Rio Real weather in August

In August, Rio Real sees average daytime highs of 27°C and overnight lows near 19°C, with 46 mm of rain across 16.3 wet days and about 11.6 hours of daylight. It is the 11th-warmest and 7th-wettest month of the year here.

Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 27°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 19% of the time in August, and the air most often feels muggy.

Daylight stretches from about 11 h 30 min at the start of August to 11 h 48 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, August is Rio Real's 3rd-clearest and 7th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Rio Real's year-round climate.

Daytime high: 27°; 11th warmest
Overnight low: 19°; 1st coldest
Rainfall: 46 mm; 16.3 wet days
Daylight: 11 h 36 min; 5:47 AM – 5:24 PM
Cloud cover: 56%; 3rd clearest
Wind: 11 km/h; 7th windiest
Solar energy: 4.29 kWh/m²
Travel score: 5.7; out of 10

Rio Real is human settlement in Brazil.

Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.

← July Rio Real year-round climate September →Best places to visit in August

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Temperature in August

Average highAverage lowShaded bands: 10–90% of days

Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 27°C through the month.

A typical August day in Rio Real reaches about 27°C in the afternoon and slips back to 19°C overnight — a 8°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 25°C and 29°C. Set against its neighbours, August runs on par with July and about 1°C cooler than September.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Avg high (°C)	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	28
Avg low (°C)	19	19	19	19	19	19	19	19	19	19	19	19	19	19	19	19	19	19	19	19	19	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	27	19
2	27	19
3	27	19
4	27	19
5	27	19
6	27	19
7	27	19
8	27	19
9	27	19
10	27	19
11	27	19
12	27	19
13	27	19
14	27	19
15	27	19
16	27	19
17	27	19
18	27	19
19	27	19
20	27	19
21	27	19
22	27	20
23	27	20
24	27	20
25	27	20
26	27	20
27	27	20
28	27	20
29	27	20
30	27	20
31	28	20

How August really feels in Rio Real

Once humidity and wind are folded in, August averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.

Days feeling ≥ 32°C

heat index over the day's high

Days feeling ≤ 0°C

wind chill below the day's low

August sits comfortably in between — no days that feel dangerously hot or drop to a hard freeze once humidity and wind are folded in.

Rio Real weather by month

How August compares with the rest of the year at a glance. August is the 11th-warmest and 7th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.

Month	High / Low (°C)	Rainfall (mm)	Wet days	Daylight (hours)	Travel score
Jan	32° / 23°	49	10.5	12.6	4.0
Feb	32° / 23°	45	12.1	12.4	3.7
Mar	32° / 23°	49	13.5	12.1	3.7
Apr	31° / 23°	66	16.1	11.8	4.0
May	29° / 22°	77	18.4	11.5	4.6
Jun	27° / 21°	71	20	11.3	5.0
Jul	27° / 20°	56	18.7	11.4	5.4
Aug	27° / 19°	46	16.3	11.6	5.7
Sep	28° / 20°	36	12.7	11.9	5.6
Oct	30° / 21°	30	9.1	12.3	5.2
Nov	31° / 22°	38	8.5	12.5	4.6
Dec	32° / 23°	34	7.9	12.7	4.3

Cloud cover in August

ClearMostly clearPartly cloudyMostly cloudyOvercast

The sky is clear or mostly clear about 19% of the time in August.

Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 43% of August, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 38%.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Clearer (%)	61	62	61	61	60	61	60	60	59	59	59	59	58	59	59	59	60	60	61	62	62	63	64	64	64	65	66	66	66	66	66
Cloudier (%)	39	38	39	39	40	39	40	40	41	41	41	41	42	41	41	41	40	40	39	38	38	37	36	36	36	35	34	34	34	34	34

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	61	39
2	62	38
3	61	39
4	61	39
5	60	40
6	61	39
7	60	40
8	60	40
9	59	41
10	59	41
11	59	41
12	59	41
13	58	42
14	59	41
15	59	41
16	59	41
17	60	40
18	60	40
19	61	39
20	62	38
21	62	38
22	63	37
23	64	36
24	64	36
25	64	36
26	65	35
27	66	34
28	66	34
29	66	34
30	66	34
31	66	34

Chance of precipitation in August

Any precipitation

Rio Real gets around 46 mm of rain over 16.3 wet days in August. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.

Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 52% and peaks near 56% on the wettest days.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Rain chance (%)	53	53	52	52	51	51	51	51	51	52	52	52	53	53	54	54	55	55	55	56	55	55	54	53	52	51	50	49	48	47	47

	Rain chance (%)
1	53
2	53
3	52
4	52
5	51
6	51
7	51
8	51
9	51
10	52
11	52
12	52
13	53
14	53
15	54
16	54
17	55
18	55
19	55
20	56
21	55
22	55
23	54
24	53
25	52
26	51
27	50
28	49
29	48
30	47
31	47

Humidity in August

DryComfortableHumidMuggyOppressiveMiserable

Most of August feels muggy — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.

By dew point, August lands in the muggy band about 84% of days. Sticky, muggy-or-worse air turns up on roughly 87% of them.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Humid (%)	12	12	13	13	13	14	14	14	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	14	14	13	13	12	12	12	11	11	11	11	12	12	12
Muggy (%)	85	85	84	84	84	83	83	83	82	82	83	83	83	83	83	83	82	83	83	84	84	85	85	85	86	86	86	86	85	84	84
Oppressive (%)	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	2	2	2	2	2	2	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	4	4

	Humid (%)	Muggy (%)	Oppressive (%)
1	12	85	3
2	12	85	3
3	13	84	3
4	13	84	3
5	13	84	3
6	14	83	3
7	14	83	3
8	14	83	3
9	15	82	3
10	15	82	3
11	15	83	2
12	15	83	2
13	15	83	2
14	15	83	2
15	15	83	2
16	15	83	2
17	15	82	3
18	14	83	3
19	14	83	3
20	13	84	3
21	13	84	3
22	12	85	3
23	12	85	3
24	12	85	3
25	11	86	3
26	11	86	3
27	11	86	3
28	11	86	3
29	12	85	3
30	12	84	4
31	12	84	4

Wind in August

Winds average 11 km/h in August.

Across August, daily wind ranges from about 11 km/h on the calmest days to 11 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Wind speed (km/h)	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11
Feels	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm

	Wind speed (km/h)	Feels
1	11	calm
2	11	calm
3	11	calm
4	11	calm
5	11	calm
6	11	calm
7	11	calm
8	11	calm
9	11	calm
10	11	calm
11	11	calm
12	11	calm
13	11	calm
14	11	calm
15	11	calm
16	11	calm
17	11	calm
18	11	calm
19	11	calm
20	11	calm
21	11	calm
22	11	calm
23	11	calm
24	11	calm
25	11	calm
26	11	calm
27	11	calm
28	11	calm
29	11	calm
30	11	calm
31	11	calm

Sunrise & sunset in August

DaylightNight

Daylight runs from about 11 h 30 min at the start of August to 11 h 48 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.

Days grow by about 18 minutes over August. Sunrise moves from 5:53 AM to 5:39 AM, and sunset from 5:22 PM to 5:25 PM.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Daylight (h)	11.5	11.5	11.5	11.5	11.5	11.5	11.5	11.5	11.6	11.6	11.6	11.6	11.6	11.6	11.6	11.6	11.6	11.6	11.6	11.7	11.7	11.7	11.7	11.7	11.7	11.7	11.7	11.7	11.7	11.8	11.8
Sunrise (AM)	5:53	5:53	5:53	5:52	5:52	5:52	5:51	5:51	5:50	5:50	5:50	5:49	5:49	5:48	5:48	5:47	5:47	5:46	5:46	5:45	5:45	5:44	5:44	5:43	5:42	5:42	5:41	5:41	5:40	5:39	5:39
Sunset (PM)	5:22	5:23	5:23	5:23	5:23	5:23	5:23	5:24	5:24	5:24	5:24	5:24	5:24	5:24	5:24	5:24	5:24	5:24	5:25	5:25	5:25	5:25	5:25	5:25	5:25	5:25	5:25	5:25	5:25	5:25	5:25

	Daylight (h)	Sunrise (AM)	Sunset (PM)
1	11.5	5:53	5:22
2	11.5	5:53	5:23
3	11.5	5:53	5:23
4	11.5	5:52	5:23
5	11.5	5:52	5:23
6	11.5	5:52	5:23
7	11.5	5:51	5:23
8	11.5	5:51	5:24
9	11.6	5:50	5:24
10	11.6	5:50	5:24
11	11.6	5:50	5:24
12	11.6	5:49	5:24
13	11.6	5:49	5:24
14	11.6	5:48	5:24
15	11.6	5:48	5:24
16	11.6	5:47	5:24
17	11.6	5:47	5:24
18	11.6	5:46	5:24
19	11.6	5:46	5:25
20	11.7	5:45	5:25
21	11.7	5:45	5:25
22	11.7	5:44	5:25
23	11.7	5:44	5:25
24	11.7	5:43	5:25
25	11.7	5:42	5:25
26	11.7	5:42	5:25
27	11.7	5:41	5:25
28	11.7	5:41	5:25
29	11.7	5:40	5:25
30	11.8	5:39	5:25
31	11.8	5:39	5:25

Solar energy in August

Daily solar energy (kWh/m²)

Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in August, about 4.29 kWh/m².

For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 3.66 kWh/m² to a high of 6.12 kWh/m² in December across the year — August's 4.29 kWh/m² falls in the middle.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Solar energy (kWh/m²)	4.0	4.0	4.1	4.1	4.1	4.1	4.1	4.1	4.1	4.2	4.2	4.2	4.2	4.2	4.2	4.3	4.3	4.3	4.3	4.3	4.4	4.4	4.4	4.5	4.5	4.5	4.6	4.6	4.6	4.7	4.7
Level	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright

	Solar energy (kWh/m²)	Level
1	4.0	Bright
2	4.0	Bright
3	4.1	Bright
4	4.1	Bright
5	4.1	Bright
6	4.1	Bright
7	4.1	Bright
8	4.1	Bright
9	4.1	Bright
10	4.2	Bright
11	4.2	Bright
12	4.2	Bright
13	4.2	Bright
14	4.2	Bright
15	4.2	Bright
16	4.3	Bright
17	4.3	Bright
18	4.3	Bright
19	4.3	Bright
20	4.3	Bright
21	4.4	Bright
22	4.4	Bright
23	4.4	Bright
24	4.5	Bright
25	4.5	Bright
26	4.5	Bright
27	4.6	Bright
28	4.6	Bright
29	4.6	Bright
30	4.7	Bright
31	4.7	Bright

Planning a trip in August

Is August a good time to visit Rio Real?

Our two travel scores rate August for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).

5.7

Sightseeing

1st-best month of the year

5.7

Beach & pool

8th-best month of the year

August is a reasonable time to visit Rio Real for sightseeing.

What to pack for Rio Real in August

From August's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.

In August, Rio Real sees daytime highs around 27°C and nights near 19°C. Pack rain gear. Worth having: light clothes. About 16 days see rain.

rain gearlight clothes

Sea temperature near Rio Real in August

The nearest coast averages about 26°C in August — the other half of the beach question. The full-year curve and swim-comfort zones are below.

The sea at the nearest coast (about 62 km away) is warmest in April at about 28°C and coldest in August near 26°C.

The water stays above 20°C all year — warm enough for a swim any month.

	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Sea temperature (°C)	27	28	28	28	28	27	26	26	26	26	26	27
Comfort	Warm	Warm	Tropical	Tropical	Warm	Warm	Warm	Warm	Warm	Warm	Warm	Warm

	Sea temperature (°C)	Comfort
Jan	27	Warm
Feb	28	Warm
Mar	28	Tropical
Apr	28	Tropical
May	28	Warm
Jun	27	Warm
Jul	26	Warm
Aug	26	Warm
Sep	26	Warm
Oct	26	Warm
Nov	26	Warm
Dec	27	Warm

UV index in Rio Real in August

LowModerateHighVery highExtreme

Clear-sky midday UV in August peaks around 10 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.

Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Rio Real peaks around February 17 at about 15 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near July 10 at about 9 (very high).

The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.

	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
UV index (midday)	14	15	14	13	10	9	9	10	12	13	13	13
Level	Extreme	Extreme	Extreme	Extreme	Very high	Very high	Very high	Very high	Extreme	Extreme	Extreme	Extreme

	UV index (midday)	Level
Jan	14	Extreme
Feb	15	Extreme
Mar	14	Extreme
Apr	13	Extreme
May	10	Very high
Jun	9	Very high
Jul	9	Very high
Aug	10	Very high
Sep	12	Extreme
Oct	13	Extreme
Nov	13	Extreme
Dec	13	Extreme

Location & terrain

Where is Rio Real?

Rio Real sits at 11.5°S, 37.9°W, 170 m above sea level, in Brazil. The nearest listed city is Cristinápolis, 19 km away.

Topography around Rio Real

How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Rio Real.

Within 3 km, the terrain around Rio Real has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 59 m around an average of 175 m above sea level; within 16 km, only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 243 m; within 80 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 617 m.

The land around Rio Real is covered by grassland (59%) within 3 km, grassland (71%) within 16 km, and grassland (52%) and trees (24%) within 80 km.

3 km

59 m

grassland 59%

16 km

243 m

grassland 71%

80 km

617 m

grassland 52%

treesshrubsgrasslandcroplandartificial surfaceswaterwetlandmangroves

← July Rio Real year-round climate September →Best places to visit in August

August weather nearby: Cristinápolis 19 km · Crisópolis 24 km · Aporá 25 km · Itabaianinha 28 km · Umbaúba 32 km · Tobias Barreto 34 km · Esplanada 35 km · Itapicuru 38 km

Brazil travel facts

Travel advisory: Level 2; Exercise Increased Caution
Power plugs: Type C / N; 127 / 220 V · 60 Hz
Prices: ≈ 46% of US; price level, 2025
GDP per capita: $10,713; 2025
Happiness: 6.6 / 10; World Happiness, 2025
Safe drinking water: 89%; of population, 2024
Homicide rate: 19.3; per 100k, 2023
Road deaths: 16; per 100k/yr, 2019
Income group: Upper middle; World Bank
English: Low; EF EPI 482
Religion

Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.

Data sources

Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Rio Real (-11.4847°, -37.9328°, elevation 170 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. Sea temperatures are the NOAA OISST v2.1 1991–2020 monthly climatology (public domain), sampled at the nearest ocean point. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	27	19
2	27	19
3	27	19
4	27	19
5	27	19
6	27	19
7	27	19
8	27	19
9	27	19
10	27	19
11	27	19
12	27	19
13	27	19
14	27	19
15	27	19
16	27	19
17	27	19
18	27	19
19	27	19
20	27	19
21	27	19
22	27	20
23	27	20
24	27	20
25	27	20
26	27	20
27	27	20
28	27	20
29	27	20
30	27	20
31	28	20

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	61	39
2	62	38
3	61	39
4	61	39
5	60	40
6	61	39
7	60	40
8	60	40
9	59	41
10	59	41
11	59	41
12	59	41
13	58	42
14	59	41
15	59	41
16	59	41
17	60	40
18	60	40
19	61	39
20	62	38
21	62	38
22	63	37
23	64	36
24	64	36
25	64	36
26	65	35
27	66	34
28	66	34
29	66	34
30	66	34
31	66	34

	Rain chance (%)
1	53
2	53
3	52
4	52
5	51
6	51
7	51
8	51
9	51
10	52
11	52
12	52
13	53
14	53
15	54
16	54
17	55
18	55
19	55
20	56
21	55
22	55
23	54
24	53
25	52
26	51
27	50
28	49
29	48
30	47
31	47

	Humid (%)	Muggy (%)	Oppressive (%)
1	12	85	3
2	12	85	3
3	13	84	3
4	13	84	3
5	13	84	3
6	14	83	3
7	14	83	3
8	14	83	3
9	15	82	3
10	15	82	3
11	15	83	2
12	15	83	2
13	15	83	2
14	15	83	2
15	15	83	2
16	15	83	2
17	15	82	3
18	14	83	3
19	14	83	3
20	13	84	3
21	13	84	3
22	12	85	3
23	12	85	3
24	12	85	3
25	11	86	3
26	11	86	3
27	11	86	3
28	11	86	3
29	12	85	3
30	12	84	4
31	12	84	4

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	27	19
2	27	19
3	27	19
4	27	19
5	27	19
6	27	19
7	27	19
8	27	19
9	27	19
10	27	19
11	27	19
12	27	19
13	27	19
14	27	19
15	27	19
16	27	19
17	27	19
18	27	19
19	27	19
20	27	19
21	27	19
22	27	20
23	27	20
24	27	20
25	27	20
26	27	20
27	27	20
28	27	20
29	27	20
30	27	20
31	28	20

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	61	39
2	62	38
3	61	39
4	61	39
5	60	40
6	61	39
7	60	40
8	60	40
9	59	41
10	59	41
11	59	41
12	59	41
13	58	42
14	59	41
15	59	41
16	59	41
17	60	40
18	60	40
19	61	39
20	62	38
21	62	38
22	63	37
23	64	36
24	64	36
25	64	36
26	65	35
27	66	34
28	66	34
29	66	34
30	66	34
31	66	34

	Rain chance (%)
1	53
2	53
3	52
4	52
5	51
6	51
7	51
8	51
9	51
10	52
11	52
12	52
13	53
14	53
15	54
16	54
17	55
18	55
19	55
20	56
21	55
22	55
23	54
24	53
25	52
26	51
27	50
28	49
29	48
30	47
31	47

	Humid (%)	Muggy (%)	Oppressive (%)
1	12	85	3
2	12	85	3
3	13	84	3
4	13	84	3
5	13	84	3
6	14	83	3
7	14	83	3
8	14	83	3
9	15	82	3
10	15	82	3
11	15	83	2
12	15	83	2
13	15	83	2
14	15	83	2
15	15	83	2
16	15	83	2
17	15	82	3
18	14	83	3
19	14	83	3
20	13	84	3
21	13	84	3
22	12	85	3
23	12	85	3
24	12	85	3
25	11	86	3
26	11	86	3
27	11	86	3
28	11	86	3
29	12	85	3
30	12	84	4
31	12	84	4

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	27	19
2	27	19
3	27	19
4	27	19
5	27	19
6	27	19
7	27	19
8	27	19
9	27	19
10	27	19
11	27	19
12	27	19
13	27	19
14	27	19
15	27	19
16	27	19
17	27	19
18	27	19
19	27	19
20	27	19
21	27	19
22	27	20
23	27	20
24	27	20
25	27	20
26	27	20
27	27	20
28	27	20
29	27	20
30	27	20
31	28	20

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	61	39
2	62	38
3	61	39
4	61	39
5	60	40
6	61	39
7	60	40
8	60	40
9	59	41
10	59	41
11	59	41
12	59	41
13	58	42
14	59	41
15	59	41
16	59	41
17	60	40
18	60	40
19	61	39
20	62	38
21	62	38
22	63	37
23	64	36
24	64	36
25	64	36
26	65	35
27	66	34
28	66	34
29	66	34
30	66	34
31	66	34

	Rain chance (%)
1	53
2	53
3	52
4	52
5	51
6	51
7	51
8	51
9	51
10	52
11	52
12	52
13	53
14	53
15	54
16	54
17	55
18	55
19	55
20	56
21	55
22	55
23	54
24	53
25	52
26	51
27	50
28	49
29	48
30	47
31	47

	Humid (%)	Muggy (%)	Oppressive (%)
1	12	85	3
2	12	85	3
3	13	84	3
4	13	84	3
5	13	84	3
6	14	83	3
7	14	83	3
8	14	83	3
9	15	82	3
10	15	82	3
11	15	83	2
12	15	83	2
13	15	83	2
14	15	83	2
15	15	83	2
16	15	83	2
17	15	82	3
18	14	83	3
19	14	83	3
20	13	84	3
21	13	84	3
22	12	85	3
23	12	85	3
24	12	85	3
25	11	86	3
26	11	86	3
27	11	86	3
28	11	86	3
29	12	85	3
30	12	84	4
31	12	84	4