Charlesbourg weather in October

In October, Charlesbourg sees average daytime highs of 9°C and overnight lows near 1°C, with 140 mm of precipitation across 13.1 wet days and about 10.6 hours of daylight. It is the 6th-warmest and 2nd-wettest month of the year here.

Highs ease over the month, from about 13°C in the first days to 6°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 20% of the time in October, and the air most often feels dry.

Daylight stretches from about 11 h 30 min at the start of October to 9 h 48 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, October is Charlesbourg's 9th-clearest and 5th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Charlesbourg's year-round climate.

Daytime high: 9°; 6th warmest
Overnight low: 1°; 7th coldest
Precipitation: 140 mm; 13.1 wet days
Daylight: 10 h 36 min; 6:11 AM – 4:49 PM
Cloud cover: 68%; 9th clearest
Wind: 11 km/h; 5th windiest
Solar energy: 2.26 kWh/m²
Travel score: 1.9; out of 10

← September Charlesbourg year-round climate November →Best places to visit in October

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Temperature in October

Average highAverage lowShaded bands: 10–90% of days

Highs ease over the month, from about 13°C in the first days to 6°C by the end.

A typical October day in Charlesbourg reaches about 9°C in the afternoon and slips back to 1°C overnight — a 8°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 4°C and 15°C. Set against its neighbours, October runs about 8°C cooler than September and about 7°C warmer than November.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Avg high (°C)	13	13	13	13	12	12	12	12	11	11	11	11	10	10	10	10	9	9	9	8	8	8	8	7	7	7	7	6	6	6	6
Avg low (°C)	4	4	4	4	4	3	3	3	3	3	2	2	2	2	2	2	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	-1	-1	-1	-1	-1

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	13	4
2	13	4
3	13	4
4	13	4
5	12	4
6	12	3
7	12	3
8	12	3
9	11	3
10	11	3
11	11	2
12	11	2
13	10	2
14	10	2
15	10	2
16	10	2
17	9	1
18	9	1
19	9	1
20	8	1
21	8	1
22	8	0
23	8	0
24	7	0
25	7	0
26	7	0
27	7	-1
28	6	-1
29	6	-1
30	6	-1
31	6	-1

How October really feels in Charlesbourg

Once humidity and wind are folded in, October averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 23 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.

Days feeling ≥ 32°C

heat index over the day's high

Days feeling ≤ 0°C

wind chill below the day's low

The story in October is cold — wind chill drags the overnight "feels like" below the raw low.

Charlesbourg weather by month

How October compares with the rest of the year at a glance. October is the 6th-warmest and 2nd-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.

Month	High / Low (°C)	Rainfall (mm)	Wet days	Snow days	Daylight (hours)	Travel score
Jan	-8° / -17°	94	12.2	12.6	8.8	0.0
Feb	-7° / -16°	75	9.8	10.4	10	0.0
Mar	-1° / -10°	91	10.9	10	11.6	0.0
Apr	7° / -2°	114	12.3	6.7	13.3	0.9
May	15° / 4°	114	13.9	0.9	14.8	4.3
Jun	21° / 10°	132	13.7	0	15.6	5.7
Jul	23° / 13°	147	16.1	0	15.3	5.8
Aug	22° / 12°	132	14.7	0	14	6.0
Sep	17° / 7°	129	12.5	0.1	12.4	5.0
Oct	9° / 1°	140	13.1	2.5	10.6	1.9
Nov	2° / -5°	119	13.4	9.2	9.2	0.0
Dec	-5° / -13°	112	13.3	13	8.4	0.0

Cloud cover in October

ClearMostly clearPartly cloudyMostly cloudyOvercast

The sky is clear or mostly clear about 20% of the time in October.

Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 15% of October, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 65%. Skies tend to cloud over as the month goes on.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Clearer (%)	40	39	39	39	38	38	38	38	38	38	37	37	37	37	37	35	35	35	35	34	34	33	33	33	32	32	31	31	31	31	31
Cloudier (%)	60	61	61	61	62	62	62	62	62	62	63	63	63	63	63	65	65	65	65	66	66	67	67	67	68	68	69	69	69	69	69

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	40	60
2	39	61
3	39	61
4	39	61
5	38	62
6	38	62
7	38	62
8	38	62
9	38	62
10	38	62
11	37	63
12	37	63
13	37	63
14	37	63
15	37	63
16	35	65
17	35	65
18	35	65
19	35	65
20	34	66
21	34	66
22	33	67
23	33	67
24	33	67
25	32	68
26	32	68
27	31	69
28	31	69
29	31	69
30	31	69
31	31	69

Chance of precipitation in October

Any precipitationSnow

Charlesbourg gets around 140 mm of rain and snow over 13.1 wet days in October. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.

Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 43% and peaks near 45% on the wettest days, and about 3 days bring snow.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Rain chance (%)	40	40	40	40	40	40	40	40	40	41	41	42	42	42	43	43	43	44	44	44	45	45	45	45	45	45	45	44	44	44	44
Snow chance (%)	2	2	2	2	3	3	3	4	4	4	5	5	6	6	7	7	8	8	9	10	11	11	12	13	14	15	15	16	17	18	19

	Rain chance (%)	Snow chance (%)
1	40	2
2	40	2
3	40	2
4	40	2
5	40	3
6	40	3
7	40	3
8	40	4
9	40	4
10	41	4
11	41	5
12	42	5
13	42	6
14	42	6
15	43	7
16	43	7
17	43	8
18	44	8
19	44	9
20	44	10
21	45	11
22	45	11
23	45	12
24	45	13
25	45	14
26	45	15
27	45	15
28	44	16
29	44	17
30	44	18
31	44	19

Humidity in October

DryComfortableHumidMuggyOppressiveMiserable

Most of October feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.

By dew point, October lands in the dry band about 99% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Dry (%)	94	95	95	96	97	98	98	99	99	99	99	99	99	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100
Comfortable (%)	5	4	4	3	3	2	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Humid (%)	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)
1	94	5	1
2	95	4	1
3	95	4	1
4	96	3	1
5	97	3	0
6	98	2	0
7	98	2	0
8	99	1	0
9	99	1	0
10	99	1	0
11	99	1	0
12	99	1	0
13	99	1	0
14	100	0	0
15	100	0	0
16	100	0	0
17	100	0	0
18	100	0	0
19	100	0	0
20	100	0	0
21	100	0	0
22	100	0	0
23	100	0	0
24	100	0	0
25	100	0	0
26	100	0	0
27	100	0	0
28	100	0	0
29	100	0	0
30	100	0	0
31	100	0	0

Wind in October

Winds average 11 km/h in October.

Across October, daily wind ranges from about 10 km/h on the calmest days to 11 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Wind speed (km/h)	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11
Feels	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm

	Wind speed (km/h)	Feels
1	10	calm
2	10	calm
3	10	calm
4	10	calm
5	10	calm
6	10	calm
7	10	calm
8	10	calm
9	11	calm
10	11	calm
11	11	calm
12	11	calm
13	11	calm
14	11	calm
15	11	calm
16	11	calm
17	11	calm
18	11	calm
19	11	calm
20	11	calm
21	11	calm
22	11	calm
23	11	calm
24	11	calm
25	11	calm
26	11	calm
27	11	calm
28	11	calm
29	11	calm
30	11	calm
31	11	calm

Sunrise & sunset in October

DaylightNight

Daylight runs from about 11 h 30 min at the start of October to 9 h 48 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.

Days shrink by about 102 minutes over October. Sunrise moves from 5:50 AM to 6:34 AM, and sunset from 5:18 PM to 4:24 PM.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Daylight (h)	11.5	11.4	11.4	11.3	11.2	11.2	11.1	11.1	11.0	11.0	10.9	10.8	10.8	10.7	10.7	10.6	10.6	10.5	10.5	10.4	10.4	10.3	10.2	10.2	10.1	10.1	10.0	10.0	9.9	9.9	9.8
Sunrise (AM)	5:50	5:52	5:53	5:54	5:56	5:57	5:59	6:00	6:01	6:03	6:04	6:06	6:07	6:09	6:10	6:11	6:13	6:14	6:16	6:17	6:19	6:20	6:22	6:23	6:25	6:26	6:28	6:29	6:31	6:32	6:34
Sunset (PM)	5:18	5:16	5:14	5:12	5:10	5:08	5:06	5:04	5:02	5:00	4:58	4:57	4:55	4:53	4:51	4:49	4:47	4:45	4:44	4:42	4:40	4:38	4:37	4:35	4:33	4:32	4:30	4:28	4:27	4:25	4:24

	Daylight (h)	Sunrise (AM)	Sunset (PM)
1	11.5	5:50	5:18
2	11.4	5:52	5:16
3	11.4	5:53	5:14
4	11.3	5:54	5:12
5	11.2	5:56	5:10
6	11.2	5:57	5:08
7	11.1	5:59	5:06
8	11.1	6:00	5:04
9	11.0	6:01	5:02
10	11.0	6:03	5:00
11	10.9	6:04	4:58
12	10.8	6:06	4:57
13	10.8	6:07	4:55
14	10.7	6:09	4:53
15	10.7	6:10	4:51
16	10.6	6:11	4:49
17	10.6	6:13	4:47
18	10.5	6:14	4:45
19	10.5	6:16	4:44
20	10.4	6:17	4:42
21	10.4	6:19	4:40
22	10.3	6:20	4:38
23	10.2	6:22	4:37
24	10.2	6:23	4:35
25	10.1	6:25	4:33
26	10.1	6:26	4:32
27	10.0	6:28	4:30
28	10.0	6:29	4:28
29	9.9	6:31	4:27
30	9.9	6:32	4:25
31	9.8	6:34	4:24

Solar energy in October

Daily solar energy (kWh/m²)

Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in October, about 2.26 kWh/m².

For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 1.15 kWh/m² to a high of 5.74 kWh/m² in June across the year — October's 2.26 kWh/m² falls in the middle.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Solar energy (kWh/m²)	2.9	2.8	2.8	2.7	2.7	2.6	2.6	2.6	2.5	2.5	2.5	2.4	2.4	2.3	2.3	2.3	2.2	2.2	2.1	2.1	2.0	2.0	2.0	1.9	1.9	1.9	1.8	1.8	1.8	1.8	1.7
Level	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Dim	Dim	Dim	Dim	Dim	Dim	Dim	Dim	Dim

	Solar energy (kWh/m²)	Level
1	2.9	Moderate
2	2.8	Moderate
3	2.8	Moderate
4	2.7	Moderate
5	2.7	Moderate
6	2.6	Moderate
7	2.6	Moderate
8	2.6	Moderate
9	2.5	Moderate
10	2.5	Moderate
11	2.5	Moderate
12	2.4	Moderate
13	2.4	Moderate
14	2.3	Moderate
15	2.3	Moderate
16	2.3	Moderate
17	2.2	Moderate
18	2.2	Moderate
19	2.1	Moderate
20	2.1	Moderate
21	2.0	Moderate
22	2.0	Moderate
23	2.0	Dim
24	1.9	Dim
25	1.9	Dim
26	1.9	Dim
27	1.8	Dim
28	1.8	Dim
29	1.8	Dim
30	1.8	Dim
31	1.7	Dim

Planning a trip in October

Is October a good time to visit Charlesbourg?

Our two travel scores rate October for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).

1.9

Sightseeing

6th-best month of the year

0.0

Beach & pool

6th-best month of the year

October is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Charlesbourg.

What to pack for Charlesbourg in October

From October's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.

In October, Charlesbourg sees daytime highs around 9°C and nights near 1°C. Pack a warm layer. Worth having: rain gear. About 13 days see rain.

a warm layerrain gear

UV index in Charlesbourg in October

LowModerateHighVery highExtreme

Clear-sky midday UV in October peaks around 3. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.

Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Charlesbourg peaks around July 13 at about 7 (very high) — sunscreen and a hat are worth it in the middle of the day. It bottoms out near January 10 at about 1 (low).

The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 7 months of the year.

	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
UV index (midday)	1	2	4	4	6	6	8	3	5	3	2	1
Level	Low	Low	Moderate	Moderate	High	High	Very high	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Low	Low

	UV index (midday)	Level
Jan	1	Low
Feb	2	Low
Mar	4	Moderate
Apr	4	Moderate
May	6	High
Jun	6	High
Jul	8	Very high
Aug	3	Moderate
Sep	5	Moderate
Oct	3	Moderate
Nov	2	Low
Dec	1	Low

Location & terrain

Where is Charlesbourg?

Charlesbourg sits at 46.9°N, 71.3°W, 163 m above sea level, in Canada. The nearest listed city is La Haute-Saint-Charles, 5.0 km away.

Topography around Charlesbourg

How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Charlesbourg.

Within 3 km, the terrain around Charlesbourg has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 255 m around an average of 196 m above sea level; within 16 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 757 m; within 80 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,173 m.

The land around Charlesbourg is covered by trees (74%) within 3 km, trees (65%) within 16 km, and trees (75%) within 80 km.

3 km

255 m

trees 74%

16 km

757 m

trees 65%

80 km

1,173 m

trees 75%

treesgrasslandcroplandartificial surfacesbare terrainwater

← September Charlesbourg year-round climate November →Best places to visit in October

October weather nearby: La Haute-Saint-Charles 5.0 km · Neufchâtel-Est–Lebourgneuf 6.0 km · Les Rivières 9.0 km · Beauport 10 km · La Cité-Limoilou 10 km · Quebec City 12 km · L'Ancienne-Lorette 12 km · Sainte-Foy 13 km

Canada travel facts

Travel advisory: Level 1; Exercise Normal Precautions
Power plugs: Type A / B; 120 V · 60 Hz
Prices: ≈ 83% of US; price level, 2025
GDP per capita: $55,698; 2025
Happiness: 6.7 / 10; World Happiness, 2025
Safe drinking water: 97%; of population, 2024
Homicide rate: 2; per 100k, 2023
Road deaths: 5.3; per 100k/yr, 2019
Income group: High; World Bank
Religion

Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.

Data sources

Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Charlesbourg (46.899°, -71.305°, elevation 163 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	13	4
2	13	4
3	13	4
4	13	4
5	12	4
6	12	3
7	12	3
8	12	3
9	11	3
10	11	3
11	11	2
12	11	2
13	10	2
14	10	2
15	10	2
16	10	2
17	9	1
18	9	1
19	9	1
20	8	1
21	8	1
22	8	0
23	8	0
24	7	0
25	7	0
26	7	0
27	7	-1
28	6	-1
29	6	-1
30	6	-1
31	6	-1

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	40	60
2	39	61
3	39	61
4	39	61
5	38	62
6	38	62
7	38	62
8	38	62
9	38	62
10	38	62
11	37	63
12	37	63
13	37	63
14	37	63
15	37	63
16	35	65
17	35	65
18	35	65
19	35	65
20	34	66
21	34	66
22	33	67
23	33	67
24	33	67
25	32	68
26	32	68
27	31	69
28	31	69
29	31	69
30	31	69
31	31	69

	Rain chance (%)	Snow chance (%)
1	40	2
2	40	2
3	40	2
4	40	2
5	40	3
6	40	3
7	40	3
8	40	4
9	40	4
10	41	4
11	41	5
12	42	5
13	42	6
14	42	6
15	43	7
16	43	7
17	43	8
18	44	8
19	44	9
20	44	10
21	45	11
22	45	11
23	45	12
24	45	13
25	45	14
26	45	15
27	45	15
28	44	16
29	44	17
30	44	18
31	44	19

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)
1	94	5	1
2	95	4	1
3	95	4	1
4	96	3	1
5	97	3	0
6	98	2	0
7	98	2	0
8	99	1	0
9	99	1	0
10	99	1	0
11	99	1	0
12	99	1	0
13	99	1	0
14	100	0	0
15	100	0	0
16	100	0	0
17	100	0	0
18	100	0	0
19	100	0	0
20	100	0	0
21	100	0	0
22	100	0	0
23	100	0	0
24	100	0	0
25	100	0	0
26	100	0	0
27	100	0	0
28	100	0	0
29	100	0	0
30	100	0	0
31	100	0	0

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	13	4
2	13	4
3	13	4
4	13	4
5	12	4
6	12	3
7	12	3
8	12	3
9	11	3
10	11	3
11	11	2
12	11	2
13	10	2
14	10	2
15	10	2
16	10	2
17	9	1
18	9	1
19	9	1
20	8	1
21	8	1
22	8	0
23	8	0
24	7	0
25	7	0
26	7	0
27	7	-1
28	6	-1
29	6	-1
30	6	-1
31	6	-1

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	40	60
2	39	61
3	39	61
4	39	61
5	38	62
6	38	62
7	38	62
8	38	62
9	38	62
10	38	62
11	37	63
12	37	63
13	37	63
14	37	63
15	37	63
16	35	65
17	35	65
18	35	65
19	35	65
20	34	66
21	34	66
22	33	67
23	33	67
24	33	67
25	32	68
26	32	68
27	31	69
28	31	69
29	31	69
30	31	69
31	31	69

	Rain chance (%)	Snow chance (%)
1	40	2
2	40	2
3	40	2
4	40	2
5	40	3
6	40	3
7	40	3
8	40	4
9	40	4
10	41	4
11	41	5
12	42	5
13	42	6
14	42	6
15	43	7
16	43	7
17	43	8
18	44	8
19	44	9
20	44	10
21	45	11
22	45	11
23	45	12
24	45	13
25	45	14
26	45	15
27	45	15
28	44	16
29	44	17
30	44	18
31	44	19

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)
1	94	5	1
2	95	4	1
3	95	4	1
4	96	3	1
5	97	3	0
6	98	2	0
7	98	2	0
8	99	1	0
9	99	1	0
10	99	1	0
11	99	1	0
12	99	1	0
13	99	1	0
14	100	0	0
15	100	0	0
16	100	0	0
17	100	0	0
18	100	0	0
19	100	0	0
20	100	0	0
21	100	0	0
22	100	0	0
23	100	0	0
24	100	0	0
25	100	0	0
26	100	0	0
27	100	0	0
28	100	0	0
29	100	0	0
30	100	0	0
31	100	0	0

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	13	4
2	13	4
3	13	4
4	13	4
5	12	4
6	12	3
7	12	3
8	12	3
9	11	3
10	11	3
11	11	2
12	11	2
13	10	2
14	10	2
15	10	2
16	10	2
17	9	1
18	9	1
19	9	1
20	8	1
21	8	1
22	8	0
23	8	0
24	7	0
25	7	0
26	7	0
27	7	-1
28	6	-1
29	6	-1
30	6	-1
31	6	-1

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	40	60
2	39	61
3	39	61
4	39	61
5	38	62
6	38	62
7	38	62
8	38	62
9	38	62
10	38	62
11	37	63
12	37	63
13	37	63
14	37	63
15	37	63
16	35	65
17	35	65
18	35	65
19	35	65
20	34	66
21	34	66
22	33	67
23	33	67
24	33	67
25	32	68
26	32	68
27	31	69
28	31	69
29	31	69
30	31	69
31	31	69

	Rain chance (%)	Snow chance (%)
1	40	2
2	40	2
3	40	2
4	40	2
5	40	3
6	40	3
7	40	3
8	40	4
9	40	4
10	41	4
11	41	5
12	42	5
13	42	6
14	42	6
15	43	7
16	43	7
17	43	8
18	44	8
19	44	9
20	44	10
21	45	11
22	45	11
23	45	12
24	45	13
25	45	14
26	45	15
27	45	15
28	44	16
29	44	17
30	44	18
31	44	19

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)
1	94	5	1
2	95	4	1
3	95	4	1
4	96	3	1
5	97	3	0
6	98	2	0
7	98	2	0
8	99	1	0
9	99	1	0
10	99	1	0
11	99	1	0
12	99	1	0
13	99	1	0
14	100	0	0
15	100	0	0
16	100	0	0
17	100	0	0
18	100	0	0
19	100	0	0
20	100	0	0
21	100	0	0
22	100	0	0
23	100	0	0
24	100	0	0
25	100	0	0
26	100	0	0
27	100	0	0
28	100	0	0
29	100	0	0
30	100	0	0
31	100	0	0