Goma weather in February
In February, Goma sees average daytime highs of 21°C and overnight lows near 17°C, with 221 mm of rain across 23.7 wet days and about 12.1 hours of daylight. It is the 1st-warmest and 7th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 21°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 3% of the time in February, and the air most often feels comfortable.
Daylight stretches from about 12 h 06 min at the start of February to 12 hours by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Goma's 7th-clearest and 9th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Goma's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 21°
- 1st warmest
- Overnight low
- 17°
- 10th coldest
- Rainfall
- 221 mm
- 23.7 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 06 min
- 6:16 AM – 6:19 PM
- Cloud cover
- 80%
- 7th clearest
- Wind
- 5 km/h
- 9th windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.02 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 3.9
- out of 10
Goma is city in Democratic Republic of the Congo.
- Density
- 5,752/km²
- people per km²
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 21°C through the month.
A typical February day in Goma reaches about 21°C in the afternoon and slips back to 17°C overnight — a 4°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 20°C and 22°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs on par with January and on par with March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 |
| Avg low (°C) | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 21 | 17 |
| 2 | 21 | 17 |
| 3 | 21 | 17 |
| 4 | 21 | 17 |
| 5 | 21 | 17 |
| 6 | 21 | 17 |
| 7 | 21 | 17 |
| 8 | 21 | 17 |
| 9 | 21 | 17 |
| 10 | 21 | 17 |
| 11 | 21 | 17 |
| 12 | 21 | 17 |
| 13 | 21 | 17 |
| 14 | 21 | 17 |
| 15 | 21 | 17 |
| 16 | 21 | 17 |
| 17 | 21 | 17 |
| 18 | 21 | 17 |
| 19 | 21 | 17 |
| 20 | 21 | 17 |
| 21 | 21 | 17 |
| 22 | 21 | 17 |
| 23 | 21 | 17 |
| 24 | 21 | 17 |
| 25 | 21 | 17 |
| 26 | 21 | 17 |
| 27 | 21 | 17 |
| 28 | 21 | 17 |
Goma weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 1st-warmest and 7th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 21° / 17° | 231 | 26.2 | 12.1 | 3.9 |
| Feb | 21° / 17° | 221 | 23.7 | 12.1 | 3.9 |
| Mar | 21° / 17° | 335 | 29.4 | 12 | 3.5 |
| Apr | 21° / 17° | 257 | 27 | 12 | 3.6 |
| May | 21° / 18° | 155 | 21.8 | 11.9 | 4.6 |
| Jun | 20° / 17° | 78 | 14.2 | 11.9 | 5.6 |
| Jul | 20° / 17° | 31 | 7.9 | 11.9 | 6.6 |
| Aug | 20° / 17° | 72 | 13.5 | 11.9 | 5.7 |
| Sep | 21° / 17° | 173 | 22.9 | 12 | 4.3 |
| Oct | 20° / 17° | 331 | 28.9 | 12 | 3.5 |
| Nov | 20° / 17° | 372 | 29.3 | 12.1 | 3.3 |
| Dec | 20° / 17° | 319 | 29.2 | 12.1 | 3.5 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 3% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 12% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 85%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 |
| Cloudier (%) | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 83 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 85 | 85 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 18 | 82 |
| 2 | 18 | 82 |
| 3 | 18 | 82 |
| 4 | 18 | 82 |
| 5 | 18 | 82 |
| 6 | 18 | 82 |
| 7 | 18 | 82 |
| 8 | 17 | 83 |
| 9 | 16 | 84 |
| 10 | 16 | 84 |
| 11 | 16 | 84 |
| 12 | 16 | 84 |
| 13 | 15 | 85 |
| 14 | 15 | 85 |
| 15 | 14 | 86 |
| 16 | 14 | 86 |
| 17 | 14 | 86 |
| 18 | 14 | 86 |
| 19 | 14 | 86 |
| 20 | 14 | 86 |
| 21 | 13 | 87 |
| 22 | 13 | 87 |
| 23 | 13 | 87 |
| 24 | 13 | 87 |
| 25 | 13 | 87 |
| 26 | 13 | 87 |
| 27 | 13 | 87 |
| 28 | 13 | 87 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Goma gets around 221 mm of rain over 23.7 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 85% and peaks near 92% on the wettest days. The odds climb toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 78 | 78 | 78 | 79 | 79 | 80 | 80 | 81 | 81 | 82 | 83 | 84 | 85 | 85 | 86 | 87 | 87 | 88 | 88 | 89 | 89 | 90 | 90 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 92 | 92 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 78 |
| 2 | 78 |
| 3 | 78 |
| 4 | 79 |
| 5 | 79 |
| 6 | 80 |
| 7 | 80 |
| 8 | 81 |
| 9 | 81 |
| 10 | 82 |
| 11 | 83 |
| 12 | 84 |
| 13 | 85 |
| 14 | 85 |
| 15 | 86 |
| 16 | 87 |
| 17 | 87 |
| 18 | 88 |
| 19 | 88 |
| 20 | 89 |
| 21 | 89 |
| 22 | 90 |
| 23 | 90 |
| 24 | 91 |
| 25 | 91 |
| 26 | 91 |
| 27 | 92 |
| 28 | 92 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels comfortable — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the comfortable band about 75% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Comfortable (%) | 83 | 82 | 81 | 80 | 80 | 79 | 78 | 77 | 77 | 76 | 75 | 74 | 75 | 75 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 72 | 71 | 70 | 69 |
| Humid (%) | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | Humid (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 83 | 15 |
| 2 | 2 | 82 | 16 |
| 3 | 2 | 81 | 17 |
| 4 | 2 | 80 | 18 |
| 5 | 2 | 80 | 18 |
| 6 | 2 | 79 | 19 |
| 7 | 2 | 78 | 20 |
| 8 | 2 | 77 | 21 |
| 9 | 2 | 77 | 21 |
| 10 | 2 | 76 | 22 |
| 11 | 2 | 75 | 23 |
| 12 | 2 | 74 | 24 |
| 13 | 1 | 75 | 24 |
| 14 | 1 | 75 | 24 |
| 15 | 1 | 74 | 25 |
| 16 | 1 | 74 | 25 |
| 17 | 1 | 74 | 25 |
| 18 | 1 | 74 | 25 |
| 19 | 1 | 74 | 25 |
| 20 | 1 | 73 | 26 |
| 21 | 1 | 73 | 26 |
| 22 | 1 | 73 | 26 |
| 23 | 0 | 73 | 27 |
| 24 | 0 | 73 | 27 |
| 25 | 0 | 72 | 28 |
| 26 | 0 | 71 | 29 |
| 27 | 0 | 70 | 30 |
| 28 | 0 | 69 | 31 |
Wind in February
Winds average 5 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 5 km/h on the calmest days to 5 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5 | calm |
| 2 | 5 | calm |
| 3 | 5 | calm |
| 4 | 5 | calm |
| 5 | 5 | calm |
| 6 | 5 | calm |
| 7 | 5 | calm |
| 8 | 5 | calm |
| 9 | 5 | calm |
| 10 | 5 | calm |
| 11 | 5 | calm |
| 12 | 5 | calm |
| 13 | 5 | calm |
| 14 | 5 | calm |
| 15 | 5 | calm |
| 16 | 5 | calm |
| 17 | 5 | calm |
| 18 | 5 | calm |
| 19 | 5 | calm |
| 20 | 5 | calm |
| 21 | 5 | calm |
| 22 | 5 | calm |
| 23 | 5 | calm |
| 24 | 5 | calm |
| 25 | 5 | calm |
| 26 | 5 | calm |
| 27 | 5 | calm |
| 28 | 5 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 12 h 06 min at the start of February to 12 hours by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 6 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 6:14 AM to 6:15 AM, and sunset from 6:19 PM to 6:18 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:14 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:15 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:18 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.1 | 6:14 | 6:19 |
| 2 | 12.1 | 6:15 | 6:19 |
| 3 | 12.1 | 6:15 | 6:19 |
| 4 | 12.1 | 6:15 | 6:19 |
| 5 | 12.1 | 6:15 | 6:19 |
| 6 | 12.1 | 6:15 | 6:19 |
| 7 | 12.1 | 6:15 | 6:19 |
| 8 | 12.1 | 6:16 | 6:19 |
| 9 | 12.1 | 6:16 | 6:19 |
| 10 | 12.1 | 6:16 | 6:19 |
| 11 | 12.1 | 6:16 | 6:19 |
| 12 | 12.1 | 6:16 | 6:19 |
| 13 | 12.1 | 6:16 | 6:19 |
| 14 | 12.1 | 6:16 | 6:19 |
| 15 | 12.1 | 6:16 | 6:19 |
| 16 | 12.1 | 6:16 | 6:19 |
| 17 | 12.1 | 6:16 | 6:19 |
| 18 | 12.1 | 6:16 | 6:19 |
| 19 | 12.0 | 6:16 | 6:19 |
| 20 | 12.0 | 6:16 | 6:19 |
| 21 | 12.0 | 6:16 | 6:19 |
| 22 | 12.0 | 6:16 | 6:19 |
| 23 | 12.0 | 6:16 | 6:18 |
| 24 | 12.0 | 6:16 | 6:18 |
| 25 | 12.0 | 6:16 | 6:18 |
| 26 | 12.0 | 6:16 | 6:18 |
| 27 | 12.0 | 6:16 | 6:18 |
| 28 | 12.0 | 6:15 | 6:18 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 5.02 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.5 kWh/m² to a high of 5.08 kWh/m² in August across the year — February's 5.02 kWh/m² sits near the top of that range.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.1 | Bright |
Is February a good time to visit Goma?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Goma.
What to pack for Goma in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Goma sees daytime highs around 21°C and nights near 17°C. Pack rain gear. Worth having: sun protection. About 24 days see rain.
UV index in Goma in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 14 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Goma peaks around March 21 at about 16 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 21 at about 10 (extreme).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 11 | 14 | 16 | 16 | 12 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 14 | 13 | 12 | 10 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 11 | Extreme |
| Feb | 14 | Extreme |
| Mar | 16 | Extreme |
| Apr | 16 | Extreme |
| May | 12 | Extreme |
| Jun | 10 | Extreme |
| Jul | 10 | Extreme |
| Aug | 10 | Extreme |
| Sep | 14 | Extreme |
| Oct | 13 | Extreme |
| Nov | 12 | Extreme |
| Dec | 10 | Extreme |
Air quality in Goma in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Goma is worst in July — around 106 µg/m³ PM2.5 (unhealthy), and holds fairly steady the rest of the year.
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 92 | 96 | 82 | 77 | 80 | 100 | 106 | 100 | 89 | 82 | 83 | 88 |
| Level | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 92 | Unhealthy |
| Feb | 96 | Unhealthy |
| Mar | 82 | Unhealthy |
| Apr | 77 | Unhealthy |
| May | 80 | Unhealthy |
| Jun | 100 | Unhealthy |
| Jul | 106 | Unhealthy |
| Aug | 100 | Unhealthy |
| Sep | 89 | Unhealthy |
| Oct | 82 | Unhealthy |
| Nov | 83 | Unhealthy |
| Dec | 88 | Unhealthy |
Where is Goma?
Goma sits at 1.7°S, 29.2°E, 1,518 m above sea level, in Democratic Republic of the Congo. The nearest listed city is Gisenyi, 4.0 km away.
Topography around Goma
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Goma.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Goma has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 129 m around an average of 1,515 m above sea level; within 16 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,793 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 3,521 m.
The land around Goma is covered by artificial surfaces (72%) and water (20%) within 3 km, water (37%) within 16 km, and trees (41%) and grassland (25%) within 80 km.
Democratic Republic of the Congo travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 4
- Do Not Travel
- Power plugs
- Type C / E
- 220 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 42% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $807
- 2025
- Happiness
- 3.8 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 12%
- of population, 2024
- Road deaths
- 34.9
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Low
- World Bank
- English
- Very low
- EF EPI 400
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Goma (-1.6741°, 29.2284°, elevation 1,518 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).