União dos Palmares weather in February
In February, União dos Palmares sees average daytime highs of 30°C and overnight lows near 22°C, with 56 mm of rain across 14.8 wet days and about 12.3 hours of daylight. It is the 1st-warmest and 8th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 30°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 25% of the time in February, and the air most often feels oppressive.
Daylight stretches from about 12 h 24 min at the start of February to 12 h 12 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is União dos Palmares's 9th-clearest and 7th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see União dos Palmares's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 30°
- 1st warmest
- Overnight low
- 22°
- 11th coldest
- Rainfall
- 56 mm
- 14.8 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 18 min
- 5:30 AM – 5:48 PM
- Cloud cover
- 61%
- 9th clearest
- Wind
- 9 km/h
- 7th windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.89 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 4.2
- out of 10
União dos Palmares is human settlement in Brazil.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 30°C through the month.
A typical February day in União dos Palmares reaches about 30°C in the afternoon and slips back to 22°C overnight — a 8°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 28°C and 32°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs on par with January and on par with March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 |
| Avg low (°C) | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 30 | 22 |
| 2 | 30 | 22 |
| 3 | 30 | 22 |
| 4 | 30 | 22 |
| 5 | 30 | 22 |
| 6 | 30 | 22 |
| 7 | 30 | 22 |
| 8 | 30 | 22 |
| 9 | 30 | 22 |
| 10 | 30 | 22 |
| 11 | 30 | 22 |
| 12 | 30 | 22 |
| 13 | 30 | 22 |
| 14 | 30 | 22 |
| 15 | 30 | 22 |
| 16 | 30 | 22 |
| 17 | 30 | 22 |
| 18 | 30 | 22 |
| 19 | 30 | 22 |
| 20 | 30 | 22 |
| 21 | 30 | 22 |
| 22 | 30 | 22 |
| 23 | 30 | 22 |
| 24 | 30 | 22 |
| 25 | 30 | 22 |
| 26 | 30 | 22 |
| 27 | 30 | 22 |
| 28 | 30 | 22 |
How February really feels in União dos Palmares
Once humidity and wind are folded in, February averages 28 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
The story in February is heat — humidity pushes the afternoon "feels like" well above the raw temperature.
União dos Palmares weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 1st-warmest and 8th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 30° / 22° | 53 | 15.5 | 12.5 | 4.3 |
| Feb | 30° / 22° | 56 | 14.8 | 12.3 | 4.2 |
| Mar | 30° / 22° | 66 | 17.8 | 12.1 | 4.1 |
| Apr | 29° / 22° | 90 | 19.5 | 11.8 | 4.2 |
| May | 28° / 21° | 107 | 23.1 | 11.6 | 4.5 |
| Jun | 26° / 20° | 125 | 24.1 | 11.5 | 4.5 |
| Jul | 26° / 20° | 123 | 25.2 | 11.5 | 4.5 |
| Aug | 26° / 19° | 84 | 22.2 | 11.7 | 4.9 |
| Sep | 27° / 20° | 59 | 18.2 | 11.9 | 5.3 |
| Oct | 28° / 21° | 43 | 14.1 | 12.2 | 5.5 |
| Nov | 30° / 21° | 31 | 10.5 | 12.4 | 5.2 |
| Dec | 30° / 22° | 30 | 10.6 | 12.5 | 4.8 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 25% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 24% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 51%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 53 | 53 | 53 | 53 | 52 | 51 | 51 | 50 | 50 | 49 | 48 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 48 | 49 | 50 | 51 | 52 | 53 | 53 | 54 |
| Cloudier (%) | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 48 | 49 | 49 | 50 | 50 | 51 | 52 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 52 | 51 | 50 | 49 | 48 | 47 | 47 | 46 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 53 | 47 |
| 2 | 53 | 47 |
| 3 | 53 | 47 |
| 4 | 53 | 47 |
| 5 | 52 | 48 |
| 6 | 51 | 49 |
| 7 | 51 | 49 |
| 8 | 50 | 50 |
| 9 | 50 | 50 |
| 10 | 49 | 51 |
| 11 | 48 | 52 |
| 12 | 46 | 54 |
| 13 | 46 | 54 |
| 14 | 46 | 54 |
| 15 | 45 | 55 |
| 16 | 45 | 55 |
| 17 | 45 | 55 |
| 18 | 46 | 54 |
| 19 | 46 | 54 |
| 20 | 46 | 54 |
| 21 | 48 | 52 |
| 22 | 49 | 51 |
| 23 | 50 | 50 |
| 24 | 51 | 49 |
| 25 | 52 | 48 |
| 26 | 53 | 47 |
| 27 | 53 | 47 |
| 28 | 54 | 46 |
Chance of precipitation in February
União dos Palmares gets around 56 mm of rain over 14.8 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 53% and peaks near 56% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 51 | 51 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 51 | 51 | 52 | 53 | 53 | 54 | 55 | 55 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 55 | 55 | 54 | 53 | 53 | 53 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 51 |
| 2 | 51 |
| 3 | 50 |
| 4 | 50 |
| 5 | 50 |
| 6 | 50 |
| 7 | 50 |
| 8 | 51 |
| 9 | 51 |
| 10 | 52 |
| 11 | 53 |
| 12 | 53 |
| 13 | 54 |
| 14 | 55 |
| 15 | 55 |
| 16 | 56 |
| 17 | 56 |
| 18 | 56 |
| 19 | 56 |
| 20 | 56 |
| 21 | 56 |
| 22 | 56 |
| 23 | 55 |
| 24 | 55 |
| 25 | 54 |
| 26 | 53 |
| 27 | 53 |
| 28 | 53 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels oppressive — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the oppressive band about 77% of days. Sticky, muggy-or-worse air turns up on roughly 100% of them.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muggy (%) | 30 | 30 | 29 | 29 | 28 | 28 | 27 | 26 | 25 | 25 | 24 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 21 | 20 | 20 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 |
| Oppressive (%) | 70 | 70 | 71 | 71 | 72 | 72 | 73 | 74 | 75 | 75 | 76 | 77 | 78 | 78 | 79 | 80 | 80 | 81 | 81 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 |
| Muggy (%) | Oppressive (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 30 | 70 |
| 2 | 30 | 70 |
| 3 | 29 | 71 |
| 4 | 29 | 71 |
| 5 | 28 | 72 |
| 6 | 28 | 72 |
| 7 | 27 | 73 |
| 8 | 26 | 74 |
| 9 | 25 | 75 |
| 10 | 25 | 75 |
| 11 | 24 | 76 |
| 12 | 23 | 77 |
| 13 | 22 | 78 |
| 14 | 22 | 78 |
| 15 | 21 | 79 |
| 16 | 20 | 80 |
| 17 | 20 | 80 |
| 18 | 19 | 81 |
| 19 | 19 | 81 |
| 20 | 18 | 82 |
| 21 | 18 | 82 |
| 22 | 18 | 82 |
| 23 | 18 | 82 |
| 24 | 18 | 82 |
| 25 | 18 | 82 |
| 26 | 18 | 82 |
| 27 | 18 | 82 |
| 28 | 18 | 82 |
Wind in February
Winds average 9 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 8 km/h on the calmest days to 9 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9 | calm |
| 2 | 9 | calm |
| 3 | 9 | calm |
| 4 | 9 | calm |
| 5 | 9 | calm |
| 6 | 9 | calm |
| 7 | 9 | calm |
| 8 | 9 | calm |
| 9 | 9 | calm |
| 10 | 9 | calm |
| 11 | 9 | calm |
| 12 | 9 | calm |
| 13 | 9 | calm |
| 14 | 9 | calm |
| 15 | 9 | calm |
| 16 | 9 | calm |
| 17 | 9 | calm |
| 18 | 9 | calm |
| 19 | 8 | calm |
| 20 | 8 | calm |
| 21 | 8 | calm |
| 22 | 8 | calm |
| 23 | 8 | calm |
| 24 | 8 | calm |
| 25 | 8 | calm |
| 26 | 8 | calm |
| 27 | 8 | calm |
| 28 | 9 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 12 h 24 min at the start of February to 12 h 12 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 12 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 5:26 AM to 5:32 AM, and sunset from 5:50 PM to 5:43 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 5:26 | 5:26 | 5:26 | 5:27 | 5:27 | 5:27 | 5:28 | 5:28 | 5:28 | 5:29 | 5:29 | 5:29 | 5:29 | 5:29 | 5:30 | 5:30 | 5:30 | 5:30 | 5:30 | 5:31 | 5:31 | 5:31 | 5:31 | 5:31 | 5:31 | 5:31 | 5:32 | 5:32 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:50 | 5:50 | 5:49 | 5:49 | 5:49 | 5:49 | 5:49 | 5:49 | 5:49 | 5:49 | 5:49 | 5:48 | 5:48 | 5:48 | 5:48 | 5:47 | 5:47 | 5:47 | 5:47 | 5:46 | 5:46 | 5:46 | 5:45 | 5:45 | 5:45 | 5:44 | 5:44 | 5:43 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.4 | 5:26 | 5:50 |
| 2 | 12.4 | 5:26 | 5:50 |
| 3 | 12.4 | 5:26 | 5:49 |
| 4 | 12.4 | 5:27 | 5:49 |
| 5 | 12.4 | 5:27 | 5:49 |
| 6 | 12.4 | 5:27 | 5:49 |
| 7 | 12.4 | 5:28 | 5:49 |
| 8 | 12.4 | 5:28 | 5:49 |
| 9 | 12.3 | 5:28 | 5:49 |
| 10 | 12.3 | 5:29 | 5:49 |
| 11 | 12.3 | 5:29 | 5:49 |
| 12 | 12.3 | 5:29 | 5:48 |
| 13 | 12.3 | 5:29 | 5:48 |
| 14 | 12.3 | 5:29 | 5:48 |
| 15 | 12.3 | 5:30 | 5:48 |
| 16 | 12.3 | 5:30 | 5:47 |
| 17 | 12.3 | 5:30 | 5:47 |
| 18 | 12.3 | 5:30 | 5:47 |
| 19 | 12.3 | 5:30 | 5:47 |
| 20 | 12.3 | 5:31 | 5:46 |
| 21 | 12.3 | 5:31 | 5:46 |
| 22 | 12.2 | 5:31 | 5:46 |
| 23 | 12.2 | 5:31 | 5:45 |
| 24 | 12.2 | 5:31 | 5:45 |
| 25 | 12.2 | 5:31 | 5:45 |
| 26 | 12.2 | 5:31 | 5:44 |
| 27 | 12.2 | 5:32 | 5:44 |
| 28 | 12.2 | 5:32 | 5:43 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 5.89 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 3.76 kWh/m² to a high of 6.07 kWh/m² in November across the year — February's 5.89 kWh/m² sits near the top of that range.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.9 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for União dos Palmares
In February, União dos Palmares sits inside its rainy season season. The full year is below, with each hazard's peak months called out.
União dos Palmares's rainy season runs February–September, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is February a good time to visit União dos Palmares?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a reasonable time to visit União dos Palmares for sightseeing.
What to pack for União dos Palmares in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, União dos Palmares sees daytime highs around 30°C and nights near 22°C. Pack light clothes and rain gear. Worth having: sun protection. About 15 days see rain.
Sea temperature near União dos Palmares in February
The nearest coast averages about 28°C in February — the other half of the beach question. The full-year curve and swim-comfort zones are below.
The sea at the nearest coast (about 68 km away) is warmest in April at about 29°C and coldest in August near 26°C.
The water stays above 20°C all year — warm enough for a swim any month.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sea temperature (°C) | 28 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 28 | 27 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 27 |
| Comfort | Warm | Tropical | Tropical | Tropical | Tropical | Warm | Warm | Warm | Warm | Warm | Warm | Warm |
| Sea temperature (°C) | Comfort | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 28 | Warm |
| Feb | 28 | Tropical |
| Mar | 28 | Tropical |
| Apr | 29 | Tropical |
| May | 28 | Tropical |
| Jun | 27 | Warm |
| Jul | 26 | Warm |
| Aug | 26 | Warm |
| Sep | 26 | Warm |
| Oct | 27 | Warm |
| Nov | 27 | Warm |
| Dec | 27 | Warm |
UV index in União dos Palmares in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 15 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in União dos Palmares peaks around March 12 at about 15 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near July 17 at about 10 (very high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 14 | 15 | 15 | 13 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Very high | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 14 | Extreme |
| Feb | 15 | Extreme |
| Mar | 15 | Extreme |
| Apr | 13 | Extreme |
| May | 11 | Extreme |
| Jun | 10 | Very high |
| Jul | 10 | Very high |
| Aug | 10 | Very high |
| Sep | 12 | Extreme |
| Oct | 12 | Extreme |
| Nov | 12 | Extreme |
| Dec | 12 | Extreme |
Where is União dos Palmares?
União dos Palmares sits at 9.2°S, 36.0°W, 154 m above sea level, in Brazil. The nearest listed city is São José da Laje, 17 km away.
Topography around União dos Palmares
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of União dos Palmares.
Within 3 km, the terrain around União dos Palmares has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 174 m around an average of 158 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 550 m; within 80 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,042 m.
The land around União dos Palmares is covered by grassland (79%) within 3 km, grassland (73%) and trees (25%) within 16 km, and grassland (64%) within 80 km.
Brazil travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type C / N
- 127 / 220 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 46% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $10,713
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.6 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 89%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 19.3
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 16
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 482
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for União dos Palmares (-9.1628°, -36.0319°, elevation 154 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. Sea temperatures are the NOAA OISST v2.1 1991–2020 monthly climatology (public domain), sampled at the nearest ocean point. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).