Latacunga weather in November
In November, Latacunga sees average daytime highs of 14°C and overnight lows near 5°C, with 182 mm of rain across 26.3 wet days and about 12 hours of daylight. It is the 1st-warmest and 4th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 14°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 1% of the time in November, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 12 hours at the start of November to 12 hours by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, November is Latacunga's 9th-clearest and 12th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Latacunga's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 14°
- 1st warmest
- Overnight low
- 5°
- 7th coldest
- Rainfall
- 182 mm
- 26.3 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 hours
- 5:58 AM – 6:01 PM
- Cloud cover
- 87%
- 9th clearest
- Wind
- 5 km/h
- 12th windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.13 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 2.4
- out of 10
Latacunga is city in Ecuador, capital of the Cotopaxi Province.
- Air quality
- Good
- PM10 28.4 µg/m³ · 2012
- Density
- 6,019/km²
- people per km²
- Founded
- 1584
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in November
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 14°C through the month.
A typical November day in Latacunga reaches about 14°C in the afternoon and slips back to 5°C overnight — a 9°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 12°C and 16°C. Set against its neighbours, November runs on par with October and on par with December.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 |
| Avg low (°C) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 14 | 5 |
| 2 | 14 | 5 |
| 3 | 14 | 5 |
| 4 | 14 | 5 |
| 5 | 14 | 5 |
| 6 | 14 | 5 |
| 7 | 14 | 5 |
| 8 | 14 | 5 |
| 9 | 14 | 5 |
| 10 | 14 | 5 |
| 11 | 14 | 5 |
| 12 | 14 | 5 |
| 13 | 14 | 5 |
| 14 | 14 | 5 |
| 15 | 14 | 5 |
| 16 | 14 | 5 |
| 17 | 14 | 5 |
| 18 | 14 | 5 |
| 19 | 14 | 5 |
| 20 | 14 | 6 |
| 21 | 14 | 6 |
| 22 | 14 | 6 |
| 23 | 14 | 6 |
| 24 | 14 | 6 |
| 25 | 14 | 6 |
| 26 | 14 | 6 |
| 27 | 14 | 6 |
| 28 | 14 | 6 |
| 29 | 14 | 6 |
| 30 | 14 | 6 |
Latacunga weather by month
How November compares with the rest of the year at a glance. November is the 1st-warmest and 4th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 14° / 6° | 163 | 26.2 | 12 | 2.4 |
| Feb | 14° / 6° | 179 | 24.8 | 12 | 2.3 |
| Mar | 14° / 6° | 229 | 29.6 | 12 | 2.1 |
| Apr | 14° / 6° | 205 | 29 | 12 | 2.1 |
| May | 13° / 5° | 153 | 28.1 | 12 | 2.2 |
| Jun | 12° / 4° | 119 | 24.6 | 11.9 | 2.1 |
| Jul | 12° / 4° | 110 | 23.7 | 12 | 2.0 |
| Aug | 12° / 3° | 78 | 19.7 | 12 | 2.4 |
| Sep | 13° / 4° | 96 | 22.1 | 12 | 2.5 |
| Oct | 14° / 5° | 153 | 26.4 | 12 | 2.4 |
| Nov | 14° / 5° | 182 | 26.3 | 12 | 2.4 |
| Dec | 14° / 6° | 182 | 27.5 | 12.1 | 2.3 |
Cloud cover in November
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 1% of the time in November.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 4% of November, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 95%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| Cloudier (%) | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4 | 96 |
| 2 | 4 | 96 |
| 3 | 4 | 96 |
| 4 | 4 | 96 |
| 5 | 4 | 96 |
| 6 | 4 | 96 |
| 7 | 5 | 95 |
| 8 | 5 | 95 |
| 9 | 5 | 95 |
| 10 | 5 | 95 |
| 11 | 5 | 95 |
| 12 | 5 | 95 |
| 13 | 5 | 95 |
| 14 | 5 | 95 |
| 15 | 5 | 95 |
| 16 | 5 | 95 |
| 17 | 5 | 95 |
| 18 | 5 | 95 |
| 19 | 5 | 95 |
| 20 | 6 | 94 |
| 21 | 6 | 94 |
| 22 | 6 | 94 |
| 23 | 6 | 94 |
| 24 | 6 | 94 |
| 25 | 6 | 94 |
| 26 | 6 | 94 |
| 27 | 6 | 94 |
| 28 | 6 | 94 |
| 29 | 6 | 94 |
| 30 | 6 | 94 |
Chance of precipitation in November
Latacunga gets around 182 mm of rain over 26.3 wet days in November. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 88% and peaks near 88% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 87 | 87 | 87 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 88 | 88 | 88 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 87 |
| 2 | 87 |
| 3 | 87 |
| 4 | 88 |
| 5 | 88 |
| 6 | 88 |
| 7 | 88 |
| 8 | 88 |
| 9 | 88 |
| 10 | 88 |
| 11 | 88 |
| 12 | 88 |
| 13 | 88 |
| 14 | 88 |
| 15 | 88 |
| 16 | 87 |
| 17 | 87 |
| 18 | 87 |
| 19 | 87 |
| 20 | 87 |
| 21 | 87 |
| 22 | 87 |
| 23 | 87 |
| 24 | 87 |
| 25 | 87 |
| 26 | 87 |
| 27 | 87 |
| 28 | 88 |
| 29 | 88 |
| 30 | 88 |
Humidity in November
Most of November feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, November lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
| 29 | 100 |
| 30 | 100 |
Wind in November
Winds average 5 km/h in November, the calmest month.
Across November, daily wind ranges from about 5 km/h on the calmest days to 6 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6 | calm |
| 2 | 5 | calm |
| 3 | 5 | calm |
| 4 | 5 | calm |
| 5 | 5 | calm |
| 6 | 5 | calm |
| 7 | 5 | calm |
| 8 | 5 | calm |
| 9 | 5 | calm |
| 10 | 5 | calm |
| 11 | 5 | calm |
| 12 | 5 | calm |
| 13 | 5 | calm |
| 14 | 5 | calm |
| 15 | 5 | calm |
| 16 | 5 | calm |
| 17 | 5 | calm |
| 18 | 5 | calm |
| 19 | 5 | calm |
| 20 | 5 | calm |
| 21 | 5 | calm |
| 22 | 5 | calm |
| 23 | 5 | calm |
| 24 | 5 | calm |
| 25 | 5 | calm |
| 26 | 5 | calm |
| 27 | 5 | calm |
| 28 | 5 | calm |
| 29 | 5 | calm |
| 30 | 5 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in November
Daylight runs from about 12 hours at the start of November to 12 hours by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 0 minutes over November. Sunrise moves from 5:57 AM to 6:02 AM, and sunset from 5:59 PM to 6:05 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 5:57 | 5:57 | 5:57 | 5:57 | 5:57 | 5:57 | 5:57 | 5:57 | 5:57 | 5:57 | 5:58 | 5:58 | 5:58 | 5:58 | 5:58 | 5:58 | 5:59 | 5:59 | 5:59 | 5:59 | 6:00 | 6:00 | 6:00 | 6:00 | 6:01 | 6:01 | 6:01 | 6:02 | 6:02 | 6:02 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:59 | 5:59 | 5:59 | 5:59 | 5:59 | 5:59 | 5:59 | 6:00 | 6:00 | 6:00 | 6:00 | 6:00 | 6:00 | 6:01 | 6:01 | 6:01 | 6:01 | 6:01 | 6:02 | 6:02 | 6:02 | 6:03 | 6:03 | 6:03 | 6:04 | 6:04 | 6:04 | 6:05 | 6:05 | 6:05 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.0 | 5:57 | 5:59 |
| 2 | 12.0 | 5:57 | 5:59 |
| 3 | 12.0 | 5:57 | 5:59 |
| 4 | 12.0 | 5:57 | 5:59 |
| 5 | 12.0 | 5:57 | 5:59 |
| 6 | 12.0 | 5:57 | 5:59 |
| 7 | 12.0 | 5:57 | 5:59 |
| 8 | 12.0 | 5:57 | 6:00 |
| 9 | 12.0 | 5:57 | 6:00 |
| 10 | 12.0 | 5:57 | 6:00 |
| 11 | 12.0 | 5:58 | 6:00 |
| 12 | 12.0 | 5:58 | 6:00 |
| 13 | 12.0 | 5:58 | 6:00 |
| 14 | 12.0 | 5:58 | 6:01 |
| 15 | 12.0 | 5:58 | 6:01 |
| 16 | 12.0 | 5:58 | 6:01 |
| 17 | 12.0 | 5:59 | 6:01 |
| 18 | 12.0 | 5:59 | 6:01 |
| 19 | 12.0 | 5:59 | 6:02 |
| 20 | 12.0 | 5:59 | 6:02 |
| 21 | 12.0 | 6:00 | 6:02 |
| 22 | 12.0 | 6:00 | 6:03 |
| 23 | 12.0 | 6:00 | 6:03 |
| 24 | 12.0 | 6:00 | 6:03 |
| 25 | 12.0 | 6:01 | 6:04 |
| 26 | 12.0 | 6:01 | 6:04 |
| 27 | 12.0 | 6:01 | 6:04 |
| 28 | 12.0 | 6:02 | 6:05 |
| 29 | 12.0 | 6:02 | 6:05 |
| 30 | 12.0 | 6:02 | 6:05 |
Solar energy in November
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in November, about 5.13 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.62 kWh/m² to a high of 5.85 kWh/m² in September across the year — November's 5.13 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 29 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 30 | 5.0 | Bright |
Is November a good time to visit Latacunga?
Our two travel scores rate November for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
November is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Latacunga.
What to pack for Latacunga in November
From November's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In November, Latacunga sees daytime highs around 14°C and nights near 5°C. Pack rain gear. Worth having: a warm layer and sun protection. About 26 days see rain.
UV index in Latacunga in November
Clear-sky midday UV in November peaks around 13 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Latacunga peaks around February 21 at about 19 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near July 14 at about 13 (extreme).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 17 | 19 | 18 | 15 | 15 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 13 | 14 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 17 | Extreme |
| Feb | 19 | Extreme |
| Mar | 18 | Extreme |
| Apr | 15 | Extreme |
| May | 15 | Extreme |
| Jun | 13 | Extreme |
| Jul | 13 | Extreme |
| Aug | 14 | Extreme |
| Sep | 15 | Extreme |
| Oct | 16 | Extreme |
| Nov | 13 | Extreme |
| Dec | 14 | Extreme |
Air quality in Latacunga in November
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where November falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Latacunga is worst in September — around 26 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), and holds fairly steady the rest of the year.
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 23 | 25 | 25 | 23 | 21 | 18 | 17 | 20 | 26 | 24 | 24 | 23 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 23 | Moderate |
| Feb | 25 | Moderate |
| Mar | 25 | Moderate |
| Apr | 23 | Moderate |
| May | 21 | Moderate |
| Jun | 18 | Moderate |
| Jul | 17 | Moderate |
| Aug | 20 | Moderate |
| Sep | 26 | Moderate |
| Oct | 24 | Moderate |
| Nov | 24 | Moderate |
| Dec | 23 | Moderate |
Where is Latacunga?
Latacunga sits at 0.9°S, 78.6°W, 2,770 m above sea level, in Ecuador. The nearest listed city is Pujilí, 9.0 km away.
Topography around Latacunga
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Latacunga.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Latacunga has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 210 m around an average of 2,808 m above sea level; within 16 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,619 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 6,163 m.
The land around Latacunga is covered by grassland (44%) and artificial surfaces (42%) within 3 km, grassland (51%) and cropland (31%) within 16 km, and trees (51%) and grassland (32%) within 80 km.
Ecuador travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type A / B
- 120 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 43% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $7,125
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.1 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 70%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 45.7
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 20.1
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 466
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Latacunga (-0.9342°, -78.6152°, elevation 2,770 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).