Lampa weather in February
In February, Lampa sees average daytime highs of 28°C and overnight lows near 14°C, with 6 mm of rain across 0.9 wet days and about 13.2 hours of daylight. It is the 2nd-warmest and 10th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 28°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 91% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 13 h 36 min at the start of February to 12 h 48 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Lampa's 1st-clearest and 4th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Lampa's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 28°
- 2nd warmest
- Overnight low
- 14°
- 11th coldest
- Rainfall
- 6 mm
- 0.9 wet days
- Daylight
- 13 h 12 min
- 7:21 AM – 8:35 PM
- Cloud cover
- 11%
- 1st clearest
- Wind
- 5 km/h
- 4th windiest
- Solar energy
- 7.93 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 8.2
- out of 10
Lampa is city in Chile.
- Density
- 14,179/km²
- people per km²
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 28°C through the month.
A typical February day in Lampa reaches about 28°C in the afternoon and slips back to 14°C overnight — a 14°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 25°C and 31°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs on par with January and about 2°C warmer than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 |
| Avg low (°C) | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 13 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 29 | 14 |
| 2 | 29 | 14 |
| 3 | 29 | 14 |
| 4 | 29 | 14 |
| 5 | 28 | 14 |
| 6 | 28 | 14 |
| 7 | 28 | 14 |
| 8 | 28 | 14 |
| 9 | 28 | 14 |
| 10 | 28 | 14 |
| 11 | 28 | 14 |
| 12 | 28 | 14 |
| 13 | 28 | 14 |
| 14 | 28 | 14 |
| 15 | 28 | 14 |
| 16 | 28 | 14 |
| 17 | 28 | 14 |
| 18 | 28 | 14 |
| 19 | 28 | 14 |
| 20 | 28 | 14 |
| 21 | 28 | 14 |
| 22 | 28 | 14 |
| 23 | 28 | 14 |
| 24 | 28 | 14 |
| 25 | 28 | 14 |
| 26 | 28 | 14 |
| 27 | 28 | 13 |
| 28 | 28 | 13 |
Lampa weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 2nd-warmest and 10th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 29° / 14° | 4 | 0.8 | 14 | 7.7 |
| Feb | 28° / 14° | 6 | 0.9 | 13.2 | 8.2 |
| Mar | 26° / 12° | 11 | 1.3 | 12.3 | 8.8 |
| Apr | 22° / 9° | 34 | 3.1 | 11.2 | 8.3 |
| May | 18° / 6° | 70 | 5.6 | 10.3 | 6.5 |
| Jun | 15° / 4° | 132 | 7 | 9.8 | 4.7 |
| Jul | 14° / 3° | 85 | 6.1 | 10 | 4.6 |
| Aug | 16° / 4° | 71 | 5.9 | 10.8 | 5.4 |
| Sep | 18° / 6° | 39 | 4.8 | 11.8 | 6.6 |
| Oct | 21° / 9° | 28 | 3.4 | 12.8 | 7.8 |
| Nov | 25° / 11° | 11 | 2 | 13.7 | 8.8 |
| Dec | 27° / 13° | 6 | 1 | 14.2 | 8.6 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 91% of the time in February, the clearest month of the year.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 5% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 4%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 95 | 95 | 95 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 94 |
| Cloudier (%) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 95 | 5 |
| 2 | 95 | 5 |
| 3 | 95 | 5 |
| 4 | 96 | 4 |
| 5 | 96 | 4 |
| 6 | 96 | 4 |
| 7 | 96 | 4 |
| 8 | 96 | 4 |
| 9 | 96 | 4 |
| 10 | 96 | 4 |
| 11 | 96 | 4 |
| 12 | 96 | 4 |
| 13 | 96 | 4 |
| 14 | 96 | 4 |
| 15 | 96 | 4 |
| 16 | 96 | 4 |
| 17 | 96 | 4 |
| 18 | 96 | 4 |
| 19 | 96 | 4 |
| 20 | 96 | 4 |
| 21 | 96 | 4 |
| 22 | 96 | 4 |
| 23 | 96 | 4 |
| 24 | 95 | 5 |
| 25 | 95 | 5 |
| 26 | 95 | 5 |
| 27 | 95 | 5 |
| 28 | 94 | 6 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Lampa gets around 6 mm of rain over 0.9 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 3% and peaks near 4% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 3 |
| 2 | 3 |
| 3 | 3 |
| 4 | 3 |
| 5 | 3 |
| 6 | 3 |
| 7 | 3 |
| 8 | 3 |
| 9 | 3 |
| 10 | 3 |
| 11 | 4 |
| 12 | 4 |
| 13 | 4 |
| 14 | 4 |
| 15 | 4 |
| 16 | 4 |
| 17 | 4 |
| 18 | 3 |
| 19 | 3 |
| 20 | 3 |
| 21 | 3 |
| 22 | 3 |
| 23 | 3 |
| 24 | 2 |
| 25 | 2 |
| 26 | 2 |
| 27 | 2 |
| 28 | 2 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 89% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 89 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 89 | 89 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 88 | 88 | 89 |
| Comfortable (%) | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 11 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 89 | 11 |
| 2 | 90 | 10 |
| 3 | 90 | 10 |
| 4 | 90 | 10 |
| 5 | 91 | 9 |
| 6 | 91 | 9 |
| 7 | 91 | 9 |
| 8 | 91 | 9 |
| 9 | 90 | 10 |
| 10 | 90 | 10 |
| 11 | 90 | 10 |
| 12 | 90 | 10 |
| 13 | 89 | 11 |
| 14 | 89 | 11 |
| 15 | 88 | 12 |
| 16 | 88 | 12 |
| 17 | 88 | 12 |
| 18 | 87 | 13 |
| 19 | 87 | 13 |
| 20 | 87 | 13 |
| 21 | 87 | 13 |
| 22 | 87 | 13 |
| 23 | 87 | 13 |
| 24 | 87 | 13 |
| 25 | 87 | 13 |
| 26 | 88 | 12 |
| 27 | 88 | 12 |
| 28 | 89 | 11 |
Wind in February
Winds average 5 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 5 km/h on the calmest days to 5 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5 | calm |
| 2 | 5 | calm |
| 3 | 5 | calm |
| 4 | 5 | calm |
| 5 | 5 | calm |
| 6 | 5 | calm |
| 7 | 5 | calm |
| 8 | 5 | calm |
| 9 | 5 | calm |
| 10 | 5 | calm |
| 11 | 5 | calm |
| 12 | 5 | calm |
| 13 | 5 | calm |
| 14 | 5 | calm |
| 15 | 5 | calm |
| 16 | 5 | calm |
| 17 | 5 | calm |
| 18 | 5 | calm |
| 19 | 5 | calm |
| 20 | 5 | calm |
| 21 | 5 | calm |
| 22 | 5 | calm |
| 23 | 5 | calm |
| 24 | 5 | calm |
| 25 | 5 | calm |
| 26 | 5 | calm |
| 27 | 5 | calm |
| 28 | 5 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 13 h 36 min at the start of February to 12 h 48 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 48 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 7:08 AM to 7:33 AM, and sunset from 8:46 PM to 8:21 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 13.6 | 13.6 | 13.6 | 13.5 | 13.5 | 13.5 | 13.5 | 13.4 | 13.4 | 13.4 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.8 | 12.8 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 7:08 | 7:09 | 7:10 | 7:11 | 7:12 | 7:13 | 7:14 | 7:15 | 7:16 | 7:17 | 7:18 | 7:19 | 7:19 | 7:20 | 7:21 | 7:22 | 7:23 | 7:24 | 7:25 | 7:26 | 7:27 | 7:28 | 7:28 | 7:29 | 7:30 | 7:31 | 7:32 | 7:33 |
| Sunset (PM) | 8:46 | 8:45 | 8:45 | 8:44 | 8:43 | 8:42 | 8:42 | 8:41 | 8:40 | 8:39 | 8:38 | 8:38 | 8:37 | 8:36 | 8:35 | 8:34 | 8:33 | 8:32 | 8:31 | 8:30 | 8:29 | 8:28 | 8:27 | 8:26 | 8:25 | 8:23 | 8:22 | 8:21 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 13.6 | 7:08 | 8:46 |
| 2 | 13.6 | 7:09 | 8:45 |
| 3 | 13.6 | 7:10 | 8:45 |
| 4 | 13.5 | 7:11 | 8:44 |
| 5 | 13.5 | 7:12 | 8:43 |
| 6 | 13.5 | 7:13 | 8:42 |
| 7 | 13.5 | 7:14 | 8:42 |
| 8 | 13.4 | 7:15 | 8:41 |
| 9 | 13.4 | 7:16 | 8:40 |
| 10 | 13.4 | 7:17 | 8:39 |
| 11 | 13.3 | 7:18 | 8:38 |
| 12 | 13.3 | 7:19 | 8:38 |
| 13 | 13.3 | 7:19 | 8:37 |
| 14 | 13.3 | 7:20 | 8:36 |
| 15 | 13.2 | 7:21 | 8:35 |
| 16 | 13.2 | 7:22 | 8:34 |
| 17 | 13.2 | 7:23 | 8:33 |
| 18 | 13.1 | 7:24 | 8:32 |
| 19 | 13.1 | 7:25 | 8:31 |
| 20 | 13.1 | 7:26 | 8:30 |
| 21 | 13.0 | 7:27 | 8:29 |
| 22 | 13.0 | 7:28 | 8:28 |
| 23 | 13.0 | 7:28 | 8:27 |
| 24 | 12.9 | 7:29 | 8:26 |
| 25 | 12.9 | 7:30 | 8:25 |
| 26 | 12.9 | 7:31 | 8:23 |
| 27 | 12.8 | 7:32 | 8:22 |
| 28 | 12.8 | 7:33 | 8:21 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 7.93 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 2.52 kWh/m² to a high of 8.99 kWh/m² in December across the year — February's 7.93 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 8.5 | 8.4 | 8.4 | 8.4 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.2 | 8.2 | 8.2 | 8.1 | 8.1 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 7.3 |
| Level | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8.5 | Intense |
| 2 | 8.4 | Intense |
| 3 | 8.4 | Intense |
| 4 | 8.4 | Intense |
| 5 | 8.3 | Intense |
| 6 | 8.3 | Intense |
| 7 | 8.2 | Intense |
| 8 | 8.2 | Intense |
| 9 | 8.2 | Intense |
| 10 | 8.1 | Intense |
| 11 | 8.1 | Intense |
| 12 | 8.0 | Intense |
| 13 | 8.0 | Intense |
| 14 | 8.0 | Intense |
| 15 | 7.9 | Intense |
| 16 | 7.9 | Intense |
| 17 | 7.8 | Intense |
| 18 | 7.8 | Intense |
| 19 | 7.7 | Intense |
| 20 | 7.7 | Intense |
| 21 | 7.7 | Intense |
| 22 | 7.6 | Intense |
| 23 | 7.6 | Intense |
| 24 | 7.5 | Intense |
| 25 | 7.5 | Intense |
| 26 | 7.4 | Intense |
| 27 | 7.4 | Intense |
| 28 | 7.3 | Intense |
Is February a good time to visit Lampa?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is one of the better times to visit Lampa for general sightseeing. The water and warmth also suit a beach or pool day.
What to pack for Lampa in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Lampa sees daytime highs around 28°C and nights near 14°C. Pack light clothes and sun protection.
UV index in Lampa in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 13 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Lampa peaks around January 18 at about 14 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 17 at about 3 (moderate).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 11 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 14 | 13 | 10 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | High | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | High | Very high | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 14 | Extreme |
| Feb | 13 | Extreme |
| Mar | 10 | Extreme |
| Apr | 6 | High |
| May | 3 | Moderate |
| Jun | 3 | Moderate |
| Jul | 3 | Moderate |
| Aug | 4 | Moderate |
| Sep | 6 | High |
| Oct | 10 | Very high |
| Nov | 11 | Extreme |
| Dec | 12 | Extreme |
Air quality in Lampa in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Lampa is worst in July — around 100 µg/m³ PM2.5 (unhealthy), about 3.2× the cleanest month (February, 31 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 34 | 31 | 39 | 62 | 89 | 93 | 100 | 86 | 70 | 46 | 39 | 37 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Poor | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Poor | Poor | Poor |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 34 | Moderate |
| Feb | 31 | Moderate |
| Mar | 39 | Poor |
| Apr | 62 | Unhealthy |
| May | 89 | Unhealthy |
| Jun | 93 | Unhealthy |
| Jul | 100 | Unhealthy |
| Aug | 86 | Unhealthy |
| Sep | 70 | Unhealthy |
| Oct | 46 | Poor |
| Nov | 39 | Poor |
| Dec | 37 | Poor |
Where is Lampa?
Lampa sits at 33.3°S, 70.9°W, 498 m above sea level, in Chile. The nearest listed city is Batuco, 9.0 km away.
Topography around Lampa
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Lampa.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Lampa has large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 723 m around an average of 543 m above sea level; within 16 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,730 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 5,996 m.
The land around Lampa is covered by shrubs (27%), cropland (22%) and artificial surfaces (20%) within 3 km, shrubs (41%) within 16 km, and shrubs (30%) and grassland (23%) within 80 km.
Chile travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type C / F / L
- 220 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 48% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $17,995
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.3 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 98%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 6.3
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 14.9
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- English
- Moderate
- EF EPI 517
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Lampa (-33.2863°, -70.8756°, elevation 498 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).