Hranice weather in April

In April, Hranice sees average daytime highs of 13°C and overnight lows near 4°C, with 51 mm of precipitation across 9.7 wet days and about 13.4 hours of daylight. It is the 6th-warmest and 7th-wettest month of the year here.

Highs climb over the month, from about 11°C in the first days to 16°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 25% of the time in April, and the air most often feels dry.

Daylight stretches from about 12 h 36 min at the start of April to 14 h 18 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, April is Hranice's 4th-clearest and 6th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Hranice's year-round climate.

Daytime high: 13°; 6th warmest
Overnight low: 4°; 6th coldest
Precipitation: 51 mm; 9.7 wet days
Daylight: 13 h 30 min; 5:05 AM – 6:34 PM
Cloud cover: 61%; 4th clearest
Wind: 12 km/h; 6th windiest
Solar energy: 4.47 kWh/m²
Travel score: 3.8; out of 10

Hranice is town in Olomouc Region, Czech Republic.

Density: 361/km²; people per km²
Founded: 1276

Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.

← March Hranice year-round climate May →Best places to visit in April

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Temperature in April

Average highAverage lowShaded bands: 10–90% of days

Highs climb over the month, from about 11°C in the first days to 16°C by the end.

A typical April day in Hranice reaches about 13°C in the afternoon and slips back to 4°C overnight — a 9°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 7°C and 20°C. Set against its neighbours, April runs about 6°C warmer than March and about 5°C cooler than May.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Avg high (°C)	10	11	11	11	11	11	12	12	12	12	12	12	13	13	13	13	14	14	14	14	15	15	15	16	16	16	16	16	17	17
Avg low (°C)	2	2	2	2	2	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	4	4	4	4	4	5	5	5	5	5	6	6	6	6	6	7	7

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	10	2
2	11	2
3	11	2
4	11	2
5	11	2
6	11	3
7	12	3
8	12	3
9	12	3
10	12	3
11	12	3
12	12	3
13	13	3
14	13	4
15	13	4
16	13	4
17	14	4
18	14	4
19	14	5
20	14	5
21	15	5
22	15	5
23	15	5
24	16	6
25	16	6
26	16	6
27	16	6
28	16	6
29	17	7
30	17	7

How April really feels in Hranice

Once humidity and wind are folded in, April averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 11 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.

Days feeling ≥ 32°C

heat index over the day's high

Days feeling ≤ 0°C

wind chill below the day's low

The story in April is cold — wind chill drags the overnight "feels like" below the raw low.

Hranice weather by month

How April compares with the rest of the year at a glance. April is the 6th-warmest and 7th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.

Month	High / Low (°C)	Rainfall (mm)	Wet days	Snow days	Daylight (hours)	Travel score
Jan	1° / -4°	42	10	7.4	8.4	0.0
Feb	3° / -3°	40	9.5	6.5	9.8	0.0
Mar	7° / -0°	50	10.8	3.8	11.5	1.0
Apr	13° / 4°	51	9.7	1.2	13.4	3.8
May	18° / 9°	81	13.6	0	15.1	5.4
Jun	21° / 12°	89	12.9	0	16	6.0
Jul	24° / 14°	104	13.7	0	15.6	6.4
Aug	24° / 13°	80	11.4	0	14.2	6.7
Sep	18° / 10°	75	10.9	0	12.4	5.7
Oct	12° / 5°	54	9.4	0.4	10.5	3.3
Nov	6° / 2°	49	9.5	3.2	8.9	0.7
Dec	2° / -3°	46	9.8	5.9	8	0.0

Cloud cover in April

ClearMostly clearPartly cloudyMostly cloudyOvercast

The sky is clear or mostly clear about 25% of the time in April.

Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 17% of April, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 59%.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Clearer (%)	40	40	41	40	39	39	38	37	37	38	38	37	37	39	40	41	41	42	44	45	45	46	46	46	45	45	46	45	44	44
Cloudier (%)	60	60	59	60	61	61	62	63	63	62	62	63	63	61	60	59	59	58	56	55	55	54	54	54	55	55	54	55	56	56

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	40	60
2	40	60
3	41	59
4	40	60
5	39	61
6	39	61
7	38	62
8	37	63
9	37	63
10	38	62
11	38	62
12	37	63
13	37	63
14	39	61
15	40	60
16	41	59
17	41	59
18	42	58
19	44	56
20	45	55
21	45	55
22	46	54
23	46	54
24	46	54
25	45	55
26	45	55
27	46	54
28	45	55
29	44	56
30	44	56

Chance of precipitation in April

Any precipitationSnow

Hranice gets around 51 mm of rain and snow over 9.7 wet days in April. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.

Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 34% and peaks near 38% on the wettest days, and about 1 day brings snow.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Rain chance (%)	33	32	32	32	32	32	33	33	34	34	34	34	34	34	34	34	33	33	33	33	33	33	33	34	34	34	35	36	37	38
Snow chance (%)	8	7	7	7	7	7	7	6	6	6	6	6	6	5	5	5	4	4	4	3	3	2	2	2	1	1	1	0	0	0

	Rain chance (%)	Snow chance (%)
1	33	8
2	32	7
3	32	7
4	32	7
5	32	7
6	32	7
7	33	7
8	33	6
9	34	6
10	34	6
11	34	6
12	34	6
13	34	6
14	34	5
15	34	5
16	34	5
17	33	4
18	33	4
19	33	4
20	33	3
21	33	3
22	33	2
23	33	2
24	34	2
25	34	1
26	34	1
27	35	1
28	36	0
29	37	0
30	38	0

Humidity in April

DryComfortableHumidMuggyOppressiveMiserable

Most of April feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.

By dew point, April lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Dry (%)	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	99	99	99
Comfortable (%)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)
1	100	0
2	100	0
3	100	0
4	100	0
5	100	0
6	100	0
7	100	0
8	100	0
9	100	0
10	100	0
11	100	0
12	100	0
13	100	0
14	100	0
15	100	0
16	100	0
17	100	0
18	100	0
19	100	0
20	100	0
21	100	0
22	100	0
23	100	0
24	100	0
25	100	0
26	100	0
27	100	0
28	99	1
29	99	1
30	99	1

Wind in April

Winds average 12 km/h in April.

Across April, daily wind ranges from about 11 km/h on the calmest days to 12 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Wind speed (km/h)	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11
Feels	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm

	Wind speed (km/h)	Feels
1	12	light breeze
2	12	light breeze
3	12	light breeze
4	12	light breeze
5	12	light breeze
6	12	light breeze
7	12	light breeze
8	12	light breeze
9	12	light breeze
10	12	light breeze
11	12	calm
12	12	calm
13	12	calm
14	12	calm
15	12	calm
16	12	calm
17	12	calm
18	12	calm
19	11	calm
20	11	calm
21	11	calm
22	11	calm
23	11	calm
24	11	calm
25	11	calm
26	11	calm
27	11	calm
28	11	calm
29	11	calm
30	11	calm

Sunrise & sunset in April

DaylightNight

Daylight runs from about 12 h 36 min at the start of April to 14 h 18 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.

Days grow by about 102 minutes over April. Sunrise moves from 5:37 AM to 4:37 AM, and sunset from 6:10 PM to 6:55 PM.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Daylight (h)	12.6	12.6	12.7	12.7	12.8	12.9	12.9	13.0	13.1	13.1	13.2	13.2	13.3	13.4	13.4	13.5	13.5	13.6	13.7	13.7	13.8	13.8	13.9	14.0	14.0	14.1	14.1	14.2	14.2	14.3
Sunrise (AM)	5:37	5:35	5:33	5:31	5:28	5:26	5:24	5:22	5:20	5:18	5:15	5:13	5:11	5:09	5:07	5:05	5:03	5:01	4:59	4:57	4:55	4:53	4:51	4:49	4:47	4:45	4:43	4:41	4:39	4:37
Sunset (PM)	6:10	6:12	6:13	6:15	6:17	6:18	6:20	6:21	6:23	6:24	6:26	6:27	6:29	6:31	6:32	6:34	6:35	6:37	6:38	6:40	6:41	6:43	6:45	6:46	6:48	6:49	6:51	6:52	6:54	6:55

	Daylight (h)	Sunrise (AM)	Sunset (PM)
1	12.6	5:37	6:10
2	12.6	5:35	6:12
3	12.7	5:33	6:13
4	12.7	5:31	6:15
5	12.8	5:28	6:17
6	12.9	5:26	6:18
7	12.9	5:24	6:20
8	13.0	5:22	6:21
9	13.1	5:20	6:23
10	13.1	5:18	6:24
11	13.2	5:15	6:26
12	13.2	5:13	6:27
13	13.3	5:11	6:29
14	13.4	5:09	6:31
15	13.4	5:07	6:32
16	13.5	5:05	6:34
17	13.5	5:03	6:35
18	13.6	5:01	6:37
19	13.7	4:59	6:38
20	13.7	4:57	6:40
21	13.8	4:55	6:41
22	13.8	4:53	6:43
23	13.9	4:51	6:45
24	14.0	4:49	6:46
25	14.0	4:47	6:48
26	14.1	4:45	6:49
27	14.1	4:43	6:51
28	14.2	4:41	6:52
29	14.2	4:39	6:54
30	14.3	4:37	6:55

Solar energy in April

Daily solar energy (kWh/m²)

Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in April, about 4.47 kWh/m².

For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 0.74 kWh/m² to a high of 5.43 kWh/m² in June across the year — April's 4.47 kWh/m² falls in the middle.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Solar energy (kWh/m²)	3.8	3.8	3.9	3.9	4.0	4.0	4.0	4.1	4.1	4.2	4.2	4.3	4.3	4.4	4.4	4.5	4.5	4.6	4.6	4.7	4.7	4.8	4.8	4.8	4.8	4.9	4.9	4.9	4.9	4.9
Level	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright

	Solar energy (kWh/m²)	Level
1	3.8	Moderate
2	3.8	Moderate
3	3.9	Moderate
4	3.9	Moderate
5	4.0	Moderate
6	4.0	Moderate
7	4.0	Bright
8	4.1	Bright
9	4.1	Bright
10	4.2	Bright
11	4.2	Bright
12	4.3	Bright
13	4.3	Bright
14	4.4	Bright
15	4.4	Bright
16	4.5	Bright
17	4.5	Bright
18	4.6	Bright
19	4.6	Bright
20	4.7	Bright
21	4.7	Bright
22	4.8	Bright
23	4.8	Bright
24	4.8	Bright
25	4.8	Bright
26	4.9	Bright
27	4.9	Bright
28	4.9	Bright
29	4.9	Bright
30	4.9	Bright

Planning a trip in April

Is April a good time to visit Hranice?

Our two travel scores rate April for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).

3.8

Sightseeing

6th-best month of the year

0.2

Beach & pool

6th-best month of the year

April is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Hranice.

What to pack for Hranice in April

From April's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.

In April, Hranice sees daytime highs around 13°C and nights near 4°C. Worth packing: a warm layer and rain gear. About 10 days see rain.

a warm layerrain gear

UV index in Hranice in April

LowModerateHighVery highExtreme

Clear-sky midday UV in April peaks around 5 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.

Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Hranice peaks around June 22 at about 7 (very high) — sunscreen and a hat are worth it in the middle of the day. It bottoms out near December 22 at about 1 (low).

The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 7 months of the year.

	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
UV index (midday)	1	2	4	5	6	7	7	6	4	2	1	1
Level	Low	Low	Moderate	Moderate	High	Very high	Very high	High	Moderate	Moderate	Low	Low

	UV index (midday)	Level
Jan	1	Low
Feb	2	Low
Mar	4	Moderate
Apr	5	Moderate
May	6	High
Jun	7	Very high
Jul	7	Very high
Aug	6	High
Sep	4	Moderate
Oct	2	Moderate
Nov	1	Low
Dec	1	Low

Air quality in Hranice in April

GoodModeratePoorUnhealthyVery unhealthy

Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where April falls, not just the annual average.

Air quality in Hranice is worst in June — around 18 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 1.7× the cleanest month (December, 11 µg/m³).

Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).

	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
PM2.5 (µg/m³)	13	14	17	17	17	18	17	17	15	12	12	11
Level	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Good	Good

	PM2.5 (µg/m³)	Level
Jan	13	Moderate
Feb	14	Moderate
Mar	17	Moderate
Apr	17	Moderate
May	17	Moderate
Jun	18	Moderate
Jul	17	Moderate
Aug	17	Moderate
Sep	15	Moderate
Oct	12	Moderate
Nov	12	Good
Dec	11	Good

Location & terrain

Where is Hranice?

Hranice sits at 49.5°N, 17.7°E, 261 m above sea level, in Czechia. The nearest listed city is Valašské Meziříčí, 19 km away.

Topography around Hranice

How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Hranice.

Within 3 km, the terrain around Hranice has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 196 m around an average of 289 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 558 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,322 m.

The land around Hranice is covered by trees (38%) and cropland (27%) within 3 km, cropland (43%), trees (33%) and grassland (21%) within 16 km, and trees (48%) and cropland (32%) within 80 km.

3 km

196 m

trees 38%

16 km

558 m

cropland 43%

80 km

1,322 m

trees 48%

treesgrasslandcroplandartificial surfacesbare terrainwater

← March Hranice year-round climate May →Best places to visit in April

April weather nearby: Valašské Meziříčí 19 km · Nový Jičín 21 km · Přerov 23 km · Vsetín 30 km · Kopřivnice 30 km · Rožnov pod Radhoštěm 31 km · Olomouc 35 km · Zlín 36 km

Czechia travel facts

Travel advisory: Level 1; Exercise Normal Precautions
Power plugs: Type C / E; 230 V · 50 Hz
Prices: ≈ 59% of US; price level, 2025
GDP per capita: $35,917; 2025
Happiness: 6.8 / 10; World Happiness, 2025
Safe drinking water: 98%; of population, 2024
Homicide rate: 0.8; per 100k, 2023
Road deaths: 5.9; per 100k/yr, 2019
Income group: High; World Bank
English: High; EF EPI 582
Religion

Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.

Data sources

Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Hranice (49.548°, 17.7347°, elevation 261 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	10	2
2	11	2
3	11	2
4	11	2
5	11	2
6	11	3
7	12	3
8	12	3
9	12	3
10	12	3
11	12	3
12	12	3
13	13	3
14	13	4
15	13	4
16	13	4
17	14	4
18	14	4
19	14	5
20	14	5
21	15	5
22	15	5
23	15	5
24	16	6
25	16	6
26	16	6
27	16	6
28	16	6
29	17	7
30	17	7

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	40	60
2	40	60
3	41	59
4	40	60
5	39	61
6	39	61
7	38	62
8	37	63
9	37	63
10	38	62
11	38	62
12	37	63
13	37	63
14	39	61
15	40	60
16	41	59
17	41	59
18	42	58
19	44	56
20	45	55
21	45	55
22	46	54
23	46	54
24	46	54
25	45	55
26	45	55
27	46	54
28	45	55
29	44	56
30	44	56

	Rain chance (%)	Snow chance (%)
1	33	8
2	32	7
3	32	7
4	32	7
5	32	7
6	32	7
7	33	7
8	33	6
9	34	6
10	34	6
11	34	6
12	34	6
13	34	6
14	34	5
15	34	5
16	34	5
17	33	4
18	33	4
19	33	4
20	33	3
21	33	3
22	33	2
23	33	2
24	34	2
25	34	1
26	34	1
27	35	1
28	36	0
29	37	0
30	38	0

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)
1	100	0
2	100	0
3	100	0
4	100	0
5	100	0
6	100	0
7	100	0
8	100	0
9	100	0
10	100	0
11	100	0
12	100	0
13	100	0
14	100	0
15	100	0
16	100	0
17	100	0
18	100	0
19	100	0
20	100	0
21	100	0
22	100	0
23	100	0
24	100	0
25	100	0
26	100	0
27	100	0
28	99	1
29	99	1
30	99	1

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	10	2
2	11	2
3	11	2
4	11	2
5	11	2
6	11	3
7	12	3
8	12	3
9	12	3
10	12	3
11	12	3
12	12	3
13	13	3
14	13	4
15	13	4
16	13	4
17	14	4
18	14	4
19	14	5
20	14	5
21	15	5
22	15	5
23	15	5
24	16	6
25	16	6
26	16	6
27	16	6
28	16	6
29	17	7
30	17	7

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	40	60
2	40	60
3	41	59
4	40	60
5	39	61
6	39	61
7	38	62
8	37	63
9	37	63
10	38	62
11	38	62
12	37	63
13	37	63
14	39	61
15	40	60
16	41	59
17	41	59
18	42	58
19	44	56
20	45	55
21	45	55
22	46	54
23	46	54
24	46	54
25	45	55
26	45	55
27	46	54
28	45	55
29	44	56
30	44	56

	Rain chance (%)	Snow chance (%)
1	33	8
2	32	7
3	32	7
4	32	7
5	32	7
6	32	7
7	33	7
8	33	6
9	34	6
10	34	6
11	34	6
12	34	6
13	34	6
14	34	5
15	34	5
16	34	5
17	33	4
18	33	4
19	33	4
20	33	3
21	33	3
22	33	2
23	33	2
24	34	2
25	34	1
26	34	1
27	35	1
28	36	0
29	37	0
30	38	0

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)
1	100	0
2	100	0
3	100	0
4	100	0
5	100	0
6	100	0
7	100	0
8	100	0
9	100	0
10	100	0
11	100	0
12	100	0
13	100	0
14	100	0
15	100	0
16	100	0
17	100	0
18	100	0
19	100	0
20	100	0
21	100	0
22	100	0
23	100	0
24	100	0
25	100	0
26	100	0
27	100	0
28	99	1
29	99	1
30	99	1

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	10	2
2	11	2
3	11	2
4	11	2
5	11	2
6	11	3
7	12	3
8	12	3
9	12	3
10	12	3
11	12	3
12	12	3
13	13	3
14	13	4
15	13	4
16	13	4
17	14	4
18	14	4
19	14	5
20	14	5
21	15	5
22	15	5
23	15	5
24	16	6
25	16	6
26	16	6
27	16	6
28	16	6
29	17	7
30	17	7

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	40	60
2	40	60
3	41	59
4	40	60
5	39	61
6	39	61
7	38	62
8	37	63
9	37	63
10	38	62
11	38	62
12	37	63
13	37	63
14	39	61
15	40	60
16	41	59
17	41	59
18	42	58
19	44	56
20	45	55
21	45	55
22	46	54
23	46	54
24	46	54
25	45	55
26	45	55
27	46	54
28	45	55
29	44	56
30	44	56

	Rain chance (%)	Snow chance (%)
1	33	8
2	32	7
3	32	7
4	32	7
5	32	7
6	32	7
7	33	7
8	33	6
9	34	6
10	34	6
11	34	6
12	34	6
13	34	6
14	34	5
15	34	5
16	34	5
17	33	4
18	33	4
19	33	4
20	33	3
21	33	3
22	33	2
23	33	2
24	34	2
25	34	1
26	34	1
27	35	1
28	36	0
29	37	0
30	38	0

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)
1	100	0
2	100	0
3	100	0
4	100	0
5	100	0
6	100	0
7	100	0
8	100	0
9	100	0
10	100	0
11	100	0
12	100	0
13	100	0
14	100	0
15	100	0
16	100	0
17	100	0
18	100	0
19	100	0
20	100	0
21	100	0
22	100	0
23	100	0
24	100	0
25	100	0
26	100	0
27	100	0
28	99	1
29	99	1
30	99	1