Kalima weather in February
In February, Kalima sees average daytime highs of 28°C and overnight lows near 20°C, with 146 mm of rain across 18.6 wet days and about 12.2 hours of daylight. It is the 9th-warmest and 6th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 28°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 4% of the time in February, and the air most often feels muggy.
Daylight stretches from about 12 h 12 min at the start of February to 12 h 06 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Kalima's 9th-clearest and 9th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Kalima's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 28°
- 9th warmest
- Overnight low
- 20°
- 9th coldest
- Rainfall
- 146 mm
- 18.6 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 12 min
- 6:16 AM – 6:27 PM
- Cloud cover
- 85%
- 9th clearest
- Wind
- 4 km/h
- 9th windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.36 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 4.2
- out of 10
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 28°C through the month.
A typical February day in Kalima reaches about 28°C in the afternoon and slips back to 20°C overnight — a 9°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 25°C and 31°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 1°C warmer than January and on par with March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 |
| Avg low (°C) | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 28 | 20 |
| 2 | 28 | 20 |
| 3 | 28 | 20 |
| 4 | 28 | 20 |
| 5 | 28 | 20 |
| 6 | 28 | 20 |
| 7 | 28 | 20 |
| 8 | 28 | 20 |
| 9 | 28 | 20 |
| 10 | 28 | 20 |
| 11 | 28 | 20 |
| 12 | 28 | 20 |
| 13 | 28 | 20 |
| 14 | 28 | 20 |
| 15 | 28 | 20 |
| 16 | 28 | 20 |
| 17 | 28 | 20 |
| 18 | 28 | 20 |
| 19 | 28 | 20 |
| 20 | 28 | 20 |
| 21 | 28 | 20 |
| 22 | 28 | 20 |
| 23 | 28 | 20 |
| 24 | 28 | 20 |
| 25 | 28 | 20 |
| 26 | 28 | 20 |
| 27 | 28 | 20 |
| 28 | 28 | 20 |
Kalima weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 9th-warmest and 6th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 27° / 19° | 198 | 24.1 | 12.3 | 4.1 |
| Feb | 28° / 20° | 146 | 18.6 | 12.2 | 4.2 |
| Mar | 29° / 20° | 169 | 21.8 | 12 | 4.0 |
| Apr | 29° / 20° | 101 | 14.8 | 11.9 | 4.6 |
| May | 31° / 20° | 27 | 5.5 | 11.8 | 5.2 |
| Jun | 31° / 19° | 4 | 0.8 | 11.7 | 5.4 |
| Jul | 32° / 19° | 1 | 0.3 | 11.7 | 5.4 |
| Aug | 32° / 19° | 13 | 2.9 | 11.8 | 4.9 |
| Sep | 31° / 20° | 55 | 11 | 12 | 4.4 |
| Oct | 29° / 20° | 160 | 21.4 | 12.1 | 4.0 |
| Nov | 27° / 20° | 242 | 25.7 | 12.2 | 3.8 |
| Dec | 27° / 19° | 223 | 26.5 | 12.3 | 3.9 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 4% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 7% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 89%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 |
| Cloudier (%) | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 89 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 89 | 89 | 89 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9 | 91 |
| 2 | 9 | 91 |
| 3 | 9 | 91 |
| 4 | 9 | 91 |
| 5 | 10 | 90 |
| 6 | 10 | 90 |
| 7 | 10 | 90 |
| 8 | 11 | 89 |
| 9 | 12 | 88 |
| 10 | 12 | 88 |
| 11 | 12 | 88 |
| 12 | 11 | 89 |
| 13 | 11 | 89 |
| 14 | 11 | 89 |
| 15 | 11 | 89 |
| 16 | 11 | 89 |
| 17 | 11 | 89 |
| 18 | 11 | 89 |
| 19 | 11 | 89 |
| 20 | 11 | 89 |
| 21 | 11 | 89 |
| 22 | 11 | 89 |
| 23 | 10 | 90 |
| 24 | 10 | 90 |
| 25 | 10 | 90 |
| 26 | 11 | 89 |
| 27 | 11 | 89 |
| 28 | 11 | 89 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Kalima gets around 146 mm of rain over 18.6 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 67% and peaks near 71% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 71 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 69 | 69 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 67 | 67 | 66 | 66 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 64 | 64 | 64 | 64 | 64 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 66 | 66 | 67 | 67 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 71 |
| 2 | 70 |
| 3 | 70 |
| 4 | 70 |
| 5 | 69 |
| 6 | 69 |
| 7 | 68 |
| 8 | 68 |
| 9 | 68 |
| 10 | 67 |
| 11 | 67 |
| 12 | 66 |
| 13 | 66 |
| 14 | 65 |
| 15 | 65 |
| 16 | 65 |
| 17 | 64 |
| 18 | 64 |
| 19 | 64 |
| 20 | 64 |
| 21 | 64 |
| 22 | 65 |
| 23 | 65 |
| 24 | 65 |
| 25 | 66 |
| 26 | 66 |
| 27 | 67 |
| 28 | 67 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels muggy — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the muggy band about 81% of days. Sticky, muggy-or-worse air turns up on roughly 99% of them.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Humid (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Muggy (%) | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 |
| Oppressive (%) | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 |
| Humid (%) | Muggy (%) | Oppressive (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0 | 81 | 19 |
| 2 | 0 | 81 | 19 |
| 3 | 0 | 81 | 19 |
| 4 | 0 | 81 | 19 |
| 5 | 0 | 81 | 19 |
| 6 | 0 | 81 | 19 |
| 7 | 1 | 80 | 19 |
| 8 | 1 | 80 | 19 |
| 9 | 1 | 80 | 19 |
| 10 | 1 | 80 | 19 |
| 11 | 1 | 80 | 19 |
| 12 | 1 | 81 | 18 |
| 13 | 1 | 81 | 18 |
| 14 | 1 | 81 | 18 |
| 15 | 1 | 81 | 18 |
| 16 | 1 | 82 | 17 |
| 17 | 1 | 82 | 17 |
| 18 | 1 | 82 | 17 |
| 19 | 1 | 82 | 17 |
| 20 | 1 | 82 | 17 |
| 21 | 1 | 82 | 17 |
| 22 | 1 | 82 | 17 |
| 23 | 1 | 82 | 17 |
| 24 | 1 | 82 | 17 |
| 25 | 1 | 81 | 18 |
| 26 | 1 | 81 | 18 |
| 27 | 1 | 81 | 18 |
| 28 | 1 | 81 | 18 |
Wind in February
Winds average 4 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 4 km/h on the calmest days to 4 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4 | calm |
| 2 | 4 | calm |
| 3 | 4 | calm |
| 4 | 4 | calm |
| 5 | 4 | calm |
| 6 | 4 | calm |
| 7 | 4 | calm |
| 8 | 4 | calm |
| 9 | 4 | calm |
| 10 | 4 | calm |
| 11 | 4 | calm |
| 12 | 4 | calm |
| 13 | 4 | calm |
| 14 | 4 | calm |
| 15 | 4 | calm |
| 16 | 4 | calm |
| 17 | 4 | calm |
| 18 | 4 | calm |
| 19 | 4 | calm |
| 20 | 4 | calm |
| 21 | 4 | calm |
| 22 | 4 | calm |
| 23 | 4 | calm |
| 24 | 4 | calm |
| 25 | 4 | calm |
| 26 | 4 | calm |
| 27 | 4 | calm |
| 28 | 4 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 12 h 12 min at the start of February to 12 h 06 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 6 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 6:14 AM to 6:17 AM, and sunset from 6:28 PM to 6:24 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:17 | 6:17 | 6:17 | 6:17 | 6:17 | 6:17 | 6:17 | 6:17 | 6:17 | 6:17 | 6:17 | 6:17 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:24 | 6:24 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.2 | 6:14 | 6:28 |
| 2 | 12.2 | 6:14 | 6:28 |
| 3 | 12.2 | 6:14 | 6:28 |
| 4 | 12.2 | 6:14 | 6:28 |
| 5 | 12.2 | 6:15 | 6:28 |
| 6 | 12.2 | 6:15 | 6:28 |
| 7 | 12.2 | 6:15 | 6:28 |
| 8 | 12.2 | 6:15 | 6:28 |
| 9 | 12.2 | 6:15 | 6:28 |
| 10 | 12.2 | 6:16 | 6:28 |
| 11 | 12.2 | 6:16 | 6:28 |
| 12 | 12.2 | 6:16 | 6:27 |
| 13 | 12.2 | 6:16 | 6:27 |
| 14 | 12.2 | 6:16 | 6:27 |
| 15 | 12.2 | 6:16 | 6:27 |
| 16 | 12.2 | 6:16 | 6:27 |
| 17 | 12.2 | 6:17 | 6:27 |
| 18 | 12.2 | 6:17 | 6:27 |
| 19 | 12.2 | 6:17 | 6:26 |
| 20 | 12.2 | 6:17 | 6:26 |
| 21 | 12.2 | 6:17 | 6:26 |
| 22 | 12.1 | 6:17 | 6:26 |
| 23 | 12.1 | 6:17 | 6:25 |
| 24 | 12.1 | 6:17 | 6:25 |
| 25 | 12.1 | 6:17 | 6:25 |
| 26 | 12.1 | 6:17 | 6:25 |
| 27 | 12.1 | 6:17 | 6:24 |
| 28 | 12.1 | 6:17 | 6:24 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 5.36 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.71 kWh/m² to a high of 5.43 kWh/m² in September across the year — February's 5.36 kWh/m² sits near the top of that range.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.4 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for Kalima
In February, Kalima sits inside its monsoon season. The full year is below, with each hazard's peak months called out.
Kalima's monsoon runs October–March, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is February a good time to visit Kalima?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a reasonable time to visit Kalima for sightseeing.
What to pack for Kalima in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Kalima sees daytime highs around 28°C and nights near 20°C. Pack light clothes and rain gear. Worth having: sun protection. About 19 days see rain.
UV index in Kalima in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 14 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Kalima peaks around March 17 at about 15 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near August 14 at about 7 (very high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 14 | 14 | 15 | 14 | 11 | 9 | 9 | 7 | 11 | 13 | 12 | 13 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Very high | High | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 14 | Extreme |
| Feb | 14 | Extreme |
| Mar | 15 | Extreme |
| Apr | 14 | Extreme |
| May | 11 | Extreme |
| Jun | 9 | Very high |
| Jul | 9 | Very high |
| Aug | 7 | High |
| Sep | 11 | Extreme |
| Oct | 13 | Extreme |
| Nov | 12 | Extreme |
| Dec | 13 | Extreme |
Air quality in Kalima in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Kalima is worst in August — around 109 µg/m³ PM2.5 (unhealthy), about 13.8× the cleanest month (April, 8 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 14 | 14 | 11 | 8 | 26 | 70 | 70 | 109 | 94 | 21 | 11 | 10 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Good | Good | Moderate | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Moderate | Good | Good |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 14 | Moderate |
| Feb | 14 | Moderate |
| Mar | 11 | Good |
| Apr | 8 | Good |
| May | 26 | Moderate |
| Jun | 70 | Unhealthy |
| Jul | 70 | Unhealthy |
| Aug | 109 | Unhealthy |
| Sep | 94 | Unhealthy |
| Oct | 21 | Moderate |
| Nov | 11 | Good |
| Dec | 10 | Good |
Where is Kalima?
Kalima sits at 5.5°S, 28.2°E, 755 m above sea level, in Democratic Republic of the Congo. The nearest listed city is Nyunzu, 57 km away.
Topography around Kalima
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Kalima.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Kalima has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 72 m around an average of 758 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 412 m; within 80 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,016 m.
The land around Kalima is covered by shrubs (46%) and grassland (39%) within 3 km, trees (43%), grassland (32%) and shrubs (25%) within 16 km, and trees (64%) and grassland (20%) within 80 km.
Democratic Republic of the Congo travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 4
- Do Not Travel
- Power plugs
- Type C / E
- 220 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 42% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $807
- 2025
- Happiness
- 3.8 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 12%
- of population, 2024
- Road deaths
- 34.9
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Low
- World Bank
- English
- Very low
- EF EPI 400
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Kalima (-5.4854°, 28.216°, elevation 755 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).