Tomé-Açu weather in February
In February, Tomé-Açu sees average daytime highs of 31°C and overnight lows near 23°C, with 296 mm of rain across 25.5 wet days and about 12.1 hours of daylight. It is the 10th-warmest and 3rd-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 31°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 2% of the time in February, and the air most often feels oppressive.
Daylight stretches from about 12 h 06 min at the start of February to 12 h 06 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Tomé-Açu's 10th-clearest and 9th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Tomé-Açu's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 31°
- 10th warmest
- Overnight low
- 23°
- 7th coldest
- Rainfall
- 296 mm
- 25.5 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 06 min
- 6:25 AM – 6:30 PM
- Cloud cover
- 85%
- 10th clearest
- Wind
- 6 km/h
- 9th windiest
- Solar energy
- 4.42 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 2.5
- out of 10
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 31°C through the month.
A typical February day in Tomé-Açu reaches about 31°C in the afternoon and slips back to 23°C overnight — a 8°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 28°C and 33°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 1°C cooler than January and on par with March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 |
| Avg low (°C) | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 31 | 23 |
| 2 | 31 | 23 |
| 3 | 31 | 23 |
| 4 | 31 | 23 |
| 5 | 31 | 23 |
| 6 | 31 | 23 |
| 7 | 31 | 23 |
| 8 | 31 | 23 |
| 9 | 31 | 23 |
| 10 | 31 | 23 |
| 11 | 31 | 23 |
| 12 | 31 | 23 |
| 13 | 31 | 23 |
| 14 | 31 | 23 |
| 15 | 31 | 23 |
| 16 | 31 | 23 |
| 17 | 31 | 23 |
| 18 | 31 | 23 |
| 19 | 31 | 23 |
| 20 | 31 | 23 |
| 21 | 31 | 23 |
| 22 | 31 | 23 |
| 23 | 31 | 23 |
| 24 | 31 | 23 |
| 25 | 31 | 23 |
| 26 | 31 | 23 |
| 27 | 31 | 23 |
| 28 | 31 | 23 |
How February really feels in Tomé-Açu
Once humidity and wind are folded in, February averages 28 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
The story in February is heat — humidity pushes the afternoon "feels like" well above the raw temperature.
Tomé-Açu weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 10th-warmest and 3rd-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 32° / 23° | 229 | 25.5 | 12.1 | 2.6 |
| Feb | 31° / 23° | 296 | 25.5 | 12.1 | 2.5 |
| Mar | 31° / 23° | 382 | 29.6 | 12 | 2.5 |
| Apr | 31° / 23° | 364 | 28.7 | 11.9 | 2.5 |
| May | 31° / 23° | 217 | 25 | 11.9 | 2.8 |
| Jun | 32° / 22° | 73 | 15.4 | 11.9 | 3.6 |
| Jul | 33° / 22° | 39 | 9.4 | 11.9 | 3.8 |
| Aug | 34° / 23° | 19 | 5.2 | 11.9 | 3.3 |
| Sep | 35° / 23° | 18 | 4.4 | 12 | 3.0 |
| Oct | 35° / 23° | 28 | 6.4 | 12.1 | 2.9 |
| Nov | 34° / 24° | 56 | 8.5 | 12.1 | 2.9 |
| Dec | 33° / 23° | 114 | 16.3 | 12.1 | 2.8 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 2% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 10% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 89%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 14 |
| Cloudier (%) | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 91 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 88 | 88 | 87 | 86 | 86 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 13 | 87 |
| 2 | 13 | 87 |
| 3 | 13 | 87 |
| 4 | 13 | 87 |
| 5 | 12 | 88 |
| 6 | 12 | 88 |
| 7 | 12 | 88 |
| 8 | 11 | 89 |
| 9 | 11 | 89 |
| 10 | 11 | 89 |
| 11 | 10 | 90 |
| 12 | 10 | 90 |
| 13 | 10 | 90 |
| 14 | 9 | 91 |
| 15 | 10 | 90 |
| 16 | 10 | 90 |
| 17 | 10 | 90 |
| 18 | 10 | 90 |
| 19 | 11 | 89 |
| 20 | 11 | 89 |
| 21 | 11 | 89 |
| 22 | 11 | 89 |
| 23 | 11 | 89 |
| 24 | 12 | 88 |
| 25 | 12 | 88 |
| 26 | 13 | 87 |
| 27 | 14 | 86 |
| 28 | 14 | 86 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Tomé-Açu gets around 296 mm of rain over 25.5 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 91% and peaks near 93% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 91 | 91 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 88 |
| 2 | 88 |
| 3 | 88 |
| 4 | 88 |
| 5 | 89 |
| 6 | 89 |
| 7 | 89 |
| 8 | 90 |
| 9 | 90 |
| 10 | 90 |
| 11 | 91 |
| 12 | 91 |
| 13 | 92 |
| 14 | 92 |
| 15 | 92 |
| 16 | 93 |
| 17 | 93 |
| 18 | 93 |
| 19 | 93 |
| 20 | 93 |
| 21 | 93 |
| 22 | 93 |
| 23 | 92 |
| 24 | 92 |
| 25 | 92 |
| 26 | 92 |
| 27 | 92 |
| 28 | 92 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels oppressive — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the oppressive band about 67% of days. Sticky, muggy-or-worse air turns up on roughly 100% of them.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oppressive (%) | 68 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 65 | 65 | 64 | 63 | 63 | 62 |
| Miserable (%) | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 35 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 37 | 38 |
| Oppressive (%) | Miserable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 68 | 32 |
| 2 | 68 | 32 |
| 3 | 68 | 32 |
| 4 | 68 | 32 |
| 5 | 68 | 32 |
| 6 | 68 | 32 |
| 7 | 68 | 32 |
| 8 | 68 | 32 |
| 9 | 68 | 32 |
| 10 | 68 | 32 |
| 11 | 68 | 32 |
| 12 | 67 | 33 |
| 13 | 67 | 33 |
| 14 | 67 | 33 |
| 15 | 67 | 33 |
| 16 | 67 | 33 |
| 17 | 67 | 33 |
| 18 | 67 | 33 |
| 19 | 67 | 33 |
| 20 | 66 | 34 |
| 21 | 66 | 34 |
| 22 | 66 | 34 |
| 23 | 65 | 35 |
| 24 | 65 | 35 |
| 25 | 64 | 36 |
| 26 | 63 | 37 |
| 27 | 63 | 37 |
| 28 | 62 | 38 |
Wind in February
Winds average 6 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 5 km/h on the calmest days to 6 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6 | calm |
| 2 | 6 | calm |
| 3 | 6 | calm |
| 4 | 6 | calm |
| 5 | 6 | calm |
| 6 | 6 | calm |
| 7 | 6 | calm |
| 8 | 6 | calm |
| 9 | 6 | calm |
| 10 | 6 | calm |
| 11 | 6 | calm |
| 12 | 6 | calm |
| 13 | 6 | calm |
| 14 | 6 | calm |
| 15 | 6 | calm |
| 16 | 6 | calm |
| 17 | 5 | calm |
| 18 | 5 | calm |
| 19 | 5 | calm |
| 20 | 5 | calm |
| 21 | 5 | calm |
| 22 | 5 | calm |
| 23 | 5 | calm |
| 24 | 5 | calm |
| 25 | 5 | calm |
| 26 | 5 | calm |
| 27 | 5 | calm |
| 28 | 5 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 12 h 06 min at the start of February to 12 h 06 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 0 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 6:23 AM to 6:24 AM, and sunset from 6:29 PM to 6:28 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:24 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:30 | 6:30 | 6:30 | 6:30 | 6:30 | 6:30 | 6:30 | 6:30 | 6:30 | 6:30 | 6:30 | 6:30 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.1 | 6:23 | 6:29 |
| 2 | 12.1 | 6:23 | 6:29 |
| 3 | 12.1 | 6:23 | 6:29 |
| 4 | 12.1 | 6:24 | 6:30 |
| 5 | 12.1 | 6:24 | 6:30 |
| 6 | 12.1 | 6:24 | 6:30 |
| 7 | 12.1 | 6:24 | 6:30 |
| 8 | 12.1 | 6:24 | 6:30 |
| 9 | 12.1 | 6:24 | 6:30 |
| 10 | 12.1 | 6:24 | 6:30 |
| 11 | 12.1 | 6:25 | 6:30 |
| 12 | 12.1 | 6:25 | 6:30 |
| 13 | 12.1 | 6:25 | 6:30 |
| 14 | 12.1 | 6:25 | 6:30 |
| 15 | 12.1 | 6:25 | 6:30 |
| 16 | 12.1 | 6:25 | 6:29 |
| 17 | 12.1 | 6:25 | 6:29 |
| 18 | 12.1 | 6:25 | 6:29 |
| 19 | 12.1 | 6:25 | 6:29 |
| 20 | 12.1 | 6:25 | 6:29 |
| 21 | 12.1 | 6:25 | 6:29 |
| 22 | 12.1 | 6:25 | 6:29 |
| 23 | 12.1 | 6:25 | 6:29 |
| 24 | 12.1 | 6:25 | 6:28 |
| 25 | 12.1 | 6:25 | 6:28 |
| 26 | 12.1 | 6:25 | 6:28 |
| 27 | 12.1 | 6:25 | 6:28 |
| 28 | 12.1 | 6:24 | 6:28 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 4.42 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.15 kWh/m² to a high of 6.26 kWh/m² in October across the year — February's 4.42 kWh/m² sits near the bottom.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 2 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 3 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 4 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 5 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 6 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 7 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 8 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 9 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 10 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 11 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 12 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 13 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 14 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 15 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 16 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 17 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 18 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 19 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 20 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 21 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 22 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 23 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 24 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 25 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 26 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 27 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 28 | 4.4 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for Tomé-Açu
In February, Tomé-Açu sits inside its monsoon season. The full year is below, with each hazard's peak months called out.
Tomé-Açu's monsoon runs January–May, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is February a good time to visit Tomé-Açu?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Tomé-Açu.
What to pack for Tomé-Açu in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Tomé-Açu sees daytime highs around 31°C and nights near 23°C. Pack light clothes and rain gear. About 26 days see rain.
UV index in Tomé-Açu in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 14 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Tomé-Açu peaks around March 16 at about 15 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 10 at about 10 (very high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 13 | 14 | 15 | 14 | 12 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 10 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Very high |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 13 | Extreme |
| Feb | 14 | Extreme |
| Mar | 15 | Extreme |
| Apr | 14 | Extreme |
| May | 12 | Extreme |
| Jun | 10 | Extreme |
| Jul | 10 | Extreme |
| Aug | 10 | Extreme |
| Sep | 12 | Extreme |
| Oct | 11 | Extreme |
| Nov | 10 | Very high |
| Dec | 10 | Very high |
Air quality in Tomé-Açu in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Tomé-Açu is worst in November — around 32 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 3.4× the cleanest month (June, 9 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 17 | 18 | 18 | 15 | 10 | 9 | 11 | 14 | 16 | 19 | 32 | 27 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Good | Good | Good | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 17 | Moderate |
| Feb | 18 | Moderate |
| Mar | 18 | Moderate |
| Apr | 15 | Moderate |
| May | 10 | Good |
| Jun | 9 | Good |
| Jul | 11 | Good |
| Aug | 14 | Moderate |
| Sep | 16 | Moderate |
| Oct | 19 | Moderate |
| Nov | 32 | Moderate |
| Dec | 27 | Moderate |
Where is Tomé-Açu?
Tomé-Açu sits at 2.4°S, 48.2°W, 21 m above sea level, in Brazil. The nearest listed city is Acará, 51 km away.
Topography around Tomé-Açu
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Tomé-Açu.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Tomé-Açu has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 57 m around an average of 22 m above sea level; within 16 km, only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 73 m; within 80 km, only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 133 m.
The land around Tomé-Açu is covered by trees (64%) and grassland (28%) within 3 km, trees (67%) and grassland (32%) within 16 km, and trees (80%) and grassland (20%) within 80 km.
Brazil travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type C / N
- 127 / 220 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 46% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $10,713
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.6 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 89%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 19.3
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 16
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 482
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Tomé-Açu (-2.4189°, -48.1522°, elevation 21 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).