Guaranda weather in April
In April, Guaranda sees average daytime highs of 17°C and overnight lows near 9°C, with 545 mm of rain across 29.7 wet days and about 12 hours of daylight. It is the 1st-warmest and 2nd-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 17°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 0% of the time in April, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 12 hours at the start of April to 11 h 54 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, April is Guaranda's 10th-clearest and 6th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Guaranda's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 17°
- 1st warmest
- Overnight low
- 9°
- 12th coldest
- Rainfall
- 545 mm
- 29.7 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 hours
- 6:17 AM – 6:15 PM
- Cloud cover
- 90%
- 10th clearest
- Wind
- 4 km/h
- 6th windiest
- Solar energy
- 4.45 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 2.7
- out of 10
Guaranda is city in Ecuador, capital of the Bolívar Province.
- Density
- 110/km²
- people per km²
- Founded
- 1571
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in April
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 17°C through the month.
A typical April day in Guaranda reaches about 17°C in the afternoon and slips back to 9°C overnight — a 8°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 15°C and 19°C. Set against its neighbours, April runs on par with March and on par with May.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 |
| Avg low (°C) | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 17 | 9 |
| 2 | 17 | 9 |
| 3 | 17 | 9 |
| 4 | 17 | 9 |
| 5 | 17 | 9 |
| 6 | 17 | 9 |
| 7 | 17 | 9 |
| 8 | 17 | 9 |
| 9 | 17 | 9 |
| 10 | 17 | 9 |
| 11 | 17 | 9 |
| 12 | 17 | 9 |
| 13 | 17 | 9 |
| 14 | 17 | 9 |
| 15 | 17 | 9 |
| 16 | 17 | 9 |
| 17 | 17 | 9 |
| 18 | 17 | 9 |
| 19 | 17 | 9 |
| 20 | 17 | 9 |
| 21 | 17 | 9 |
| 22 | 17 | 9 |
| 23 | 17 | 9 |
| 24 | 17 | 9 |
| 25 | 17 | 9 |
| 26 | 17 | 9 |
| 27 | 17 | 9 |
| 28 | 17 | 9 |
| 29 | 17 | 9 |
| 30 | 17 | 9 |
Guaranda weather by month
How April compares with the rest of the year at a glance. April is the 1st-warmest and 2nd-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 16° / 9° | 456 | 30.6 | 12.1 | 2.6 |
| Feb | 16° / 9° | 490 | 27.8 | 12.1 | 2.6 |
| Mar | 17° / 9° | 605 | 30.9 | 12 | 2.6 |
| Apr | 17° / 9° | 545 | 29.7 | 12 | 2.7 |
| May | 16° / 9° | 368 | 29.8 | 11.9 | 2.8 |
| Jun | 16° / 8° | 169 | 24 | 11.9 | 3.2 |
| Jul | 16° / 8° | 126 | 20.9 | 11.9 | 3.6 |
| Aug | 16° / 7° | 155 | 21.8 | 11.9 | 3.5 |
| Sep | 16° / 7° | 292 | 27.7 | 12 | 2.8 |
| Oct | 16° / 8° | 340 | 29.8 | 12 | 2.6 |
| Nov | 16° / 8° | 345 | 28.4 | 12.1 | 2.6 |
| Dec | 16° / 9° | 415 | 30.3 | 12.1 | 2.6 |
Cloud cover in April
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 0% of the time in April.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 1% of April, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 99%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 |
| Cloudier (%) | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 97 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 | 99 |
| 2 | 1 | 99 |
| 3 | 1 | 99 |
| 4 | 1 | 99 |
| 5 | 1 | 99 |
| 6 | 1 | 99 |
| 7 | 1 | 99 |
| 8 | 1 | 99 |
| 9 | 1 | 99 |
| 10 | 1 | 99 |
| 11 | 1 | 99 |
| 12 | 1 | 99 |
| 13 | 1 | 99 |
| 14 | 1 | 99 |
| 15 | 1 | 99 |
| 16 | 1 | 99 |
| 17 | 1 | 99 |
| 18 | 1 | 99 |
| 19 | 1 | 99 |
| 20 | 1 | 99 |
| 21 | 1 | 99 |
| 22 | 1 | 99 |
| 23 | 1 | 99 |
| 24 | 1 | 99 |
| 25 | 2 | 98 |
| 26 | 2 | 98 |
| 27 | 2 | 98 |
| 28 | 2 | 98 |
| 29 | 2 | 98 |
| 30 | 3 | 97 |
Chance of precipitation in April
Guaranda gets around 545 mm of rain over 29.7 wet days in April. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 99% and peaks near 100% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 99 |
| 16 | 99 |
| 17 | 99 |
| 18 | 99 |
| 19 | 99 |
| 20 | 99 |
| 21 | 99 |
| 22 | 99 |
| 23 | 99 |
| 24 | 99 |
| 25 | 99 |
| 26 | 98 |
| 27 | 98 |
| 28 | 98 |
| 29 | 98 |
| 30 | 98 |
Humidity in April
Most of April feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, April lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
| 29 | 100 |
| 30 | 100 |
Wind in April
Winds average 4 km/h in April.
Across April, daily wind ranges from about 4 km/h on the calmest days to 4 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4 | calm |
| 2 | 4 | calm |
| 3 | 4 | calm |
| 4 | 4 | calm |
| 5 | 4 | calm |
| 6 | 4 | calm |
| 7 | 4 | calm |
| 8 | 4 | calm |
| 9 | 4 | calm |
| 10 | 4 | calm |
| 11 | 4 | calm |
| 12 | 4 | calm |
| 13 | 4 | calm |
| 14 | 4 | calm |
| 15 | 4 | calm |
| 16 | 4 | calm |
| 17 | 4 | calm |
| 18 | 4 | calm |
| 19 | 4 | calm |
| 20 | 4 | calm |
| 21 | 4 | calm |
| 22 | 4 | calm |
| 23 | 4 | calm |
| 24 | 4 | calm |
| 25 | 4 | calm |
| 26 | 4 | calm |
| 27 | 4 | calm |
| 28 | 4 | calm |
| 29 | 4 | calm |
| 30 | 4 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in April
Daylight runs from about 12 hours at the start of April to 11 h 54 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 6 minutes over April. Sunrise moves from 6:21 AM to 6:15 AM, and sunset from 6:20 PM to 6:12 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:21 | 6:21 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:17 | 6:17 | 6:17 | 6:17 | 6:17 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:17 | 6:17 | 6:17 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.0 | 6:21 | 6:20 |
| 2 | 12.0 | 6:21 | 6:20 |
| 3 | 12.0 | 6:20 | 6:20 |
| 4 | 12.0 | 6:20 | 6:19 |
| 5 | 12.0 | 6:20 | 6:19 |
| 6 | 12.0 | 6:20 | 6:18 |
| 7 | 12.0 | 6:19 | 6:18 |
| 8 | 12.0 | 6:19 | 6:18 |
| 9 | 12.0 | 6:19 | 6:17 |
| 10 | 12.0 | 6:19 | 6:17 |
| 11 | 12.0 | 6:18 | 6:17 |
| 12 | 12.0 | 6:18 | 6:16 |
| 13 | 12.0 | 6:18 | 6:16 |
| 14 | 12.0 | 6:18 | 6:16 |
| 15 | 12.0 | 6:17 | 6:15 |
| 16 | 12.0 | 6:17 | 6:15 |
| 17 | 12.0 | 6:17 | 6:15 |
| 18 | 12.0 | 6:17 | 6:15 |
| 19 | 12.0 | 6:17 | 6:14 |
| 20 | 12.0 | 6:16 | 6:14 |
| 21 | 12.0 | 6:16 | 6:14 |
| 22 | 12.0 | 6:16 | 6:13 |
| 23 | 12.0 | 6:16 | 6:13 |
| 24 | 12.0 | 6:16 | 6:13 |
| 25 | 12.0 | 6:16 | 6:13 |
| 26 | 12.0 | 6:15 | 6:13 |
| 27 | 12.0 | 6:15 | 6:12 |
| 28 | 11.9 | 6:15 | 6:12 |
| 29 | 11.9 | 6:15 | 6:12 |
| 30 | 11.9 | 6:15 | 6:12 |
Solar energy in April
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in April, about 4.45 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.29 kWh/m² to a high of 5.18 kWh/m² in September across the year — April's 4.45 kWh/m² sits near the bottom.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 2 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 3 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 4 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 5 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 6 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 7 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 8 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 9 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 10 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 11 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 12 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 13 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 14 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 15 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 16 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 17 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 18 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 19 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 20 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 21 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 22 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 23 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 24 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 25 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 26 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 27 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 28 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 29 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 30 | 4.4 | Bright |
Is April a good time to visit Guaranda?
Our two travel scores rate April for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
April is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Guaranda.
What to pack for Guaranda in April
From April's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In April, Guaranda sees daytime highs around 17°C and nights near 9°C. Pack rain gear. Worth having: a warm layer. About 30 days see rain.
UV index in Guaranda in April
Clear-sky midday UV in April peaks around 16 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Guaranda peaks around February 19 at about 19 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near July 15 at about 13 (extreme).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 18 | 19 | 19 | 16 | 15 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 14 | 14 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 18 | Extreme |
| Feb | 19 | Extreme |
| Mar | 19 | Extreme |
| Apr | 16 | Extreme |
| May | 15 | Extreme |
| Jun | 13 | Extreme |
| Jul | 13 | Extreme |
| Aug | 14 | Extreme |
| Sep | 15 | Extreme |
| Oct | 16 | Extreme |
| Nov | 14 | Extreme |
| Dec | 14 | Extreme |
Air quality in Guaranda in April
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where April falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Guaranda is worst in September — around 21 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 1.7× the cleanest month (July, 13 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 19 | 21 | 21 | 19 | 16 | 13 | 13 | 17 | 21 | 20 | 21 | 18 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 19 | Moderate |
| Feb | 21 | Moderate |
| Mar | 21 | Moderate |
| Apr | 19 | Moderate |
| May | 16 | Moderate |
| Jun | 13 | Moderate |
| Jul | 13 | Moderate |
| Aug | 17 | Moderate |
| Sep | 21 | Moderate |
| Oct | 20 | Moderate |
| Nov | 21 | Moderate |
| Dec | 18 | Moderate |
Where is Guaranda?
Guaranda sits at 1.6°S, 79.0°W, 2,806 m above sea level, in Ecuador. The nearest listed city is Riobamba, 39 km away.
Topography around Guaranda
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Guaranda.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Guaranda has large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 649 m around an average of 2,767 m above sea level; within 16 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 3,235 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 6,245 m.
The land around Guaranda is covered by grassland (33%), cropland (30%) and trees (23%) within 3 km, grassland (38%), cropland (31%) and trees (26%) within 16 km, and trees (41%) and grassland (36%) within 80 km.
Ecuador travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type A / B
- 120 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 43% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $7,125
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.1 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 70%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 45.7
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 20.1
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 466
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Guaranda (-1.5911°, -78.999°, elevation 2,806 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).