Bubanza weather in February
In February, Bubanza sees average daytime highs of 24°C and overnight lows near 15°C, with 253 mm of rain across 21.6 wet days and about 12.1 hours of daylight. It is the 3rd-warmest and 7th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 24°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 2% of the time in February, and the air most often feels comfortable.
Daylight stretches from about 12 h 06 min at the start of February to 12 h 06 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Bubanza's 7th-clearest and 8th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Bubanza's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 24°
- 3rd warmest
- Overnight low
- 15°
- 12th coldest
- Rainfall
- 253 mm
- 21.6 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 06 min
- 6:14 AM – 6:20 PM
- Cloud cover
- 83%
- 7th clearest
- Wind
- 4 km/h
- 8th windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.42 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 4.5
- out of 10
Bubanza is place in Bubanza Province, Burundi.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 24°C through the month.
A typical February day in Bubanza reaches about 24°C in the afternoon and slips back to 15°C overnight — a 10°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 22°C and 27°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs on par with January and on par with March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 |
| Avg low (°C) | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 25 | 15 |
| 2 | 25 | 15 |
| 3 | 25 | 15 |
| 4 | 25 | 15 |
| 5 | 25 | 15 |
| 6 | 24 | 15 |
| 7 | 24 | 15 |
| 8 | 24 | 15 |
| 9 | 24 | 15 |
| 10 | 24 | 15 |
| 11 | 24 | 15 |
| 12 | 24 | 15 |
| 13 | 24 | 15 |
| 14 | 24 | 15 |
| 15 | 24 | 15 |
| 16 | 24 | 15 |
| 17 | 24 | 15 |
| 18 | 24 | 15 |
| 19 | 24 | 15 |
| 20 | 24 | 15 |
| 21 | 24 | 15 |
| 22 | 24 | 15 |
| 23 | 24 | 15 |
| 24 | 24 | 15 |
| 25 | 24 | 15 |
| 26 | 24 | 15 |
| 27 | 24 | 15 |
| 28 | 24 | 15 |
Bubanza weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 3rd-warmest and 7th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 24° / 15° | 269 | 22.9 | 12.2 | 4.7 |
| Feb | 24° / 15° | 253 | 21.6 | 12.1 | 4.5 |
| Mar | 24° / 15° | 345 | 27.5 | 12 | 4.0 |
| Apr | 23° / 15° | 357 | 28.2 | 11.9 | 3.7 |
| May | 23° / 14° | 194 | 20 | 11.9 | 5.1 |
| Jun | 24° / 14° | 65 | 7.6 | 11.8 | 7.0 |
| Jul | 24° / 13° | 31 | 4 | 11.8 | 7.8 |
| Aug | 25° / 14° | 75 | 7.6 | 11.9 | 7.1 |
| Sep | 25° / 15° | 154 | 13.1 | 12 | 6.0 |
| Oct | 24° / 15° | 328 | 23 | 12.1 | 4.6 |
| Nov | 23° / 15° | 359 | 27.5 | 12.1 | 3.8 |
| Dec | 24° / 15° | 303 | 25.7 | 12.2 | 4.2 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 2% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 10% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 87%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 |
| Cloudier (%) | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 86 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 90 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 15 | 85 |
| 2 | 15 | 85 |
| 3 | 15 | 85 |
| 4 | 15 | 85 |
| 5 | 15 | 85 |
| 6 | 14 | 86 |
| 7 | 13 | 87 |
| 8 | 13 | 87 |
| 9 | 13 | 87 |
| 10 | 13 | 87 |
| 11 | 13 | 87 |
| 12 | 12 | 88 |
| 13 | 12 | 88 |
| 14 | 12 | 88 |
| 15 | 12 | 88 |
| 16 | 12 | 88 |
| 17 | 12 | 88 |
| 18 | 12 | 88 |
| 19 | 12 | 88 |
| 20 | 12 | 88 |
| 21 | 12 | 88 |
| 22 | 12 | 88 |
| 23 | 11 | 89 |
| 24 | 11 | 89 |
| 25 | 11 | 89 |
| 26 | 11 | 89 |
| 27 | 11 | 89 |
| 28 | 10 | 90 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Bubanza gets around 253 mm of rain over 21.6 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 77% and peaks near 84% on the wettest days. The odds climb toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 68 | 69 | 69 | 70 | 70 | 71 | 72 | 73 | 74 | 75 | 75 | 76 | 77 | 78 | 78 | 79 | 79 | 80 | 80 | 81 | 81 | 82 | 82 | 83 | 83 | 83 | 84 | 84 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 68 |
| 2 | 69 |
| 3 | 69 |
| 4 | 70 |
| 5 | 70 |
| 6 | 71 |
| 7 | 72 |
| 8 | 73 |
| 9 | 74 |
| 10 | 75 |
| 11 | 75 |
| 12 | 76 |
| 13 | 77 |
| 14 | 78 |
| 15 | 78 |
| 16 | 79 |
| 17 | 79 |
| 18 | 80 |
| 19 | 80 |
| 20 | 81 |
| 21 | 81 |
| 22 | 82 |
| 23 | 82 |
| 24 | 83 |
| 25 | 83 |
| 26 | 83 |
| 27 | 84 |
| 28 | 84 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels comfortable — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the comfortable band about 72% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 17 | 17 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 |
| Comfortable (%) | 66 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 67 | 68 | 69 | 70 | 70 | 71 | 71 | 72 | 73 | 73 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 75 | 75 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 77 | 76 | 77 | 76 |
| Humid (%) | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 14 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | Humid (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 20 | 66 | 14 |
| 2 | 20 | 66 | 14 |
| 3 | 20 | 66 | 14 |
| 4 | 20 | 66 | 14 |
| 5 | 19 | 66 | 15 |
| 6 | 19 | 66 | 15 |
| 7 | 18 | 67 | 15 |
| 8 | 17 | 68 | 15 |
| 9 | 17 | 69 | 14 |
| 10 | 16 | 70 | 14 |
| 11 | 16 | 70 | 14 |
| 12 | 15 | 71 | 14 |
| 13 | 15 | 71 | 14 |
| 14 | 15 | 72 | 13 |
| 15 | 14 | 73 | 13 |
| 16 | 14 | 73 | 13 |
| 17 | 14 | 74 | 12 |
| 18 | 14 | 74 | 12 |
| 19 | 14 | 74 | 12 |
| 20 | 13 | 75 | 12 |
| 21 | 13 | 75 | 12 |
| 22 | 12 | 76 | 12 |
| 23 | 12 | 76 | 12 |
| 24 | 12 | 76 | 12 |
| 25 | 11 | 77 | 12 |
| 26 | 11 | 76 | 13 |
| 27 | 10 | 77 | 13 |
| 28 | 10 | 76 | 14 |
Wind in February
Winds average 4 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 4 km/h on the calmest days to 4 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4 | calm |
| 2 | 4 | calm |
| 3 | 4 | calm |
| 4 | 4 | calm |
| 5 | 4 | calm |
| 6 | 4 | calm |
| 7 | 4 | calm |
| 8 | 4 | calm |
| 9 | 4 | calm |
| 10 | 4 | calm |
| 11 | 4 | calm |
| 12 | 4 | calm |
| 13 | 4 | calm |
| 14 | 4 | calm |
| 15 | 4 | calm |
| 16 | 4 | calm |
| 17 | 4 | calm |
| 18 | 4 | calm |
| 19 | 4 | calm |
| 20 | 4 | calm |
| 21 | 4 | calm |
| 22 | 4 | calm |
| 23 | 4 | calm |
| 24 | 4 | calm |
| 25 | 4 | calm |
| 26 | 4 | calm |
| 27 | 4 | calm |
| 28 | 4 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 12 h 06 min at the start of February to 12 h 06 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 0 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 6:12 AM to 6:14 AM, and sunset from 6:20 PM to 6:18 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:18 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.1 | 6:12 | 6:20 |
| 2 | 12.1 | 6:12 | 6:20 |
| 3 | 12.1 | 6:12 | 6:20 |
| 4 | 12.1 | 6:13 | 6:20 |
| 5 | 12.1 | 6:13 | 6:20 |
| 6 | 12.1 | 6:13 | 6:20 |
| 7 | 12.1 | 6:13 | 6:20 |
| 8 | 12.1 | 6:13 | 6:20 |
| 9 | 12.1 | 6:13 | 6:20 |
| 10 | 12.1 | 6:14 | 6:20 |
| 11 | 12.1 | 6:14 | 6:20 |
| 12 | 12.1 | 6:14 | 6:20 |
| 13 | 12.1 | 6:14 | 6:20 |
| 14 | 12.1 | 6:14 | 6:20 |
| 15 | 12.1 | 6:14 | 6:20 |
| 16 | 12.1 | 6:14 | 6:20 |
| 17 | 12.1 | 6:14 | 6:20 |
| 18 | 12.1 | 6:14 | 6:20 |
| 19 | 12.1 | 6:14 | 6:20 |
| 20 | 12.1 | 6:14 | 6:19 |
| 21 | 12.1 | 6:14 | 6:19 |
| 22 | 12.1 | 6:14 | 6:19 |
| 23 | 12.1 | 6:14 | 6:19 |
| 24 | 12.1 | 6:14 | 6:19 |
| 25 | 12.1 | 6:14 | 6:19 |
| 26 | 12.1 | 6:14 | 6:18 |
| 27 | 12.1 | 6:14 | 6:18 |
| 28 | 12.1 | 6:14 | 6:18 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 5.42 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.46 kWh/m² to a high of 5.46 kWh/m² in September across the year — February's 5.42 kWh/m² sits near the top of that range.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.4 | Bright |
Is February a good time to visit Bubanza?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a reasonable time to visit Bubanza for sightseeing.
What to pack for Bubanza in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Bubanza sees daytime highs around 24°C and nights near 15°C. Pack rain gear. Worth having: light clothes and sun protection. About 22 days see rain.
UV index in Bubanza in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 13 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Bubanza peaks around March 20 at about 16 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 21 at about 10 (very high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 13 | 13 | 16 | 15 | 12 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 13 | 14 | 13 | 12 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Extreme | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 13 | Extreme |
| Feb | 13 | Extreme |
| Mar | 16 | Extreme |
| Apr | 15 | Extreme |
| May | 12 | Extreme |
| Jun | 10 | Very high |
| Jul | 10 | Extreme |
| Aug | 10 | Very high |
| Sep | 13 | Extreme |
| Oct | 14 | Extreme |
| Nov | 13 | Extreme |
| Dec | 12 | Extreme |
Air quality in Bubanza in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Bubanza is worst in August — around 72 µg/m³ PM2.5 (unhealthy), and holds fairly steady the rest of the year.
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 58 | 58 | 54 | 49 | 52 | 61 | 60 | 72 | 69 | 58 | 52 | 53 |
| Level | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Poor | Poor | Poor | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Poor | Poor |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 58 | Unhealthy |
| Feb | 58 | Unhealthy |
| Mar | 54 | Poor |
| Apr | 49 | Poor |
| May | 52 | Poor |
| Jun | 61 | Unhealthy |
| Jul | 60 | Unhealthy |
| Aug | 72 | Unhealthy |
| Sep | 69 | Unhealthy |
| Oct | 58 | Unhealthy |
| Nov | 52 | Poor |
| Dec | 53 | Poor |
Where is Bubanza?
Bubanza sits at 3.1°S, 29.4°E, 1,079 m above sea level, in Burundi. The nearest listed city is Mpanda, 10 km away.
Topography around Bubanza
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Bubanza.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Bubanza has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 390 m around an average of 1,076 m above sea level; within 16 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,780 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,681 m.
The land around Bubanza is covered by grassland (49%) and trees (42%) within 3 km, grassland (38%), trees (35%) and cropland (20%) within 16 km, and grassland (39%), trees (27%) and cropland (21%) within 80 km.
Burundi travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 3
- Reconsider Travel
- Power plugs
- Type C / E
- 220 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 34% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $234
- 2025
- Happiness
- 3.8 / 10
- World Happiness, 2020
- Homicide rate
- 5.6
- per 100k, 2016
- Road deaths
- 35.5
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Low
- World Bank
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Bubanza (-3.0804°, 29.391°, elevation 1,079 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).