	11.6	11.5	11.5	11.5	11.5	11.5	11.5	11.5	11.5	11.5	11.5	11.5	11.5	11.4	11.4	11.4	11.4	11.4	11.4	11.4	11.4	11.4	11.4	11.4	11.4	11.4	11.4
Sunrise (AM)	5:52	5:52	5:52	5:52	5:52	5:53	5:53	5:53	5:53	5:53	5:54	5:54	5:54	5:54	5:54	5:55	5:55	5:55	5:55	5:56	5:56	5:56	5:56	5:57	5:57	5:57	5:57	5:58	5:58	5:58	5:59
Sunset (PM)	5:27	5:27	5:26	5:26	5:26	5:25	5:25	5:24	5:24	5:24	5:24	5:23	5:23	5:23	5:23	5:22	5:22	5:22	5:22	5:22	5:21	5:21	5:21	5:21	5:21	5:21	5:21	5:21	5:21	5:21	5:21

	Daylight (h)	Sunrise (AM)	Sunset (PM)
1	11.6	5:52	5:27
2	11.6	5:52	5:27
3	11.6	5:52	5:26
4	11.6	5:52	5:26
5	11.6	5:52	5:26
6	11.5	5:53	5:25
7	11.5	5:53	5:25
8	11.5	5:53	5:24
9	11.5	5:53	5:24
10	11.5	5:53	5:24
11	11.5	5:54	5:24
12	11.5	5:54	5:23
13	11.5	5:54	5:23
14	11.5	5:54	5:23
15	11.5	5:54	5:23
16	11.5	5:55	5:22
17	11.5	5:55	5:22
18	11.4	5:55	5:22
19	11.4	5:55	5:22
20	11.4	5:56	5:22
21	11.4	5:56	5:21
22	11.4	5:56	5:21
23	11.4	5:56	5:21
24	11.4	5:57	5:21
25	11.4	5:57	5:21
26	11.4	5:57	5:21
27	11.4	5:57	5:21
28	11.4	5:58	5:21
29	11.4	5:58	5:21
30	11.4	5:58	5:21
31	11.4	5:59	5:21

Solar energy in May

Daily solar energy (kWh/m²)

Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in May, about 3.74 kWh/m².

For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 3.31 kWh/m² to a high of 5.94 kWh/m² in December across the year — May's 3.74 kWh/m² sits near the bottom.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Solar energy (kWh/m²)	4.1	4.0	4.0	4.0	4.0	3.9	3.9	3.9	3.8	3.8	3.8	3.8	3.8	3.8	3.7	3.7	3.7	3.7	3.7	3.7	3.7	3.6	3.6	3.6	3.6	3.6	3.6	3.6	3.6	3.5	3.5
Level	Bright	Bright	Bright	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate

	Solar energy (kWh/m²)	Level
1	4.1	Bright
2	4.0	Bright
3	4.0	Bright
4	4.0	Moderate
5	4.0	Moderate
6	3.9	Moderate
7	3.9	Moderate
8	3.9	Moderate
9	3.8	Moderate
10	3.8	Moderate
11	3.8	Moderate
12	3.8	Moderate
13	3.8	Moderate
14	3.8	Moderate
15	3.7	Moderate
16	3.7	Moderate
17	3.7	Moderate
18	3.7	Moderate
19	3.7	Moderate
20	3.7	Moderate
21	3.7	Moderate
22	3.6	Moderate
23	3.6	Moderate
24	3.6	Moderate
25	3.6	Moderate
26	3.6	Moderate
27	3.6	Moderate
28	3.6	Moderate
29	3.6	Moderate
30	3.5	Moderate
31	3.5	Moderate

Planning a trip in May

Is May a good time to visit Piritiba?

Our two travel scores rate May for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).

5.8

Sightseeing

4th-best month of the year

5.8

Beach & pool

8th-best month of the year

May is a reasonable time to visit Piritiba for sightseeing.

What to pack for Piritiba in May

From May's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.

In May, Piritiba sees daytime highs around 27°C and nights near 19°C. Pack rain gear. Worth having: light clothes. About 14 days see rain.

rain gearlight clothes

UV index in Piritiba in May

LowModerateHighVery highExtreme

Clear-sky midday UV in May peaks around 10 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.

Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Piritiba peaks around February 19 at about 15 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near July 10 at about 9 (very high).

The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.

	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
UV index (midday)	14	15	15	12	10	9	9	10	12	13	13	12
Level	Extreme	Extreme	Extreme	Extreme	Very high	Very high	Very high	Extreme	Extreme	Extreme	Extreme	Extreme

	UV index (midday)	Level
Jan	14	Extreme
Feb	15	Extreme
Mar	15	Extreme
Apr	12	Extreme
May	10	Very high
Jun	9	Very high
Jul	9	Very high
Aug	10	Extreme
Sep	12	Extreme
Oct	13	Extreme
Nov	13	Extreme
Dec	12	Extreme

Location & terrain

Where is Piritiba?

Piritiba sits at 11.7°S, 40.6°W, 542 m above sea level, in Brazil. The nearest listed city is Mundo Novo, 17 km away.

Topography around Piritiba

How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Piritiba.

Within 3 km, the terrain around Piritiba has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 136 m around an average of 547 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 474 m; within 80 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,055 m.

The land around Piritiba is covered by grassland (53%) and shrubs (28%) within 3 km, trees (37%), grassland (37%) and shrubs (24%) within 16 km, and grassland (42%), shrubs (29%) and trees (27%) within 80 km.

3 km

136 m

grassland 53%

16 km

474 m

trees 37%

80 km

1,055 m

grassland 42%

treesshrubsgrasslandcroplandartificial surfaces

← April Piritiba year-round climate June →Best places to visit in May

May weather nearby: Mundo Novo 17 km · Tapiramutá 29 km · Miguel Calmon 34 km · Mairi 44 km · Baixa Grande 49 km · Jacobina 61 km · Ruy Barbosa 62 km · Morro do Chapéu 69 km

Brazil travel facts

Travel advisory: Level 2; Exercise Increased Caution
Power plugs: Type C / N; 127 / 220 V · 60 Hz
Prices: ≈ 46% of US; price level, 2025
GDP per capita: $10,713; 2025
Happiness: 6.6 / 10; World Happiness, 2025
Safe drinking water: 89%; of population, 2024
Homicide rate: 19.3; per 100k, 2023
Road deaths: 16; per 100k/yr, 2019
Income group: Upper middle; World Bank
English: Low; EF EPI 482
Religion

Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.

Data sources

Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Piritiba (-11.7303°, -40.5553°, elevation 542 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	28	20
2	28	20
3	27	20
4	27	20
5	27	20
6	27	20
7	27	20
8	27	20
9	27	20
10	27	20
11	27	20
12	27	20
13	27	19
14	27	19
15	27	19
16	27	19
17	27	19
18	27	19
19	27	19
20	27	19
21	27	19
22	27	19
23	27	19
24	27	19
25	26	19
26	26	19
27	26	19
28	26	19
29	26	19
30	26	19
31	26	19

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	41	59
2	41	59
3	39	61
4	39	61
5	39	61
6	38	62
7	38	62
8	37	63
9	37	63
10	37	63
11	36	64
12	35	65
13	36	64
14	36	64
15	36	64
16	36	64
17	37	63
18	37	63
19	37	63
20	37	63
21	39	61
22	39	61
23	39	61
24	39	61
25	39	61
26	39	61
27	40	60
28	40	60
29	40	60
30	39	61
31	40	60

	Rain chance (%)
1	50
2	49
3	48
4	47
5	47
6	46
7	45
8	44
9	44
10	43
11	43
12	43
13	43
14	43
15	43
16	43
17	44
18	44
19	44
20	45
21	45
22	45
23	45
24	46
25	46
26	46
27	46
28	47
29	47
30	48
31	48

	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)	Muggy (%)	Oppressive (%)
1	0	13	84	3
2	0	13	84	3
3	0	14	83	3
4	0	15	82	3
5	0	16	81	3
6	0	17	80	3
7	0	18	80	2
8	0	19	79	2
9	0	20	78	2
10	0	21	76	3
11	0	22	75	3
12	0	22	75	3
13	0	23	74	3
14	0	24	73	3
15	1	25	71	3
16	1	25	71	3
17	1	26	70	3
18	1	26	70	3
19	1	26	70	3
20	1	26	70	3
21	1	26	70	3
22	1	26	71	2
23	1	26	71	2
24	2	27	69	2
25	2	27	69	2
26	2	27	70	1
27	2	28	69	1
28	2	29	68	1
29	2	29	68	1
30	2	30	67	1
31	2	31	66	1

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	28	20
2	28	20
3	27	20
4	27	20
5	27	20
6	27	20
7	27	20
8	27	20
9	27	20
10	27	20
11	27	20
12	27	20
13	27	19
14	27	19
15	27	19
16	27	19
17	27	19
18	27	19
19	27	19
20	27	19
21	27	19
22	27	19
23	27	19
24	27	19
25	26	19
26	26	19
27	26	19
28	26	19
29	26	19
30	26	19
31	26	19

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	41	59
2	41	59
3	39	61
4	39	61
5	39	61
6	38	62
7	38	62
8	37	63
9	37	63
10	37	63
11	36	64
12	35	65
13	36	64
14	36	64
15	36	64
16	36	64
17	37	63
18	37	63
19	37	63
20	37	63
21	39	61
22	39	61
23	39	61
24	39	61
25	39	61
26	39	61
27	40	60
28	40	60
29	40	60
30	39	61
31	40	60

	Rain chance (%)
1	50
2	49
3	48
4	47
5	47
6	46
7	45
8	44
9	44
10	43
11	43
12	43
13	43
14	43
15	43
16	43
17	44
18	44
19	44
20	45
21	45
22	45
23	45
24	46
25	46
26	46
27	46
28	47
29	47
30	48
31	48

	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)	Muggy (%)	Oppressive (%)
1	0	13	84	3
2	0	13	84	3
3	0	14	83	3
4	0	15	82	3
5	0	16	81	3
6	0	17	80	3
7	0	18	80	2
8	0	19	79	2
9	0	20	78	2
10	0	21	76	3
11	0	22	75	3
12	0	22	75	3
13	0	23	74	3
14	0	24	73	3
15	1	25	71	3
16	1	25	71	3
17	1	26	70	3
18	1	26	70	3
19	1	26	70	3
20	1	26	70	3
21	1	26	70	3
22	1	26	71	2
23	1	26	71	2
24	2	27	69	2
25	2	27	69	2
26	2	27	70	1
27	2	28	69	1
28	2	29	68	1
29	2	29	68	1
30	2	30	67	1
31	2	31	66	1

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	28	20
2	28	20
3	27	20
4	27	20
5	27	20
6	27	20
7	27	20
8	27	20
9	27	20
10	27	20
11	27	20
12	27	20
13	27	19
14	27	19
15	27	19
16	27	19
17	27	19
18	27	19
19	27	19
20	27	19
21	27	19
22	27	19
23	27	19
24	27	19
25	26	19
26	26	19
27	26	19
28	26	19
29	26	19
30	26	19
31	26	19

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	41	59
2	41	59
3	39	61
4	39	61
5	39	61
6	38	62
7	38	62
8	37	63
9	37	63
10	37	63
11	36	64
12	35	65
13	36	64
14	36	64
15	36	64
16	36	64
17	37	63
18	37	63
19	37	63
20	37	63
21	39	61
22	39	61
23	39	61
24	39	61
25	39	61
26	39	61
27	40	60
28	40	60
29	40	60
30	39	61
31	40	60

	Rain chance (%)
1	50
2	49
3	48
4	47
5	47
6	46
7	45
8	44
9	44
10	43
11	43
12	43
13	43
14	43
15	43
16	43
17	44
18	44
19	44
20	45
21	45
22	45
23	45
24	46
25	46
26	46
27	46
28	47
29	47
30	48
31	48

	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)	Muggy (%)	Oppressive (%)
1	0	13	84	3
2	0	13	84	3
3	0	14	83	3
4	0	15	82	3
5	0	16	81	3
6	0	17	80	3
7	0	18	80	2
8	0	19	79	2
9	0	20	78	2
10	0	21	76	3
11	0	22	75	3
12	0	22	75	3
13	0	23	74	3
14	0	24	73	3
15	1	25	71	3
16	1	25	71	3
17	1	26	70	3
18	1	26	70	3
19	1	26	70	3
20	1	26	70	3
21	1	26	70	3
22	1	26	71	2
23	1	26	71	2
24	2	27	69	2
25	2	27	69	2
26	2	27	70	1
27	2	28	69	1
28	2	29	68	1
29	2	29	68	1
30	2	30	67	1
31	2	31	66	1