La Troncal weather in July

In July, La Troncal sees average daytime highs of 20°C and overnight lows near 15°C, with 279 mm of rain across 31 wet days and about 11.9 hours of daylight. It is the 11th-warmest and 11th-wettest month of the year here.

Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 20°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 2% of the time in July, and the air most often feels comfortable.

Daylight stretches from about 11 h 54 min at the start of July to 11 h 54 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, July is La Troncal's 2nd-clearest and 8th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see La Troncal's year-round climate.

Daytime high: 20°; 11th warmest
Overnight low: 15°; 3rd coldest
Rainfall: 279 mm; 31 wet days
Daylight: 11 h 54 min; 6:27 AM – 6:19 PM
Cloud cover: 77%; 2nd clearest
Wind: 3 km/h; 8th windiest
Solar energy: 3.65 kWh/m²
Travel score: 3.3; out of 10

La Troncal is city of Cañar Province, Ecuador.

Density: 6,492/km²; people per km²
Founded: 1975

Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.

← June La Troncal year-round climate August →Best places to visit in July

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Temperature in July

Average highAverage lowShaded bands: 10–90% of days

Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 20°C through the month.

A typical July day in La Troncal reaches about 20°C in the afternoon and slips back to 15°C overnight — a 5°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 18°C and 22°C. Set against its neighbours, July runs on par with June and on par with August.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Avg high (°C)	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20
Avg low (°C)	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	20	15
2	20	15
3	20	15
4	20	15
5	20	15
6	20	15
7	20	15
8	20	15
9	20	15
10	20	15
11	20	15
12	20	15
13	20	15
14	20	15
15	20	15
16	20	15
17	20	15
18	20	15
19	20	15
20	20	15
21	20	15
22	20	15
23	20	15
24	20	15
25	20	15
26	20	15
27	20	15
28	20	15
29	20	15
30	20	15
31	20	15

La Troncal weather by month

How July compares with the rest of the year at a glance. July is the 11th-warmest and 11th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.

Month	High / Low (°C)	Rainfall (mm)	Wet days	Daylight (hours)	Travel score
Jan	21° / 15°	490	30.8	12.1	3.2
Feb	21° / 16°	513	27.9	12.1	3.2
Mar	21° / 16°	607	30.8	12	3.2
Apr	21° / 16°	543	29.9	11.9	3.2
May	21° / 16°	488	30.8	11.9	3.3
Jun	20° / 15°	313	30	11.9	3.3
Jul	20° / 15°	279	31	11.9	3.3
Aug	20° / 14°	261	31	11.9	3.3
Sep	20° / 15°	321	30	12	3.2
Oct	20° / 15°	334	29.3	12.1	3.4
Nov	20° / 15°	304	27.1	12.1	3.5
Dec	20° / 15°	424	30.2	12.1	3.3

Cloud cover in July

ClearMostly clearPartly cloudyMostly cloudyOvercast

The sky is clear or mostly clear about 2% of the time in July.

Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 15% of July, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 84%.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Clearer (%)	12	12	11	11	11	11	12	12	12	13	13	14	15	15	16	17	17	18	19	19	19	19	20	20	20	20	20	20	22	22	22
Cloudier (%)	88	88	89	89	89	89	88	88	88	87	87	86	85	85	84	83	83	82	81	81	81	81	80	80	80	80	80	80	78	78	78

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	12	88
2	12	88
3	11	89
4	11	89
5	11	89
6	11	89
7	12	88
8	12	88
9	12	88
10	13	87
11	13	87
12	14	86
13	15	85
14	15	85
15	16	84
16	17	83
17	17	83
18	18	82
19	19	81
20	19	81
21	19	81
22	19	81
23	20	80
24	20	80
25	20	80
26	20	80
27	20	80
28	20	80
29	22	78
30	22	78
31	22	78

Chance of precipitation in July

Any precipitation

La Troncal gets around 279 mm of rain over 31 wet days in July. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.

Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 100% and peaks near 100% on the wettest days.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Rain chance (%)	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100

	Rain chance (%)
1	100
2	100
3	100
4	100
5	100
6	100
7	100
8	100
9	100
10	100
11	100
12	100
13	100
14	100
15	100
16	100
17	100
18	100
19	100
20	100
21	100
22	100
23	100
24	100
25	100
26	100
27	100
28	100
29	100
30	100
31	100

Humidity in July

DryComfortableHumidMuggyOppressiveMiserable

Most of July feels comfortable — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.

By dew point, July lands in the comfortable band about 78% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Dry (%)	1	1	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	3	3	3	3	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	3	3	3	4	4
Comfortable (%)	65	66	66	67	68	69	70	71	72	72	74	75	76	78	79	80	81	82	83	83	84	84	84	85	85	85	84	84	84	83	83
Humid (%)	34	33	32	31	30	29	28	27	26	25	23	22	21	20	19	18	17	16	15	15	14	14	14	13	13	13	13	13	13	13	13

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)
1	1	65	34
2	1	66	33
3	2	66	32
4	2	67	31
5	2	68	30
6	2	69	29
7	2	70	28
8	2	71	27
9	2	72	26
10	3	72	25
11	3	74	23
12	3	75	22
13	3	76	21
14	2	78	20
15	2	79	19
16	2	80	18
17	2	81	17
18	2	82	16
19	2	83	15
20	2	83	15
21	2	84	14
22	2	84	14
23	2	84	14
24	2	85	13
25	2	85	13
26	2	85	13
27	3	84	13
28	3	84	13
29	3	84	13
30	4	83	13
31	4	83	13

Wind in July

Winds average 3 km/h in July.

Across July, daily wind ranges from about 3 km/h on the calmest days to 3 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Wind speed (km/h)	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3
Feels	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm

	Wind speed (km/h)	Feels
1	3	calm
2	3	calm
3	3	calm
4	3	calm
5	3	calm
6	3	calm
7	3	calm
8	3	calm
9	3	calm
10	3	calm
11	3	calm
12	3	calm
13	3	calm
14	3	calm
15	3	calm
16	3	calm
17	3	calm
18	3	calm
19	3	calm
20	3	calm
21	3	calm
22	3	calm
23	3	calm
24	3	calm
25	3	calm
26	3	calm
27	3	calm
28	3	calm
29	3	calm
30	3	calm
31	3	calm

Sunrise & sunset in July

DaylightNight

Daylight runs from about 11 h 54 min at the start of July to 11 h 54 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.

Days grow by about 0 minutes over July. Sunrise moves from 6:25 AM to 6:27 AM, and sunset from 6:17 PM to 6:20 PM.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Daylight (h)	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9
Sunrise (AM)	6:25	6:25	6:25	6:25	6:26	6:26	6:26	6:26	6:26	6:26	6:26	6:26	6:27	6:27	6:27	6:27	6:27	6:27	6:27	6:27	6:27	6:27	6:27	6:27	6:27	6:27	6:27	6:27	6:27	6:27	6:27
Sunset (PM)	6:17	6:17	6:17	6:17	6:17	6:18	6:18	6:18	6:18	6:18	6:18	6:19	6:19	6:19	6:19	6:19	6:19	6:19	6:20	6:20	6:20	6:20	6:20	6:20	6:20	6:20	6:20	6:20	6:20	6:20	6:20

	Daylight (h)	Sunrise (AM)	Sunset (PM)
1	11.9	6:25	6:17
2	11.9	6:25	6:17
3	11.9	6:25	6:17
4	11.9	6:25	6:17
5	11.9	6:26	6:17
6	11.9	6:26	6:18
7	11.9	6:26	6:18
8	11.9	6:26	6:18
9	11.9	6:26	6:18
10	11.9	6:26	6:18
11	11.9	6:26	6:18
12	11.9	6:26	6:19
13	11.9	6:27	6:19
14	11.9	6:27	6:19
15	11.9	6:27	6:19
16	11.9	6:27	6:19
17	11.9	6:27	6:19
18	11.9	6:27	6:19
19	11.9	6:27	6:20
20	11.9	6:27	6:20
21	11.9	6:27	6:20
22	11.9	6:27	6:20
23	11.9	6:27	6:20
24	11.9	6:27	6:20
25	11.9	6:27	6:20
26	11.9	6:27	6:20
27	11.9	6:27	6:20
28	11.9	6:27	6:20
29	11.9	6:27	6:20
30	11.9	6:27	6:20
31	11.9	6:27	6:20

Solar energy in July

Daily solar energy (kWh/m²)

Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in July, about 3.65 kWh/m².

For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 3.47 kWh/m² to a high of 4.22 kWh/m² in September across the year — July's 3.65 kWh/m² sits near the bottom.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Solar energy (kWh/m²)	3.5	3.5	3.5	3.6	3.6	3.6	3.6	3.6	3.6	3.6	3.6	3.6	3.6	3.6	3.6	3.7	3.7	3.7	3.7	3.7	3.7	3.7	3.7	3.8	3.8	3.8	3.8	3.8	3.8	3.9	3.9
Level	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate

	Solar energy (kWh/m²)	Level
1	3.5	Moderate
2	3.5	Moderate
3	3.5	Moderate
4	3.6	Moderate
5	3.6	Moderate
6	3.6	Moderate
7	3.6	Moderate
8	3.6	Moderate
9	3.6	Moderate
10	3.6	Moderate
11	3.6	Moderate
12	3.6	Moderate
13	3.6	Moderate
14	3.6	Moderate
15	3.6	Moderate
16	3.7	Moderate
17	3.7	Moderate
18	3.7	Moderate
19	3.7	Moderate
20	3.7	Moderate
21	3.7	Moderate
22	3.7	Moderate
23	3.7	Moderate
24	3.8	Moderate
25	3.8	Moderate
26	3.8	Moderate
27	3.8	Moderate
28	3.8	Moderate
29	3.8	Moderate
30	3.9	Moderate
31	3.9	Moderate

Planning a trip in July

Is July a good time to visit La Troncal?

Our two travel scores rate July for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).

3.3

Sightseeing

3rd-best month of the year

1.6

Beach & pool

11th-best month of the year

July is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in La Troncal.

What to pack for La Troncal in July

From July's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.

In July, La Troncal sees daytime highs around 20°C and nights near 15°C. Pack rain gear. About 31 days see rain.

rain gear

UV index in La Troncal in July

LowModerateHighVery highExtreme

Clear-sky midday UV in July peaks around 11 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.

Under clear skies, the midday UV index in La Troncal peaks around March 11 at about 16 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near July 16 at about 11 (extreme).

The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.

	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
UV index (midday)	15	16	16	14	14	11	11	11	13	14	13	12
Level	Extreme	Extreme	Extreme	Extreme	Extreme	Extreme	Extreme	Extreme	Extreme	Extreme	Extreme	Extreme

	UV index (midday)	Level
Jan	15	Extreme
Feb	16	Extreme
Mar	16	Extreme
Apr	14	Extreme
May	14	Extreme
Jun	11	Extreme
Jul	11	Extreme
Aug	11	Extreme
Sep	13	Extreme
Oct	14	Extreme
Nov	13	Extreme
Dec	12	Extreme

Air quality in La Troncal in July

GoodModeratePoorUnhealthyVery unhealthy

Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where July falls, not just the annual average.

Air quality in La Troncal is worst in November — around 35 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 1.6× the cleanest month (February, 22 µg/m³).

Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).

	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
PM2.5 (µg/m³)	23	22	23	24	25	27	29	29	31	27	35	28
Level	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate

	PM2.5 (µg/m³)	Level
Jan	23	Moderate
Feb	22	Moderate
Mar	23	Moderate
Apr	24	Moderate
May	25	Moderate
Jun	27	Moderate
Jul	29	Moderate
Aug	29	Moderate
Sep	31	Moderate
Oct	27	Moderate
Nov	35	Moderate
Dec	28	Moderate

Location & terrain

Where is La Troncal?

La Troncal sits at 2.4°S, 79.3°W, 480 m above sea level, in Ecuador. The nearest listed city is Naranjito, 31 km away.

Topography around La Troncal

How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of La Troncal.

Within 3 km, the terrain around La Troncal has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 121 m around an average of 83 m above sea level; within 16 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,775 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 4,505 m.

The land around La Troncal is covered by trees (44%) and grassland (30%) within 3 km, trees (63%) and grassland (25%) within 16 km, and trees (35%) and grassland (35%) within 80 km.

3 km

121 m

trees 44%

16 km

1,775 m

trees 63%

80 km

4,505 m

trees 35%

treesshrubsgrasslandcroplandartificial surfacesbare terrainwaterwetlandmangroves

← June La Troncal year-round climate August →Best places to visit in July

July weather nearby: Naranjito 31 km · Naranjal 41 km · Milagro 43 km · Yaguachi Nuevo 53 km · Eloy Alfaro 62 km · Cuenca 65 km · Azogues 65 km · Guayaquil 66 km

Ecuador travel facts

Travel advisory: Level 2; Exercise Increased Caution
Power plugs: Type A / B; 120 V · 60 Hz
Prices: ≈ 43% of US; price level, 2025
GDP per capita: $7,125; 2025
Happiness: 6.1 / 10; World Happiness, 2025
Safe drinking water: 70%; of population, 2024
Homicide rate: 45.7; per 100k, 2023
Road deaths: 20.1; per 100k/yr, 2019
Income group: Upper middle; World Bank
English: Low; EF EPI 466
Religion

Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.

Data sources

Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for La Troncal (-2.4247°, -79.3416°, elevation 480 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	20	15
2	20	15
3	20	15
4	20	15
5	20	15
6	20	15
7	20	15
8	20	15
9	20	15
10	20	15
11	20	15
12	20	15
13	20	15
14	20	15
15	20	15
16	20	15
17	20	15
18	20	15
19	20	15
20	20	15
21	20	15
22	20	15
23	20	15
24	20	15
25	20	15
26	20	15
27	20	15
28	20	15
29	20	15
30	20	15
31	20	15

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	12	88
2	12	88
3	11	89
4	11	89
5	11	89
6	11	89
7	12	88
8	12	88
9	12	88
10	13	87
11	13	87
12	14	86
13	15	85
14	15	85
15	16	84
16	17	83
17	17	83
18	18	82
19	19	81
20	19	81
21	19	81
22	19	81
23	20	80
24	20	80
25	20	80
26	20	80
27	20	80
28	20	80
29	22	78
30	22	78
31	22	78

	Rain chance (%)
1	100
2	100
3	100
4	100
5	100
6	100
7	100
8	100
9	100
10	100
11	100
12	100
13	100
14	100
15	100
16	100
17	100
18	100
19	100
20	100
21	100
22	100
23	100
24	100
25	100
26	100
27	100
28	100
29	100
30	100
31	100

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)
1	1	65	34
2	1	66	33
3	2	66	32
4	2	67	31
5	2	68	30
6	2	69	29
7	2	70	28
8	2	71	27
9	2	72	26
10	3	72	25
11	3	74	23
12	3	75	22
13	3	76	21
14	2	78	20
15	2	79	19
16	2	80	18
17	2	81	17
18	2	82	16
19	2	83	15
20	2	83	15
21	2	84	14
22	2	84	14
23	2	84	14
24	2	85	13
25	2	85	13
26	2	85	13
27	3	84	13
28	3	84	13
29	3	84	13
30	4	83	13
31	4	83	13

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	20	15
2	20	15
3	20	15
4	20	15
5	20	15
6	20	15
7	20	15
8	20	15
9	20	15
10	20	15
11	20	15
12	20	15
13	20	15
14	20	15
15	20	15
16	20	15
17	20	15
18	20	15
19	20	15
20	20	15
21	20	15
22	20	15
23	20	15
24	20	15
25	20	15
26	20	15
27	20	15
28	20	15
29	20	15
30	20	15
31	20	15

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	12	88
2	12	88
3	11	89
4	11	89
5	11	89
6	11	89
7	12	88
8	12	88
9	12	88
10	13	87
11	13	87
12	14	86
13	15	85
14	15	85
15	16	84
16	17	83
17	17	83
18	18	82
19	19	81
20	19	81
21	19	81
22	19	81
23	20	80
24	20	80
25	20	80
26	20	80
27	20	80
28	20	80
29	22	78
30	22	78
31	22	78

	Rain chance (%)
1	100
2	100
3	100
4	100
5	100
6	100
7	100
8	100
9	100
10	100
11	100
12	100
13	100
14	100
15	100
16	100
17	100
18	100
19	100
20	100
21	100
22	100
23	100
24	100
25	100
26	100
27	100
28	100
29	100
30	100
31	100

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)
1	1	65	34
2	1	66	33
3	2	66	32
4	2	67	31
5	2	68	30
6	2	69	29
7	2	70	28
8	2	71	27
9	2	72	26
10	3	72	25
11	3	74	23
12	3	75	22
13	3	76	21
14	2	78	20
15	2	79	19
16	2	80	18
17	2	81	17
18	2	82	16
19	2	83	15
20	2	83	15
21	2	84	14
22	2	84	14
23	2	84	14
24	2	85	13
25	2	85	13
26	2	85	13
27	3	84	13
28	3	84	13
29	3	84	13
30	4	83	13
31	4	83	13

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	20	15
2	20	15
3	20	15
4	20	15
5	20	15
6	20	15
7	20	15
8	20	15
9	20	15
10	20	15
11	20	15
12	20	15
13	20	15
14	20	15
15	20	15
16	20	15
17	20	15
18	20	15
19	20	15
20	20	15
21	20	15
22	20	15
23	20	15
24	20	15
25	20	15
26	20	15
27	20	15
28	20	15
29	20	15
30	20	15
31	20	15

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	12	88
2	12	88
3	11	89
4	11	89
5	11	89
6	11	89
7	12	88
8	12	88
9	12	88
10	13	87
11	13	87
12	14	86
13	15	85
14	15	85
15	16	84
16	17	83
17	17	83
18	18	82
19	19	81
20	19	81
21	19	81
22	19	81
23	20	80
24	20	80
25	20	80
26	20	80
27	20	80
28	20	80
29	22	78
30	22	78
31	22	78

	Rain chance (%)
1	100
2	100
3	100
4	100
5	100
6	100
7	100
8	100
9	100
10	100
11	100
12	100
13	100
14	100
15	100
16	100
17	100
18	100
19	100
20	100
21	100
22	100
23	100
24	100
25	100
26	100
27	100
28	100
29	100
30	100
31	100

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)
1	1	65	34
2	1	66	33
3	2	66	32
4	2	67	31
5	2	68	30
6	2	69	29
7	2	70	28
8	2	71	27
9	2	72	26
10	3	72	25
11	3	74	23
12	3	75	22
13	3	76	21
14	2	78	20
15	2	79	19
16	2	80	18
17	2	81	17
18	2	82	16
19	2	83	15
20	2	83	15
21	2	84	14
22	2	84	14
23	2	84	14
24	2	85	13
25	2	85	13
26	2	85	13
27	3	84	13
28	3	84	13
29	3	84	13
30	4	83	13
31	4	83	13