Machachi weather in September
In September, Machachi sees average daytime highs of 16°C and overnight lows near 7°C, with 99 mm of rain across 25.5 wet days and about 12 hours of daylight. It is the 1st-warmest and 9th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 16°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 3% of the time in September, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 12 hours at the start of September to 12 hours by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, September is Machachi's 3rd-clearest and 4th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Machachi's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 16°
- 1st warmest
- Overnight low
- 7°
- 3rd coldest
- Rainfall
- 99 mm
- 25.5 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 hours
- 6:09 AM – 6:09 PM
- Cloud cover
- 78%
- 3rd clearest
- Wind
- 6 km/h
- 4th windiest
- Solar energy
- 5 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 2.9
- out of 10
Machachi is city of Pichincha Province, Ecuador.
- Density
- 4,225/km²
- people per km²
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in September
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 16°C through the month.
A typical September day in Machachi reaches about 16°C in the afternoon and slips back to 7°C overnight — a 9°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 14°C and 17°C. Set against its neighbours, September runs on par with August and on par with October.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 |
| Avg low (°C) | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 15 | 7 |
| 2 | 15 | 7 |
| 3 | 15 | 7 |
| 4 | 15 | 7 |
| 5 | 15 | 7 |
| 6 | 15 | 7 |
| 7 | 15 | 7 |
| 8 | 15 | 7 |
| 9 | 16 | 7 |
| 10 | 16 | 7 |
| 11 | 16 | 7 |
| 12 | 16 | 7 |
| 13 | 16 | 7 |
| 14 | 16 | 7 |
| 15 | 16 | 7 |
| 16 | 16 | 7 |
| 17 | 16 | 7 |
| 18 | 16 | 7 |
| 19 | 16 | 7 |
| 20 | 16 | 7 |
| 21 | 16 | 7 |
| 22 | 16 | 7 |
| 23 | 16 | 7 |
| 24 | 16 | 7 |
| 25 | 16 | 7 |
| 26 | 16 | 7 |
| 27 | 16 | 7 |
| 28 | 16 | 7 |
| 29 | 16 | 7 |
| 30 | 16 | 7 |
Machachi weather by month
How September compares with the rest of the year at a glance. September is the 1st-warmest and 9th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 15° / 7° | 181 | 27.7 | 12 | 2.6 |
| Feb | 15° / 7° | 185 | 25.5 | 12 | 2.5 |
| Mar | 15° / 7° | 232 | 29.1 | 12 | 2.4 |
| Apr | 15° / 7° | 223 | 29.1 | 12 | 2.4 |
| May | 15° / 7° | 157 | 28.8 | 12 | 2.5 |
| Jun | 15° / 7° | 94 | 24.8 | 12 | 2.7 |
| Jul | 15° / 6° | 81 | 24.1 | 12 | 2.9 |
| Aug | 15° / 6° | 65 | 23.1 | 12 | 3.1 |
| Sep | 16° / 7° | 99 | 25.5 | 12 | 2.9 |
| Oct | 15° / 7° | 161 | 28 | 12 | 2.7 |
| Nov | 15° / 7° | 197 | 27.2 | 12 | 2.5 |
| Dec | 15° / 7° | 200 | 28.7 | 12 | 2.5 |
Cloud cover in September
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 3% of the time in September.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 16% of September, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 81%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 23 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 24 | 23 | 22 | 21 | 19 | 18 | 17 | 17 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 12 |
| Cloudier (%) | 77 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 77 | 76 | 77 | 78 | 79 | 81 | 82 | 83 | 83 | 84 | 85 | 85 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 88 | 88 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 23 | 77 |
| 2 | 24 | 76 |
| 3 | 24 | 76 |
| 4 | 24 | 76 |
| 5 | 24 | 76 |
| 6 | 24 | 76 |
| 7 | 24 | 76 |
| 8 | 24 | 76 |
| 9 | 23 | 77 |
| 10 | 24 | 76 |
| 11 | 23 | 77 |
| 12 | 22 | 78 |
| 13 | 21 | 79 |
| 14 | 19 | 81 |
| 15 | 18 | 82 |
| 16 | 17 | 83 |
| 17 | 17 | 83 |
| 18 | 16 | 84 |
| 19 | 15 | 85 |
| 20 | 15 | 85 |
| 21 | 14 | 86 |
| 22 | 14 | 86 |
| 23 | 14 | 86 |
| 24 | 13 | 87 |
| 25 | 13 | 87 |
| 26 | 13 | 87 |
| 27 | 13 | 87 |
| 28 | 13 | 87 |
| 29 | 12 | 88 |
| 30 | 12 | 88 |
Chance of precipitation in September
Machachi gets around 99 mm of rain over 25.5 wet days in September. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 85% and peaks near 89% on the wettest days. The odds climb toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 83 | 83 | 84 | 84 | 85 | 85 | 86 | 86 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 81 |
| 2 | 81 |
| 3 | 81 |
| 4 | 81 |
| 5 | 82 |
| 6 | 82 |
| 7 | 82 |
| 8 | 82 |
| 9 | 83 |
| 10 | 83 |
| 11 | 84 |
| 12 | 84 |
| 13 | 85 |
| 14 | 85 |
| 15 | 86 |
| 16 | 86 |
| 17 | 87 |
| 18 | 87 |
| 19 | 87 |
| 20 | 88 |
| 21 | 88 |
| 22 | 88 |
| 23 | 88 |
| 24 | 89 |
| 25 | 89 |
| 26 | 89 |
| 27 | 89 |
| 28 | 89 |
| 29 | 89 |
| 30 | 89 |
Humidity in September
Most of September feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, September lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
| 29 | 100 |
| 30 | 100 |
Wind in September
Winds average 6 km/h in September.
Across September, daily wind ranges from about 5 km/h on the calmest days to 6 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6 | calm |
| 2 | 6 | calm |
| 3 | 6 | calm |
| 4 | 6 | calm |
| 5 | 6 | calm |
| 6 | 6 | calm |
| 7 | 6 | calm |
| 8 | 6 | calm |
| 9 | 6 | calm |
| 10 | 6 | calm |
| 11 | 6 | calm |
| 12 | 6 | calm |
| 13 | 6 | calm |
| 14 | 6 | calm |
| 15 | 6 | calm |
| 16 | 6 | calm |
| 17 | 6 | calm |
| 18 | 6 | calm |
| 19 | 6 | calm |
| 20 | 5 | calm |
| 21 | 5 | calm |
| 22 | 5 | calm |
| 23 | 5 | calm |
| 24 | 5 | calm |
| 25 | 5 | calm |
| 26 | 5 | calm |
| 27 | 5 | calm |
| 28 | 5 | calm |
| 29 | 5 | calm |
| 30 | 5 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in September
Daylight runs from about 12 hours at the start of September to 12 hours by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 0 minutes over September. Sunrise moves from 6:14 AM to 6:03 AM, and sunset from 6:14 PM to 6:04 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:11 | 6:11 | 6:11 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:09 | 6:09 | 6:09 | 6:08 | 6:08 | 6:08 | 6:07 | 6:07 | 6:06 | 6:06 | 6:06 | 6:05 | 6:05 | 6:05 | 6:04 | 6:04 | 6:03 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:14 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:11 | 6:11 | 6:11 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:09 | 6:09 | 6:09 | 6:08 | 6:08 | 6:07 | 6:07 | 6:07 | 6:06 | 6:06 | 6:06 | 6:05 | 6:05 | 6:05 | 6:04 | 6:04 | 6:04 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.0 | 6:14 | 6:14 |
| 2 | 12.0 | 6:14 | 6:13 |
| 3 | 12.0 | 6:14 | 6:13 |
| 4 | 12.0 | 6:13 | 6:13 |
| 5 | 12.0 | 6:13 | 6:12 |
| 6 | 12.0 | 6:12 | 6:12 |
| 7 | 12.0 | 6:12 | 6:12 |
| 8 | 12.0 | 6:12 | 6:11 |
| 9 | 12.0 | 6:11 | 6:11 |
| 10 | 12.0 | 6:11 | 6:11 |
| 11 | 12.0 | 6:11 | 6:10 |
| 12 | 12.0 | 6:10 | 6:10 |
| 13 | 12.0 | 6:10 | 6:10 |
| 14 | 12.0 | 6:09 | 6:09 |
| 15 | 12.0 | 6:09 | 6:09 |
| 16 | 12.0 | 6:09 | 6:09 |
| 17 | 12.0 | 6:08 | 6:08 |
| 18 | 12.0 | 6:08 | 6:08 |
| 19 | 12.0 | 6:08 | 6:07 |
| 20 | 12.0 | 6:07 | 6:07 |
| 21 | 12.0 | 6:07 | 6:07 |
| 22 | 12.0 | 6:06 | 6:06 |
| 23 | 12.0 | 6:06 | 6:06 |
| 24 | 12.0 | 6:06 | 6:06 |
| 25 | 12.0 | 6:05 | 6:05 |
| 26 | 12.0 | 6:05 | 6:05 |
| 27 | 12.0 | 6:05 | 6:05 |
| 28 | 12.0 | 6:04 | 6:04 |
| 29 | 12.0 | 6:04 | 6:04 |
| 30 | 12.0 | 6:03 | 6:04 |
Solar energy in September
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in September, about 5 kWh/m² — the sunniest month for solar.
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.24 kWh/m² to a high of 5 kWh/m² in September across the year — September's 5 kWh/m² sits near the top of that range.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 4.9 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 2 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 29 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 30 | 5.0 | Bright |
Is September a good time to visit Machachi?
Our two travel scores rate September for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
September is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Machachi.
What to pack for Machachi in September
From September's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In September, Machachi sees daytime highs around 16°C and nights near 7°C. Pack rain gear. Worth having: a warm layer and sun protection. About 26 days see rain.
UV index in Machachi in September
Clear-sky midday UV in September peaks around 15 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Machachi peaks around March 10 at about 19 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near July 15 at about 13 (extreme).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 17 | 19 | 19 | 16 | 16 | 14 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 14 | 15 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 17 | Extreme |
| Feb | 19 | Extreme |
| Mar | 19 | Extreme |
| Apr | 16 | Extreme |
| May | 16 | Extreme |
| Jun | 14 | Extreme |
| Jul | 13 | Extreme |
| Aug | 14 | Extreme |
| Sep | 15 | Extreme |
| Oct | 16 | Extreme |
| Nov | 14 | Extreme |
| Dec | 15 | Extreme |
Air quality in Machachi in September
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where September falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Machachi is worst in September — around 26 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), and holds fairly steady the rest of the year.
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 23 | 25 | 25 | 23 | 21 | 18 | 17 | 20 | 26 | 24 | 24 | 23 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 23 | Moderate |
| Feb | 25 | Moderate |
| Mar | 25 | Moderate |
| Apr | 23 | Moderate |
| May | 21 | Moderate |
| Jun | 18 | Moderate |
| Jul | 17 | Moderate |
| Aug | 20 | Moderate |
| Sep | 26 | Moderate |
| Oct | 24 | Moderate |
| Nov | 24 | Moderate |
| Dec | 23 | Moderate |
Where is Machachi?
Machachi sits at 0.5°S, 78.6°W, 2,905 m above sea level, in Ecuador. The nearest listed city is Quito, 32 km away.
Topography around Machachi
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Machachi.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Machachi has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 236 m around an average of 2,961 m above sea level; within 16 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,567 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 5,652 m.
The land around Machachi is covered by grassland (39%) and cropland (25%) within 3 km, trees (35%), grassland (35%) and cropland (22%) within 16 km, and trees (54%) and grassland (33%) within 80 km.
Ecuador travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type A / B
- 120 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 43% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $7,125
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.1 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 70%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 45.7
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 20.1
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 466
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Machachi (-0.5127°, -78.5707°, elevation 2,905 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).