Ruse weather in April

In April, Ruse sees average daytime highs of 17°C and overnight lows near 8°C, with 55 mm of precipitation across 9.6 wet days and about 13.2 hours of daylight. It is the 7th-warmest and 4th-wettest month of the year here.

Highs climb over the month, from about 15°C in the first days to 20°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 31% of the time in April, and the air most often feels dry.

Daylight stretches from about 12 h 30 min at the start of April to 13 h 54 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, April is Ruse's 7th-clearest and 3rd-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Ruse's year-round climate.

Daytime high: 17°; 7th warmest
Overnight low: 8°; 6th coldest
Precipitation: 55 mm; 9.6 wet days
Daylight: 13 h 12 min; 5:40 AM – 6:53 PM
Cloud cover: 58%; 7th clearest
Wind: 11 km/h; 3rd windiest
Solar energy: 4.99 kWh/m²
Travel score: 5.6; out of 10

Ruse is city in Ruse municipality, Ruse oblast, Bulgaria.

Air quality: Elevated; PM2.5 20.1 µg/m³ · 2019
Density: 953/km²; people per km²

Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.

← March Ruse year-round climate May →Best places to visit in April

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Temperature in April

Average highAverage lowShaded bands: 10–90% of days

Highs climb over the month, from about 15°C in the first days to 20°C by the end.

A typical April day in Ruse reaches about 17°C in the afternoon and slips back to 8°C overnight — a 10°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 11°C and 23°C. Set against its neighbours, April runs about 6°C warmer than March and about 5°C cooler than May.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Avg high (°C)	15	15	15	15	16	16	16	16	16	16	17	17	17	17	17	17	18	18	18	18	18	19	19	19	19	20	20	20	20	21
Avg low (°C)	5	6	6	6	6	6	7	7	7	7	7	7	8	8	8	8	8	8	8	8	9	9	9	9	9	9	10	10	10	10

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	15	5
2	15	6
3	15	6
4	15	6
5	16	6
6	16	6
7	16	7
8	16	7
9	16	7
10	16	7
11	17	7
12	17	7
13	17	8
14	17	8
15	17	8
16	17	8
17	18	8
18	18	8
19	18	8
20	18	8
21	18	9
22	19	9
23	19	9
24	19	9
25	19	9
26	20	9
27	20	10
28	20	10
29	20	10
30	21	10

How April really feels in Ruse

Once humidity and wind are folded in, April averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.

Days feeling ≥ 32°C

heat index over the day's high

Days feeling ≤ 0°C

wind chill below the day's low

April sits comfortably in between — no days that feel dangerously hot or drop to a hard freeze once humidity and wind are folded in.

Ruse weather by month

How April compares with the rest of the year at a glance. April is the 7th-warmest and 4th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.

Month	High / Low (°C)	Rainfall (mm)	Wet days	Snow days	Daylight (hours)	Travel score
Jan	3° / -3°	44	7.1	4.6	9.1	0.0
Feb	6° / -1°	39	7	3.6	10.2	0.6
Mar	12° / 3°	50	8.8	2.3	11.6	3.1
Apr	17° / 8°	55	9.6	0.4	13.2	5.6
May	23° / 13°	65	10.8	0	14.5	6.7
Jun	27° / 17°	79	10.7	0	15.2	6.5
Jul	29° / 18°	64	8.4	0	14.9	5.9
Aug	29° / 18°	48	5.9	0	13.8	6.2
Sep	24° / 14°	55	6.1	0	12.3	7.6
Oct	18° / 9°	51	6.9	0.2	10.8	6.1
Nov	11° / 4°	48	6.9	1.6	9.5	2.9
Dec	5° / -1°	47	7.7	3.4	8.8	0.2

Cloud cover in April

ClearMostly clearPartly cloudyMostly cloudyOvercast

The sky is clear or mostly clear about 31% of the time in April.

Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 17% of April, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 53%.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Clearer (%)	45	45	45	45	45	45	45	44	44	44	43	43	42	43	44	45	45	47	48	48	49	50	52	53	53	54	54	54	54	54
Cloudier (%)	55	55	55	55	55	55	55	56	56	56	57	57	58	57	56	55	55	53	52	52	51	50	48	47	47	46	46	46	46	46

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	45	55
2	45	55
3	45	55
4	45	55
5	45	55
6	45	55
7	45	55
8	44	56
9	44	56
10	44	56
11	43	57
12	43	57
13	42	58
14	43	57
15	44	56
16	45	55
17	45	55
18	47	53
19	48	52
20	48	52
21	49	51
22	50	50
23	52	48
24	53	47
25	53	47
26	54	46
27	54	46
28	54	46
29	54	46
30	54	46

Chance of precipitation in April

Any precipitationSnow

Ruse gets around 55 mm of rain and snow over 9.6 wet days in April. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.

Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 32% and peaks near 36% on the wettest days, and about 0 day brings snow.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Rain chance (%)	28	28	29	29	29	30	31	31	32	33	34	35	35	36	36	36	36	36	35	34	34	33	32	31	31	30	30	29	29	29
Snow chance (%)	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

	Rain chance (%)	Snow chance (%)
1	28	3
2	28	3
3	29	3
4	29	3
5	29	3
6	30	3
7	31	3
8	31	3
9	32	2
10	33	2
11	34	2
12	35	2
13	35	2
14	36	2
15	36	2
16	36	1
17	36	1
18	36	1
19	35	1
20	34	1
21	34	0
22	33	0
23	32	0
24	31	0
25	31	0
26	30	0
27	30	0
28	29	0
29	29	0
30	29	0

Humidity in April

DryComfortableHumidMuggyOppressiveMiserable

Most of April feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.

By dew point, April lands in the dry band about 98% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Dry (%)	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	99	99	99	99	99	98	98	98	98	97	97	97	96	96	96	95	94	94	93	93
Comfortable (%)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	2	2	2	2	3	3	3	4	4	4	5	6	6	7	7

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)
1	100	0
2	100	0
3	100	0
4	100	0
5	100	0
6	100	0
7	100	0
8	100	0
9	100	0
10	100	0
11	99	1
12	99	1
13	99	1
14	99	1
15	99	1
16	98	2
17	98	2
18	98	2
19	98	2
20	97	3
21	97	3
22	97	3
23	96	4
24	96	4
25	96	4
26	95	5
27	94	6
28	94	6
29	93	7
30	93	7

Wind in April

Winds average 11 km/h in April.

Across April, daily wind ranges from about 10 km/h on the calmest days to 11 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Wind speed (km/h)	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	10	10	10	10	10	10
Feels	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm

	Wind speed (km/h)	Feels
1	11	calm
2	11	calm
3	11	calm
4	11	calm
5	11	calm
6	11	calm
7	11	calm
8	11	calm
9	11	calm
10	11	calm
11	11	calm
12	11	calm
13	11	calm
14	11	calm
15	11	calm
16	11	calm
17	11	calm
18	11	calm
19	11	calm
20	11	calm
21	11	calm
22	11	calm
23	11	calm
24	11	calm
25	10	calm
26	10	calm
27	10	calm
28	10	calm
29	10	calm
30	10	calm

Sunrise & sunset in April

DaylightNight

Daylight runs from about 12 h 30 min at the start of April to 13 h 54 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.

Days grow by about 84 minutes over April. Sunrise moves from 6:07 AM to 5:17 AM, and sunset from 6:34 PM to 7:10 PM.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Daylight (h)	12.5	12.5	12.6	12.6	12.7	12.7	12.8	12.8	12.9	12.9	13.0	13.0	13.1	13.1	13.2	13.2	13.3	13.3	13.4	13.4	13.5	13.5	13.5	13.6	13.6	13.7	13.7	13.8	13.8	13.9
Sunrise (AM)	6:07	6:05	6:04	6:02	6:00	5:58	5:56	5:54	5:53	5:51	5:49	5:47	5:45	5:44	5:42	5:40	5:38	5:37	5:35	5:33	5:32	5:30	5:28	5:27	5:25	5:23	5:22	5:20	5:19	5:17
Sunset (PM)	6:34	6:36	6:37	6:38	6:39	6:40	6:42	6:43	6:44	6:45	6:47	6:48	6:49	6:50	6:51	6:53	6:54	6:55	6:56	6:58	6:59	7:00	7:01	7:02	7:04	7:05	7:06	7:07	7:09	7:10

	Daylight (h)	Sunrise (AM)	Sunset (PM)
1	12.5	6:07	6:34
2	12.5	6:05	6:36
3	12.6	6:04	6:37
4	12.6	6:02	6:38
5	12.7	6:00	6:39
6	12.7	5:58	6:40
7	12.8	5:56	6:42
8	12.8	5:54	6:43
9	12.9	5:53	6:44
10	12.9	5:51	6:45
11	13.0	5:49	6:47
12	13.0	5:47	6:48
13	13.1	5:45	6:49
14	13.1	5:44	6:50
15	13.2	5:42	6:51
16	13.2	5:40	6:53
17	13.3	5:38	6:54
18	13.3	5:37	6:55
19	13.4	5:35	6:56
20	13.4	5:33	6:58
21	13.5	5:32	6:59
22	13.5	5:30	7:00
23	13.5	5:28	7:01
24	13.6	5:27	7:02
25	13.6	5:25	7:04
26	13.7	5:23	7:05
27	13.7	5:22	7:06
28	13.8	5:20	7:07
29	13.8	5:19	7:09
30	13.9	5:17	7:10

Solar energy in April

Daily solar energy (kWh/m²)

Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in April, about 4.99 kWh/m².

For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 1.36 kWh/m² to a high of 6.34 kWh/m² in June across the year — April's 4.99 kWh/m² falls in the middle.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Solar energy (kWh/m²)	4.4	4.4	4.5	4.5	4.5	4.6	4.6	4.6	4.7	4.7	4.7	4.8	4.8	4.8	4.9	4.9	5.0	5.0	5.1	5.1	5.2	5.2	5.3	5.3	5.4	5.4	5.5	5.5	5.5	5.6
Level	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright

	Solar energy (kWh/m²)	Level
1	4.4	Bright
2	4.4	Bright
3	4.5	Bright
4	4.5	Bright
5	4.5	Bright
6	4.6	Bright
7	4.6	Bright
8	4.6	Bright
9	4.7	Bright
10	4.7	Bright
11	4.7	Bright
12	4.8	Bright
13	4.8	Bright
14	4.8	Bright
15	4.9	Bright
16	4.9	Bright
17	5.0	Bright
18	5.0	Bright
19	5.1	Bright
20	5.1	Bright
21	5.2	Bright
22	5.2	Bright
23	5.3	Bright
24	5.3	Bright
25	5.4	Bright
26	5.4	Bright
27	5.5	Bright
28	5.5	Bright
29	5.5	Bright
30	5.6	Bright

Planning a trip in April

Is April a good time to visit Ruse?

Our two travel scores rate April for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).

5.6

Sightseeing

7th-best month of the year

1.7

Beach & pool

7th-best month of the year

April is a reasonable time to visit Ruse for sightseeing.

What to pack for Ruse in April

From April's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.

In April, Ruse sees daytime highs around 17°C and nights near 8°C. Worth packing: a warm layer, rain gear and sun protection. About 10 days see rain.

a warm layerrain gearsun protection

UV index in Ruse in April

LowModerateHighVery highExtreme

Clear-sky midday UV in April peaks around 8 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.

Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Ruse peaks around July 19 at about 8 (very high) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 20 at about 1 (low).

The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 8 months of the year.

	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
UV index (midday)	1	2	3	8	6	8	8	8	5	3	2	1
Level	Low	Low	Moderate	Very high	High	Very high	Very high	Very high	High	Moderate	Low	Low

	UV index (midday)	Level
Jan	1	Low
Feb	2	Low
Mar	3	Moderate
Apr	8	Very high
May	6	High
Jun	8	Very high
Jul	8	Very high
Aug	8	Very high
Sep	5	High
Oct	3	Moderate
Nov	2	Low
Dec	1	Low

Air quality in Ruse in April

GoodModeratePoorUnhealthyVery unhealthy

Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where April falls, not just the annual average.

Air quality in Ruse is worst in March — around 26 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 1.7× the cleanest month (December, 15 µg/m³).

Seasonal pattern from CAMS reanalysis, scaled to Ruse's WHO annual average of 20.1 µg/m³.

	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
PM2.5 (µg/m³)	20	21	26	23	22	22	21	19	18	18	17	15
Level	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate

	PM2.5 (µg/m³)	Level
Jan	20	Moderate
Feb	21	Moderate
Mar	26	Moderate
Apr	23	Moderate
May	22	Moderate
Jun	22	Moderate
Jul	21	Moderate
Aug	19	Moderate
Sep	18	Moderate
Oct	18	Moderate
Nov	17	Moderate
Dec	15	Moderate

Location & terrain

Where is Ruse?

Ruse sits at 43.8°N, 26.0°E, 39 m above sea level, in Bulgaria. The nearest listed city is Giurgiu, 4.0 km away.

Topography around Ruse

How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Ruse.

Within 3 km, the terrain around Ruse has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 143 m around an average of 41 m above sea level; within 16 km, only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 163 m; within 80 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 520 m.

The land around Ruse is covered by trees (33%) and artificial surfaces (32%) within 3 km, cropland (63%) within 16 km, and cropland (67%) and trees (20%) within 80 km.

3 km

143 m

trees 33%

16 km

163 m

cropland 63%

80 km

520 m

cropland 67%

treesgrasslandcroplandartificial surfaceswater

← March Ruse year-round climate May →Best places to visit in April

April weather nearby: Giurgiu 4.0 km · Alexandria 52 km · Zimnicea 52 km · Svishtov 55 km · Razgrad 57 km · Popovo 60 km · Sector 4 60 km · Olteniţa 60 km

Bulgaria travel facts

Travel advisory: Level 1; Exercise Normal Precautions
Power plugs: Type C / F; 230 V · 50 Hz
Prices: ≈ 23% of US; price level, 2025
GDP per capita: $20,328; 2025
Happiness: 5.7 / 10; World Happiness, 2025
Safe drinking water: 96%; of population, 2024
Homicide rate: 1.1; per 100k, 2023
Road deaths: 9.2; per 100k/yr, 2019
Income group: High; World Bank
English: High; EF EPI 594
Religion

Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.

Data sources

Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Ruse (43.8487°, 25.9534°, elevation 39 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	15	5
2	15	6
3	15	6
4	15	6
5	16	6
6	16	6
7	16	7
8	16	7
9	16	7
10	16	7
11	17	7
12	17	7
13	17	8
14	17	8
15	17	8
16	17	8
17	18	8
18	18	8
19	18	8
20	18	8
21	18	9
22	19	9
23	19	9
24	19	9
25	19	9
26	20	9
27	20	10
28	20	10
29	20	10
30	21	10

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	45	55
2	45	55
3	45	55
4	45	55
5	45	55
6	45	55
7	45	55
8	44	56
9	44	56
10	44	56
11	43	57
12	43	57
13	42	58
14	43	57
15	44	56
16	45	55
17	45	55
18	47	53
19	48	52
20	48	52
21	49	51
22	50	50
23	52	48
24	53	47
25	53	47
26	54	46
27	54	46
28	54	46
29	54	46
30	54	46

	Rain chance (%)	Snow chance (%)
1	28	3
2	28	3
3	29	3
4	29	3
5	29	3
6	30	3
7	31	3
8	31	3
9	32	2
10	33	2
11	34	2
12	35	2
13	35	2
14	36	2
15	36	2
16	36	1
17	36	1
18	36	1
19	35	1
20	34	1
21	34	0
22	33	0
23	32	0
24	31	0
25	31	0
26	30	0
27	30	0
28	29	0
29	29	0
30	29	0

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)
1	100	0
2	100	0
3	100	0
4	100	0
5	100	0
6	100	0
7	100	0
8	100	0
9	100	0
10	100	0
11	99	1
12	99	1
13	99	1
14	99	1
15	99	1
16	98	2
17	98	2
18	98	2
19	98	2
20	97	3
21	97	3
22	97	3
23	96	4
24	96	4
25	96	4
26	95	5
27	94	6
28	94	6
29	93	7
30	93	7

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	15	5
2	15	6
3	15	6
4	15	6
5	16	6
6	16	6
7	16	7
8	16	7
9	16	7
10	16	7
11	17	7
12	17	7
13	17	8
14	17	8
15	17	8
16	17	8
17	18	8
18	18	8
19	18	8
20	18	8
21	18	9
22	19	9
23	19	9
24	19	9
25	19	9
26	20	9
27	20	10
28	20	10
29	20	10
30	21	10

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	45	55
2	45	55
3	45	55
4	45	55
5	45	55
6	45	55
7	45	55
8	44	56
9	44	56
10	44	56
11	43	57
12	43	57
13	42	58
14	43	57
15	44	56
16	45	55
17	45	55
18	47	53
19	48	52
20	48	52
21	49	51
22	50	50
23	52	48
24	53	47
25	53	47
26	54	46
27	54	46
28	54	46
29	54	46
30	54	46

	Rain chance (%)	Snow chance (%)
1	28	3
2	28	3
3	29	3
4	29	3
5	29	3
6	30	3
7	31	3
8	31	3
9	32	2
10	33	2
11	34	2
12	35	2
13	35	2
14	36	2
15	36	2
16	36	1
17	36	1
18	36	1
19	35	1
20	34	1
21	34	0
22	33	0
23	32	0
24	31	0
25	31	0
26	30	0
27	30	0
28	29	0
29	29	0
30	29	0

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)
1	100	0
2	100	0
3	100	0
4	100	0
5	100	0
6	100	0
7	100	0
8	100	0
9	100	0
10	100	0
11	99	1
12	99	1
13	99	1
14	99	1
15	99	1
16	98	2
17	98	2
18	98	2
19	98	2
20	97	3
21	97	3
22	97	3
23	96	4
24	96	4
25	96	4
26	95	5
27	94	6
28	94	6
29	93	7
30	93	7

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	15	5
2	15	6
3	15	6
4	15	6
5	16	6
6	16	6
7	16	7
8	16	7
9	16	7
10	16	7
11	17	7
12	17	7
13	17	8
14	17	8
15	17	8
16	17	8
17	18	8
18	18	8
19	18	8
20	18	8
21	18	9
22	19	9
23	19	9
24	19	9
25	19	9
26	20	9
27	20	10
28	20	10
29	20	10
30	21	10

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	45	55
2	45	55
3	45	55
4	45	55
5	45	55
6	45	55
7	45	55
8	44	56
9	44	56
10	44	56
11	43	57
12	43	57
13	42	58
14	43	57
15	44	56
16	45	55
17	45	55
18	47	53
19	48	52
20	48	52
21	49	51
22	50	50
23	52	48
24	53	47
25	53	47
26	54	46
27	54	46
28	54	46
29	54	46
30	54	46

	Rain chance (%)	Snow chance (%)
1	28	3
2	28	3
3	29	3
4	29	3
5	29	3
6	30	3
7	31	3
8	31	3
9	32	2
10	33	2
11	34	2
12	35	2
13	35	2
14	36	2
15	36	2
16	36	1
17	36	1
18	36	1
19	35	1
20	34	1
21	34	0
22	33	0
23	32	0
24	31	0
25	31	0
26	30	0
27	30	0
28	29	0
29	29	0
30	29	0

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)
1	100	0
2	100	0
3	100	0
4	100	0
5	100	0
6	100	0
7	100	0
8	100	0
9	100	0
10	100	0
11	99	1
12	99	1
13	99	1
14	99	1
15	99	1
16	98	2
17	98	2
18	98	2
19	98	2
20	97	3
21	97	3
22	97	3
23	96	4
24	96	4
25	96	4
26	95	5
27	94	6
28	94	6
29	93	7
30	93	7