Macas weather in February
In February, Macas sees average daytime highs of 24°C and overnight lows near 17°C, with 335 mm of rain across 25.5 wet days and about 12.1 hours of daylight. It is the 3rd-warmest and 6th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 24°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 1% of the time in February, and the air most often feels humid.
Daylight stretches from about 12 h 06 min at the start of February to 12 hours by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Macas's 10th-clearest and 3rd-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Macas's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 24°
- 3rd warmest
- Overnight low
- 17°
- 11th coldest
- Rainfall
- 335 mm
- 25.5 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 06 min
- 6:25 AM – 6:29 PM
- Cloud cover
- 87%
- 10th clearest
- Wind
- 4 km/h
- 3rd windiest
- Solar energy
- 4.45 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 3.9
- out of 10
Macas is city in Ecuador, capital of the Morona-Santiago Province.
- Density
- 1,992/km²
- people per km²
- Founded
- 1563
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 24°C through the month.
A typical February day in Macas reaches about 24°C in the afternoon and slips back to 17°C overnight — a 7°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 22°C and 26°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs on par with January and on par with March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 |
| Avg low (°C) | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 24 | 17 |
| 2 | 24 | 17 |
| 3 | 24 | 17 |
| 4 | 24 | 17 |
| 5 | 24 | 17 |
| 6 | 24 | 17 |
| 7 | 24 | 17 |
| 8 | 24 | 17 |
| 9 | 24 | 17 |
| 10 | 24 | 17 |
| 11 | 24 | 17 |
| 12 | 24 | 17 |
| 13 | 24 | 17 |
| 14 | 24 | 17 |
| 15 | 24 | 17 |
| 16 | 24 | 17 |
| 17 | 24 | 17 |
| 18 | 24 | 17 |
| 19 | 24 | 17 |
| 20 | 24 | 17 |
| 21 | 24 | 17 |
| 22 | 24 | 17 |
| 23 | 24 | 17 |
| 24 | 24 | 17 |
| 25 | 24 | 17 |
| 26 | 24 | 17 |
| 27 | 24 | 17 |
| 28 | 24 | 17 |
Macas weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 3rd-warmest and 6th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 24° / 17° | 303 | 27.6 | 12.1 | 4.0 |
| Feb | 24° / 17° | 335 | 25.5 | 12.1 | 3.9 |
| Mar | 24° / 17° | 382 | 30.5 | 12 | 3.5 |
| Apr | 24° / 17° | 390 | 29 | 12 | 3.6 |
| May | 24° / 17° | 429 | 29.8 | 11.9 | 3.7 |
| Jun | 23° / 16° | 403 | 28.9 | 11.9 | 3.6 |
| Jul | 22° / 15° | 369 | 29.1 | 11.9 | 3.7 |
| Aug | 23° / 15° | 293 | 27.8 | 11.9 | 4.0 |
| Sep | 24° / 16° | 263 | 28.2 | 12 | 3.9 |
| Oct | 24° / 16° | 290 | 30.2 | 12.1 | 3.7 |
| Nov | 24° / 17° | 309 | 29 | 12.1 | 3.6 |
| Dec | 24° / 17° | 314 | 29.3 | 12.1 | 3.8 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 1% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 4% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 95%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 9 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Cloudier (%) | 91 | 91 | 92 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 94 | 93 | 93 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 95 | 95 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9 | 91 |
| 2 | 9 | 91 |
| 3 | 8 | 92 |
| 4 | 7 | 93 |
| 5 | 7 | 93 |
| 6 | 7 | 93 |
| 7 | 7 | 93 |
| 8 | 6 | 94 |
| 9 | 7 | 93 |
| 10 | 7 | 93 |
| 11 | 6 | 94 |
| 12 | 6 | 94 |
| 13 | 6 | 94 |
| 14 | 5 | 95 |
| 15 | 5 | 95 |
| 16 | 4 | 96 |
| 17 | 4 | 96 |
| 18 | 4 | 96 |
| 19 | 3 | 97 |
| 20 | 3 | 97 |
| 21 | 3 | 97 |
| 22 | 2 | 98 |
| 23 | 2 | 98 |
| 24 | 2 | 98 |
| 25 | 2 | 98 |
| 26 | 2 | 98 |
| 27 | 2 | 98 |
| 28 | 2 | 98 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Macas gets around 335 mm of rain over 25.5 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 91% and peaks near 97% on the wettest days. The odds climb toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 91 | 91 | 92 | 93 | 93 | 94 | 94 | 95 | 95 | 96 | 96 | 97 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 88 |
| 2 | 88 |
| 3 | 88 |
| 4 | 88 |
| 5 | 88 |
| 6 | 88 |
| 7 | 88 |
| 8 | 89 |
| 9 | 89 |
| 10 | 89 |
| 11 | 89 |
| 12 | 89 |
| 13 | 89 |
| 14 | 90 |
| 15 | 90 |
| 16 | 90 |
| 17 | 91 |
| 18 | 91 |
| 19 | 92 |
| 20 | 93 |
| 21 | 93 |
| 22 | 94 |
| 23 | 94 |
| 24 | 95 |
| 25 | 95 |
| 26 | 96 |
| 27 | 96 |
| 28 | 97 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels humid — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the humid band about 80% of days. Sticky, muggy-or-worse air turns up on roughly 14% of them.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Comfortable (%) | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Humid (%) | 81 | 81 | 80 | 79 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 80 | 80 | 81 | 81 | 82 | 82 | 83 | 82 | 82 | 83 | 82 | 82 | 82 |
| Muggy (%) | 12 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 16 |
| Comfortable (%) | Humid (%) | Muggy (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7 | 81 | 12 |
| 2 | 7 | 81 | 12 |
| 3 | 7 | 80 | 13 |
| 4 | 8 | 79 | 13 |
| 5 | 8 | 78 | 14 |
| 6 | 8 | 78 | 14 |
| 7 | 8 | 78 | 14 |
| 8 | 8 | 78 | 14 |
| 9 | 8 | 78 | 14 |
| 10 | 8 | 78 | 14 |
| 11 | 8 | 78 | 14 |
| 12 | 8 | 78 | 14 |
| 13 | 7 | 79 | 14 |
| 14 | 7 | 79 | 14 |
| 15 | 7 | 79 | 14 |
| 16 | 6 | 80 | 14 |
| 17 | 6 | 80 | 14 |
| 18 | 5 | 81 | 14 |
| 19 | 5 | 81 | 14 |
| 20 | 4 | 82 | 14 |
| 21 | 4 | 82 | 14 |
| 22 | 3 | 83 | 14 |
| 23 | 3 | 82 | 15 |
| 24 | 3 | 82 | 15 |
| 25 | 2 | 83 | 15 |
| 26 | 2 | 82 | 16 |
| 27 | 2 | 82 | 16 |
| 28 | 2 | 82 | 16 |
Wind in February
Winds average 4 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 4 km/h on the calmest days to 4 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4 | calm |
| 2 | 4 | calm |
| 3 | 4 | calm |
| 4 | 4 | calm |
| 5 | 4 | calm |
| 6 | 4 | calm |
| 7 | 4 | calm |
| 8 | 4 | calm |
| 9 | 4 | calm |
| 10 | 4 | calm |
| 11 | 4 | calm |
| 12 | 4 | calm |
| 13 | 4 | calm |
| 14 | 4 | calm |
| 15 | 4 | calm |
| 16 | 4 | calm |
| 17 | 4 | calm |
| 18 | 4 | calm |
| 19 | 4 | calm |
| 20 | 4 | calm |
| 21 | 4 | calm |
| 22 | 4 | calm |
| 23 | 4 | calm |
| 24 | 4 | calm |
| 25 | 4 | calm |
| 26 | 4 | calm |
| 27 | 4 | calm |
| 28 | 4 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 12 h 06 min at the start of February to 12 hours by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 6 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 6:23 AM to 6:24 AM, and sunset from 6:29 PM to 6:27 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.0 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:24 | 6:24 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:30 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:27 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.1 | 6:23 | 6:29 |
| 2 | 12.1 | 6:23 | 6:29 |
| 3 | 12.1 | 6:23 | 6:29 |
| 4 | 12.1 | 6:24 | 6:29 |
| 5 | 12.1 | 6:24 | 6:29 |
| 6 | 12.1 | 6:24 | 6:29 |
| 7 | 12.1 | 6:24 | 6:29 |
| 8 | 12.1 | 6:24 | 6:29 |
| 9 | 12.1 | 6:24 | 6:29 |
| 10 | 12.1 | 6:24 | 6:30 |
| 11 | 12.1 | 6:25 | 6:29 |
| 12 | 12.1 | 6:25 | 6:29 |
| 13 | 12.1 | 6:25 | 6:29 |
| 14 | 12.1 | 6:25 | 6:29 |
| 15 | 12.1 | 6:25 | 6:29 |
| 16 | 12.1 | 6:25 | 6:29 |
| 17 | 12.1 | 6:25 | 6:29 |
| 18 | 12.1 | 6:25 | 6:29 |
| 19 | 12.1 | 6:25 | 6:29 |
| 20 | 12.1 | 6:25 | 6:29 |
| 21 | 12.1 | 6:25 | 6:29 |
| 22 | 12.1 | 6:25 | 6:29 |
| 23 | 12.1 | 6:25 | 6:28 |
| 24 | 12.1 | 6:25 | 6:28 |
| 25 | 12.1 | 6:25 | 6:28 |
| 26 | 12.1 | 6:25 | 6:28 |
| 27 | 12.1 | 6:24 | 6:28 |
| 28 | 12.0 | 6:24 | 6:27 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 4.45 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 3.45 kWh/m² to a high of 5.07 kWh/m² in October across the year — February's 4.45 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.3 | 4.3 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 2 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 3 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 4 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 5 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 6 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 7 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 8 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 9 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 10 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 11 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 12 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 13 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 14 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 15 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 16 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 17 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 18 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 19 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 20 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 21 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 22 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 23 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 24 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 25 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 26 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 27 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 28 | 4.3 | Bright |
Is February a good time to visit Macas?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Macas.
What to pack for Macas in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Macas sees daytime highs around 24°C and nights near 17°C. Pack rain gear. Worth having: light clothes. About 26 days see rain.
UV index in Macas in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 16 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Macas peaks around February 17 at about 16 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near August 12 at about 11 (extreme).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 15 | 16 | 16 | 12 | 14 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 13 | 14 | 12 | 12 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 15 | Extreme |
| Feb | 16 | Extreme |
| Mar | 16 | Extreme |
| Apr | 12 | Extreme |
| May | 14 | Extreme |
| Jun | 12 | Extreme |
| Jul | 11 | Extreme |
| Aug | 11 | Extreme |
| Sep | 13 | Extreme |
| Oct | 14 | Extreme |
| Nov | 12 | Extreme |
| Dec | 12 | Extreme |
Air quality in Macas in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Macas is worst in February — around 29 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 2.4× the cleanest month (July, 12 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 24 | 29 | 27 | 22 | 18 | 14 | 12 | 20 | 18 | 21 | 19 | 20 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 24 | Moderate |
| Feb | 29 | Moderate |
| Mar | 27 | Moderate |
| Apr | 22 | Moderate |
| May | 18 | Moderate |
| Jun | 14 | Moderate |
| Jul | 12 | Moderate |
| Aug | 20 | Moderate |
| Sep | 18 | Moderate |
| Oct | 21 | Moderate |
| Nov | 19 | Moderate |
| Dec | 20 | Moderate |
Where is Macas?
Macas sits at 2.3°S, 78.1°W, 1,315 m above sea level, in Ecuador. The nearest listed city is Guamote, 78 km away.
Topography around Macas
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Macas.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Macas has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 570 m around an average of 1,028 m above sea level; within 16 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,203 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 5,093 m.
The land around Macas is covered by trees (70%) within 3 km, trees (94%) within 16 km, and trees (83%) within 80 km.
Ecuador travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type A / B
- 120 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 43% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $7,125
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.1 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 70%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 45.7
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 20.1
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 466
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Macas (-2.3074°, -78.1203°, elevation 1,315 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).