Chirpan weather in February
In February, Chirpan sees average daytime highs of 8°C and overnight lows near -1°C, with 42 mm of precipitation across 6.9 wet days and about 10.3 hours of daylight. It is the 10th-warmest and 11th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 7°C in the first days to 10°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 31% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 9 h 42 min at the start of February to 10 h 54 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Chirpan's 10th-clearest and 4th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Chirpan's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 8°
- 10th warmest
- Overnight low
- -1°
- 3rd coldest
- Precipitation
- 42 mm
- 6.9 wet days
- Daylight
- 10 h 18 min
- 7:24 AM – 5:42 PM
- Cloud cover
- 59%
- 10th clearest
- Wind
- 7 km/h
- 4th windiest
- Solar energy
- 2.75 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 1.5
- out of 10
Chirpan is city in Chirpan municipality, Stara Zagora oblast, Bulgaria.
- Density
- 207/km²
- people per km²
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Highs climb over the month, from about 7°C in the first days to 10°C by the end.
A typical February day in Chirpan reaches about 8°C in the afternoon and slips back to -1°C overnight — a 9°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 1°C and 15°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 3°C warmer than January and about 4°C cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Avg low (°C) | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6 | -2 |
| 2 | 7 | -2 |
| 3 | 7 | -2 |
| 4 | 7 | -2 |
| 5 | 7 | -2 |
| 6 | 7 | -2 |
| 7 | 7 | -2 |
| 8 | 7 | -2 |
| 9 | 7 | -2 |
| 10 | 7 | -1 |
| 11 | 8 | -1 |
| 12 | 8 | -1 |
| 13 | 8 | -1 |
| 14 | 8 | -1 |
| 15 | 8 | -1 |
| 16 | 8 | -1 |
| 17 | 8 | -1 |
| 18 | 9 | -1 |
| 19 | 9 | 0 |
| 20 | 9 | 0 |
| 21 | 9 | 0 |
| 22 | 9 | 0 |
| 23 | 9 | 0 |
| 24 | 10 | 0 |
| 25 | 10 | 0 |
| 26 | 10 | 1 |
| 27 | 10 | 1 |
| 28 | 10 | 1 |
How February really feels in Chirpan
Once humidity and wind are folded in, February averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 28 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
The story in February is cold — wind chill drags the overnight "feels like" below the raw low.
Chirpan weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 10th-warmest and 11th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 5° / -3° | 43 | 6.7 | 3.3 | 9.3 | 0.2 |
| Feb | 8° / -1° | 42 | 6.9 | 2.5 | 10.3 | 1.5 |
| Mar | 13° / 3° | 56 | 8.6 | 1.9 | 11.6 | 3.6 |
| Apr | 18° / 7° | 50 | 8.7 | 0.3 | 13.1 | 5.9 |
| May | 23° / 12° | 65 | 10.8 | 0 | 14.4 | 6.8 |
| Jun | 27° / 16° | 54 | 9.6 | 0 | 15 | 6.5 |
| Jul | 30° / 18° | 50 | 8 | 0 | 14.8 | 5.7 |
| Aug | 30° / 18° | 33 | 5.1 | 0 | 13.7 | 5.9 |
| Sep | 25° / 14° | 44 | 5.5 | 0 | 12.3 | 7.8 |
| Oct | 19° / 9° | 48 | 6.4 | 0.1 | 10.8 | 6.6 |
| Nov | 12° / 4° | 46 | 6.1 | 0.9 | 9.6 | 3.5 |
| Dec | 7° / -1° | 52 | 7.5 | 2.6 | 9 | 0.7 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 31% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 17% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 52%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 49 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 48 | 48 | 47 | 46 | 47 | 46 | 46 | 45 | 45 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 47 | 47 | 48 | 49 | 49 | 50 | 49 | 49 |
| Cloudier (%) | 51 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 51 | 51 | 51 | 52 | 52 | 53 | 54 | 53 | 54 | 54 | 55 | 55 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 53 | 53 | 52 | 51 | 51 | 50 | 51 | 51 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 49 | 51 |
| 2 | 50 | 50 |
| 3 | 50 | 50 |
| 4 | 50 | 50 |
| 5 | 49 | 51 |
| 6 | 49 | 51 |
| 7 | 49 | 51 |
| 8 | 48 | 52 |
| 9 | 48 | 52 |
| 10 | 47 | 53 |
| 11 | 46 | 54 |
| 12 | 47 | 53 |
| 13 | 46 | 54 |
| 14 | 46 | 54 |
| 15 | 45 | 55 |
| 16 | 45 | 55 |
| 17 | 46 | 54 |
| 18 | 46 | 54 |
| 19 | 46 | 54 |
| 20 | 46 | 54 |
| 21 | 47 | 53 |
| 22 | 47 | 53 |
| 23 | 48 | 52 |
| 24 | 49 | 51 |
| 25 | 49 | 51 |
| 26 | 50 | 50 |
| 27 | 49 | 51 |
| 28 | 49 | 51 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Chirpan gets around 42 mm of rain and snow over 6.9 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 24% and peaks near 28% on the wettest days, and about 3 days bring snow.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 24 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 28 |
| Snow chance (%) | 12 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 24 | 12 |
| 2 | 23 | 11 |
| 3 | 23 | 11 |
| 4 | 23 | 11 |
| 5 | 23 | 11 |
| 6 | 23 | 11 |
| 7 | 23 | 11 |
| 8 | 23 | 10 |
| 9 | 23 | 10 |
| 10 | 23 | 10 |
| 11 | 23 | 9 |
| 12 | 23 | 9 |
| 13 | 23 | 8 |
| 14 | 23 | 8 |
| 15 | 24 | 8 |
| 16 | 24 | 7 |
| 17 | 24 | 7 |
| 18 | 25 | 7 |
| 19 | 25 | 7 |
| 20 | 25 | 7 |
| 21 | 26 | 7 |
| 22 | 26 | 7 |
| 23 | 26 | 7 |
| 24 | 27 | 7 |
| 25 | 27 | 7 |
| 26 | 27 | 7 |
| 27 | 27 | 8 |
| 28 | 28 | 8 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
Wind in February
Winds average 7 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 7 km/h on the calmest days to 8 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7 | calm |
| 2 | 7 | calm |
| 3 | 7 | calm |
| 4 | 7 | calm |
| 5 | 7 | calm |
| 6 | 7 | calm |
| 7 | 7 | calm |
| 8 | 7 | calm |
| 9 | 7 | calm |
| 10 | 7 | calm |
| 11 | 7 | calm |
| 12 | 7 | calm |
| 13 | 7 | calm |
| 14 | 7 | calm |
| 15 | 7 | calm |
| 16 | 7 | calm |
| 17 | 7 | calm |
| 18 | 7 | calm |
| 19 | 7 | calm |
| 20 | 7 | calm |
| 21 | 7 | calm |
| 22 | 7 | calm |
| 23 | 7 | calm |
| 24 | 7 | calm |
| 25 | 8 | calm |
| 26 | 8 | calm |
| 27 | 8 | calm |
| 28 | 8 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 9 h 42 min at the start of February to 10 h 54 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 72 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 7:40 AM to 7:06 AM, and sunset from 5:24 PM to 5:59 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 9.7 | 9.8 | 9.8 | 9.8 | 9.9 | 9.9 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 10.2 | 10.2 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.9 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 7:40 | 7:39 | 7:38 | 7:37 | 7:36 | 7:35 | 7:34 | 7:33 | 7:32 | 7:31 | 7:29 | 7:28 | 7:27 | 7:26 | 7:24 | 7:23 | 7:22 | 7:20 | 7:19 | 7:18 | 7:16 | 7:15 | 7:13 | 7:12 | 7:10 | 7:09 | 7:07 | 7:06 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:24 | 5:26 | 5:27 | 5:28 | 5:29 | 5:31 | 5:32 | 5:33 | 5:35 | 5:36 | 5:37 | 5:38 | 5:40 | 5:41 | 5:42 | 5:43 | 5:45 | 5:46 | 5:47 | 5:49 | 5:50 | 5:51 | 5:52 | 5:54 | 5:55 | 5:56 | 5:57 | 5:59 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9.7 | 7:40 | 5:24 |
| 2 | 9.8 | 7:39 | 5:26 |
| 3 | 9.8 | 7:38 | 5:27 |
| 4 | 9.8 | 7:37 | 5:28 |
| 5 | 9.9 | 7:36 | 5:29 |
| 6 | 9.9 | 7:35 | 5:31 |
| 7 | 10.0 | 7:34 | 5:32 |
| 8 | 10.0 | 7:33 | 5:33 |
| 9 | 10.0 | 7:32 | 5:35 |
| 10 | 10.1 | 7:31 | 5:36 |
| 11 | 10.1 | 7:29 | 5:37 |
| 12 | 10.2 | 7:28 | 5:38 |
| 13 | 10.2 | 7:27 | 5:40 |
| 14 | 10.3 | 7:26 | 5:41 |
| 15 | 10.3 | 7:24 | 5:42 |
| 16 | 10.3 | 7:23 | 5:43 |
| 17 | 10.4 | 7:22 | 5:45 |
| 18 | 10.4 | 7:20 | 5:46 |
| 19 | 10.5 | 7:19 | 5:47 |
| 20 | 10.5 | 7:18 | 5:49 |
| 21 | 10.6 | 7:16 | 5:50 |
| 22 | 10.6 | 7:15 | 5:51 |
| 23 | 10.7 | 7:13 | 5:52 |
| 24 | 10.7 | 7:12 | 5:54 |
| 25 | 10.7 | 7:10 | 5:55 |
| 26 | 10.8 | 7:09 | 5:56 |
| 27 | 10.8 | 7:07 | 5:57 |
| 28 | 10.9 | 7:06 | 5:59 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 2.75 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 1.58 kWh/m² to a high of 6.45 kWh/m² in July across the year — February's 2.75 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.2 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2.4 | Moderate |
| 2 | 2.4 | Moderate |
| 3 | 2.4 | Moderate |
| 4 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 5 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 6 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 7 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 8 | 2.6 | Moderate |
| 9 | 2.6 | Moderate |
| 10 | 2.6 | Moderate |
| 11 | 2.6 | Moderate |
| 12 | 2.7 | Moderate |
| 13 | 2.7 | Moderate |
| 14 | 2.7 | Moderate |
| 15 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 16 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 17 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 18 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 19 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 20 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 21 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 22 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 23 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 24 | 3.1 | Moderate |
| 25 | 3.1 | Moderate |
| 26 | 3.1 | Moderate |
| 27 | 3.2 | Moderate |
| 28 | 3.2 | Moderate |
Is February a good time to visit Chirpan?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Chirpan.
What to pack for Chirpan in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Chirpan sees daytime highs around 8°C and nights near -1°C. Pack a warm layer. About 7 days see rain.
UV index in Chirpan in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 2. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Chirpan peaks around July 14 at about 9 (very high) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 21 at about 1 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 8 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 8 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 |
| Level | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Very high | High | Very high | Very high | Very high | High | Moderate | Moderate | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 1 | Low |
| Feb | 2 | Moderate |
| Mar | 3 | Moderate |
| Apr | 8 | Very high |
| May | 7 | High |
| Jun | 9 | Very high |
| Jul | 9 | Very high |
| Aug | 8 | Very high |
| Sep | 6 | High |
| Oct | 4 | Moderate |
| Nov | 2 | Moderate |
| Dec | 1 | Low |
Air quality in Chirpan in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Chirpan is worst in March — around 15 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), and holds fairly steady the rest of the year.
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 13 | 13 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 12 | 12 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 10 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 13 | Moderate |
| Feb | 13 | Moderate |
| Mar | 15 | Moderate |
| Apr | 14 | Moderate |
| May | 14 | Moderate |
| Jun | 14 | Moderate |
| Jul | 12 | Moderate |
| Aug | 12 | Good |
| Sep | 10 | Good |
| Oct | 10 | Good |
| Nov | 11 | Good |
| Dec | 10 | Good |
Where is Chirpan?
Chirpan sits at 42.2°N, 25.3°E, 195 m above sea level, in Bulgaria. The nearest listed city is Parvomay, 15 km away.
Topography around Chirpan
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Chirpan.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Chirpan has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 134 m around an average of 188 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 546 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,335 m.
The land around Chirpan is covered by cropland (69%) within 3 km, cropland (67%) within 16 km, and trees (45%) and cropland (34%) within 80 km.
Bulgaria travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 1
- Exercise Normal Precautions
- Power plugs
- Type C / F
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 23% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $20,328
- 2025
- Happiness
- 5.7 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 96%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 1.1
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 9.2
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- English
- High
- EF EPI 594
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Chirpan (42.2°, 25.3333°, elevation 195 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).