São Pedro weather in February
In February, São Pedro sees average daytime highs of 29°C and overnight lows near 21°C, with 242 mm of rain across 18.7 wet days and about 12.8 hours of daylight. It is the 1st-warmest and 5th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 29°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 21% of the time in February, and the air most often feels muggy.
Daylight stretches from about 13 hours at the start of February to 12 h 30 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is São Pedro's 7th-clearest and 9th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see São Pedro's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 29°
- 1st warmest
- Overnight low
- 21°
- 12th coldest
- Rainfall
- 242 mm
- 18.7 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 48 min
- 6:43 AM – 7:30 PM
- Cloud cover
- 67%
- 7th clearest
- Wind
- 5 km/h
- 9th windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.92 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 4.0
- out of 10
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 29°C through the month.
A typical February day in São Pedro reaches about 29°C in the afternoon and slips back to 21°C overnight — a 8°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 25°C and 32°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs on par with January and about 1°C warmer than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 |
| Avg low (°C) | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 29 | 21 |
| 2 | 29 | 21 |
| 3 | 29 | 21 |
| 4 | 29 | 21 |
| 5 | 29 | 21 |
| 6 | 29 | 21 |
| 7 | 29 | 21 |
| 8 | 29 | 21 |
| 9 | 29 | 21 |
| 10 | 29 | 21 |
| 11 | 29 | 21 |
| 12 | 29 | 21 |
| 13 | 29 | 21 |
| 14 | 29 | 21 |
| 15 | 29 | 21 |
| 16 | 29 | 21 |
| 17 | 29 | 21 |
| 18 | 29 | 21 |
| 19 | 29 | 21 |
| 20 | 29 | 21 |
| 21 | 29 | 21 |
| 22 | 29 | 21 |
| 23 | 29 | 21 |
| 24 | 29 | 21 |
| 25 | 29 | 21 |
| 26 | 29 | 21 |
| 27 | 29 | 21 |
| 28 | 29 | 21 |
São Pedro weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 1st-warmest and 5th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 29° / 21° | 328 | 23.3 | 13.2 | 3.8 |
| Feb | 29° / 21° | 242 | 18.7 | 12.8 | 4.0 |
| Mar | 28° / 20° | 259 | 22.2 | 12.2 | 4.3 |
| Apr | 27° / 19° | 119 | 15.3 | 11.5 | 5.7 |
| May | 24° / 16° | 80 | 11.4 | 10.9 | 6.8 |
| Jun | 24° / 15° | 49 | 7.4 | 10.7 | 7.6 |
| Jul | 24° / 14° | 48 | 7.2 | 10.8 | 7.6 |
| Aug | 24° / 15° | 49 | 7.5 | 11.2 | 7.5 |
| Sep | 25° / 16° | 102 | 12 | 11.9 | 6.6 |
| Oct | 26° / 18° | 150 | 16 | 12.5 | 5.6 |
| Nov | 26° / 19° | 272 | 20.7 | 13.1 | 4.7 |
| Dec | 28° / 20° | 323 | 23.6 | 13.3 | 4.2 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 21% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 15% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 63%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 34 | 34 | 35 | 35 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 35 | 36 | 35 | 35 | 36 | 36 | 37 | 36 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 39 |
| Cloudier (%) | 66 | 66 | 65 | 65 | 64 | 64 | 64 | 65 | 64 | 65 | 65 | 64 | 64 | 63 | 64 | 64 | 63 | 62 | 62 | 62 | 62 | 62 | 62 | 62 | 62 | 62 | 62 | 61 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 34 | 66 |
| 2 | 34 | 66 |
| 3 | 35 | 65 |
| 4 | 35 | 65 |
| 5 | 36 | 64 |
| 6 | 36 | 64 |
| 7 | 36 | 64 |
| 8 | 35 | 65 |
| 9 | 36 | 64 |
| 10 | 35 | 65 |
| 11 | 35 | 65 |
| 12 | 36 | 64 |
| 13 | 36 | 64 |
| 14 | 37 | 63 |
| 15 | 36 | 64 |
| 16 | 36 | 64 |
| 17 | 37 | 63 |
| 18 | 38 | 62 |
| 19 | 38 | 62 |
| 20 | 38 | 62 |
| 21 | 38 | 62 |
| 22 | 38 | 62 |
| 23 | 38 | 62 |
| 24 | 38 | 62 |
| 25 | 38 | 62 |
| 26 | 38 | 62 |
| 27 | 38 | 62 |
| 28 | 39 | 61 |
Chance of precipitation in February
São Pedro gets around 242 mm of rain over 18.7 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 68% and peaks near 70% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 70 | 70 | 70 | 69 | 69 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 68 | 68 | 69 | 69 | 70 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 70 |
| 2 | 70 |
| 3 | 70 |
| 4 | 69 |
| 5 | 69 |
| 6 | 68 |
| 7 | 68 |
| 8 | 68 |
| 9 | 67 |
| 10 | 67 |
| 11 | 67 |
| 12 | 67 |
| 13 | 67 |
| 14 | 66 |
| 15 | 66 |
| 16 | 66 |
| 17 | 66 |
| 18 | 66 |
| 19 | 66 |
| 20 | 66 |
| 21 | 67 |
| 22 | 67 |
| 23 | 67 |
| 24 | 68 |
| 25 | 68 |
| 26 | 69 |
| 27 | 69 |
| 28 | 70 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels muggy — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the muggy band about 52% of days. Sticky, muggy-or-worse air turns up on roughly 96% of them.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Humid (%) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Muggy (%) | 46 | 46 | 47 | 48 | 48 | 49 | 50 | 51 | 52 | 52 | 53 | 53 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 54 | 54 | 54 |
| Oppressive (%) | 50 | 50 | 49 | 48 | 47 | 46 | 46 | 45 | 44 | 44 | 43 | 43 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 |
| Humid (%) | Muggy (%) | Oppressive (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4 | 46 | 50 |
| 2 | 4 | 46 | 50 |
| 3 | 4 | 47 | 49 |
| 4 | 4 | 48 | 48 |
| 5 | 4 | 48 | 47 |
| 6 | 4 | 49 | 46 |
| 7 | 4 | 50 | 46 |
| 8 | 4 | 51 | 45 |
| 9 | 4 | 52 | 44 |
| 10 | 4 | 52 | 44 |
| 11 | 4 | 53 | 43 |
| 12 | 4 | 53 | 43 |
| 13 | 3 | 55 | 42 |
| 14 | 3 | 55 | 42 |
| 15 | 3 | 55 | 42 |
| 16 | 3 | 55 | 42 |
| 17 | 3 | 55 | 42 |
| 18 | 3 | 55 | 42 |
| 19 | 3 | 55 | 42 |
| 20 | 3 | 55 | 42 |
| 21 | 3 | 55 | 42 |
| 22 | 3 | 55 | 42 |
| 23 | 3 | 55 | 42 |
| 24 | 3 | 55 | 42 |
| 25 | 3 | 55 | 42 |
| 26 | 4 | 54 | 42 |
| 27 | 4 | 54 | 42 |
| 28 | 4 | 54 | 42 |
Wind in February
Winds average 5 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 4 km/h on the calmest days to 5 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5 | calm |
| 2 | 5 | calm |
| 3 | 5 | calm |
| 4 | 5 | calm |
| 5 | 5 | calm |
| 6 | 5 | calm |
| 7 | 5 | calm |
| 8 | 5 | calm |
| 9 | 5 | calm |
| 10 | 5 | calm |
| 11 | 5 | calm |
| 12 | 5 | calm |
| 13 | 5 | calm |
| 14 | 5 | calm |
| 15 | 5 | calm |
| 16 | 4 | calm |
| 17 | 4 | calm |
| 18 | 4 | calm |
| 19 | 4 | calm |
| 20 | 4 | calm |
| 21 | 4 | calm |
| 22 | 4 | calm |
| 23 | 4 | calm |
| 24 | 4 | calm |
| 25 | 4 | calm |
| 26 | 4 | calm |
| 27 | 4 | calm |
| 28 | 4 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 13 hours at the start of February to 12 h 30 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 30 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 6:35 AM to 6:50 AM, and sunset from 7:36 PM to 7:20 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 13.0 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:35 | 6:35 | 6:36 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:38 | 6:39 | 6:39 | 6:40 | 6:40 | 6:41 | 6:42 | 6:42 | 6:43 | 6:43 | 6:44 | 6:44 | 6:45 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:47 | 6:47 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:49 | 6:49 | 6:50 | 6:50 |
| Sunset (PM) | 7:36 | 7:36 | 7:35 | 7:35 | 7:34 | 7:34 | 7:34 | 7:33 | 7:33 | 7:32 | 7:32 | 7:31 | 7:31 | 7:30 | 7:30 | 7:29 | 7:28 | 7:28 | 7:27 | 7:26 | 7:26 | 7:25 | 7:24 | 7:24 | 7:23 | 7:22 | 7:21 | 7:20 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 13.0 | 6:35 | 7:36 |
| 2 | 13.0 | 6:35 | 7:36 |
| 3 | 13.0 | 6:36 | 7:35 |
| 4 | 13.0 | 6:37 | 7:35 |
| 5 | 13.0 | 6:37 | 7:34 |
| 6 | 12.9 | 6:38 | 7:34 |
| 7 | 12.9 | 6:39 | 7:34 |
| 8 | 12.9 | 6:39 | 7:33 |
| 9 | 12.9 | 6:40 | 7:33 |
| 10 | 12.9 | 6:40 | 7:32 |
| 11 | 12.8 | 6:41 | 7:32 |
| 12 | 12.8 | 6:42 | 7:31 |
| 13 | 12.8 | 6:42 | 7:31 |
| 14 | 12.8 | 6:43 | 7:30 |
| 15 | 12.8 | 6:43 | 7:30 |
| 16 | 12.8 | 6:44 | 7:29 |
| 17 | 12.7 | 6:44 | 7:28 |
| 18 | 12.7 | 6:45 | 7:28 |
| 19 | 12.7 | 6:46 | 7:27 |
| 20 | 12.7 | 6:46 | 7:26 |
| 21 | 12.7 | 6:47 | 7:26 |
| 22 | 12.6 | 6:47 | 7:25 |
| 23 | 12.6 | 6:48 | 7:24 |
| 24 | 12.6 | 6:48 | 7:24 |
| 25 | 12.6 | 6:49 | 7:23 |
| 26 | 12.5 | 6:49 | 7:22 |
| 27 | 12.5 | 6:50 | 7:21 |
| 28 | 12.5 | 6:50 | 7:20 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 5.92 kWh/m² — the sunniest month for solar.
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 3.39 kWh/m² to a high of 5.92 kWh/m² in February across the year — February's 5.92 kWh/m² sits near the top of that range.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.5 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.5 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for São Pedro
In February, São Pedro sits inside its rainy season season. The full year is below, with each hazard's peak months called out.
São Pedro's rainy season runs October–March, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is February a good time to visit São Pedro?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a reasonable time to visit São Pedro for sightseeing.
What to pack for São Pedro in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, São Pedro sees daytime highs around 29°C and nights near 21°C. Pack light clothes and rain gear. Worth having: sun protection. About 19 days see rain.
UV index in São Pedro in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 14 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in São Pedro peaks around January 21 at about 14 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near July 11 at about 6 (high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 15 | 14 | 13 | 10 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 8 | 7 | 12 | 14 | 14 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | High | High | High | Very high | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 15 | Extreme |
| Feb | 14 | Extreme |
| Mar | 13 | Extreme |
| Apr | 10 | Very high |
| May | 7 | High |
| Jun | 6 | High |
| Jul | 6 | High |
| Aug | 8 | Very high |
| Sep | 7 | Very high |
| Oct | 12 | Extreme |
| Nov | 14 | Extreme |
| Dec | 14 | Extreme |
Air quality in São Pedro in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in São Pedro is worst in September — around 19 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 1.9× the cleanest month (March, 10 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 11 | 11 | 10 | 12 | 15 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 19 | 13 | 11 | 10 |
| Level | Good | Good | Good | Good | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Good | Good |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 11 | Good |
| Feb | 11 | Good |
| Mar | 10 | Good |
| Apr | 12 | Good |
| May | 15 | Moderate |
| Jun | 16 | Moderate |
| Jul | 15 | Moderate |
| Aug | 15 | Moderate |
| Sep | 19 | Moderate |
| Oct | 13 | Moderate |
| Nov | 11 | Good |
| Dec | 10 | Good |
Where is São Pedro?
São Pedro sits at 22.4°S, 43.0°W, 892 m above sea level, in Brazil. The nearest listed city is Teresópolis, 1.0 km away.
Topography around São Pedro
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of São Pedro.
Within 3 km, the terrain around São Pedro has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 526 m around an average of 975 m above sea level; within 16 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,234 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,252 m.
The land around São Pedro is covered by trees (65%) and artificial surfaces (30%) within 3 km, trees (82%) within 16 km, and trees (49%) and grassland (34%) within 80 km.
Brazil travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type C / N
- 127 / 220 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 46% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $10,713
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.6 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 89%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 19.3
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 16
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 482
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for São Pedro (-22.4231°, -42.9661°, elevation 892 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).