Tulcán weather in July
In July, Tulcán sees average daytime highs of 13°C and overnight lows near 6°C, with 147 mm of rain across 27 wet days and about 12 hours of daylight. It is the 12th-warmest and 10th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 13°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 0% of the time in July, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 12 hours at the start of July to 12 hours by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, July is Tulcán's 4th-clearest and 2nd-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Tulcán's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 13°
- 12th warmest
- Overnight low
- 6°
- 2nd coldest
- Rainfall
- 147 mm
- 27 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 hours
- 6:15 AM – 6:18 PM
- Cloud cover
- 86%
- 4th clearest
- Wind
- 8 km/h
- 2nd windiest
- Solar energy
- 4.32 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 2.2
- out of 10
Tulcán is city in Ecuador, capital of the Carchi Province.
- Density
- 5,767/km²
- people per km²
- Founded
- 1535
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in July
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 13°C through the month.
A typical July day in Tulcán reaches about 13°C in the afternoon and slips back to 6°C overnight — a 7°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 11°C and 15°C. Set against its neighbours, July runs on par with June and on par with August.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 |
| Avg low (°C) | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 13 | 6 |
| 2 | 13 | 6 |
| 3 | 13 | 6 |
| 4 | 13 | 6 |
| 5 | 13 | 6 |
| 6 | 13 | 6 |
| 7 | 13 | 6 |
| 8 | 13 | 6 |
| 9 | 13 | 6 |
| 10 | 13 | 6 |
| 11 | 13 | 6 |
| 12 | 13 | 6 |
| 13 | 13 | 6 |
| 14 | 13 | 6 |
| 15 | 13 | 6 |
| 16 | 13 | 6 |
| 17 | 13 | 6 |
| 18 | 13 | 6 |
| 19 | 13 | 6 |
| 20 | 13 | 6 |
| 21 | 13 | 6 |
| 22 | 13 | 6 |
| 23 | 13 | 6 |
| 24 | 13 | 6 |
| 25 | 13 | 6 |
| 26 | 13 | 6 |
| 27 | 13 | 6 |
| 28 | 13 | 6 |
| 29 | 13 | 6 |
| 30 | 13 | 6 |
| 31 | 13 | 6 |
Tulcán weather by month
How July compares with the rest of the year at a glance. July is the 12th-warmest and 10th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 15° / 7° | 220 | 27.5 | 12 | 2.6 |
| Feb | 15° / 7° | 205 | 24.9 | 12 | 2.6 |
| Mar | 15° / 7° | 251 | 29.4 | 12 | 2.4 |
| Apr | 15° / 7° | 258 | 29.2 | 12 | 2.3 |
| May | 14° / 7° | 200 | 29.8 | 12 | 2.3 |
| Jun | 14° / 6° | 160 | 27.4 | 12 | 2.2 |
| Jul | 13° / 6° | 147 | 27 | 12 | 2.2 |
| Aug | 14° / 6° | 94 | 22.7 | 12 | 2.6 |
| Sep | 15° / 6° | 109 | 21.9 | 12 | 2.9 |
| Oct | 15° / 7° | 230 | 27.4 | 12 | 2.7 |
| Nov | 15° / 7° | 290 | 28 | 12 | 2.5 |
| Dec | 15° / 7° | 269 | 29.1 | 12 | 2.5 |
Cloud cover in July
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 0% of the time in July.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 5% of July, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 94%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
| Cloudier (%) | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 95 | 95 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4 | 96 |
| 2 | 4 | 96 |
| 3 | 4 | 96 |
| 4 | 4 | 96 |
| 5 | 4 | 96 |
| 6 | 4 | 96 |
| 7 | 4 | 96 |
| 8 | 4 | 96 |
| 9 | 4 | 96 |
| 10 | 4 | 96 |
| 11 | 5 | 95 |
| 12 | 5 | 95 |
| 13 | 5 | 95 |
| 14 | 5 | 95 |
| 15 | 6 | 94 |
| 16 | 6 | 94 |
| 17 | 6 | 94 |
| 18 | 6 | 94 |
| 19 | 6 | 94 |
| 20 | 5 | 95 |
| 21 | 5 | 95 |
| 22 | 6 | 94 |
| 23 | 6 | 94 |
| 24 | 6 | 94 |
| 25 | 6 | 94 |
| 26 | 6 | 94 |
| 27 | 7 | 93 |
| 28 | 7 | 93 |
| 29 | 7 | 93 |
| 30 | 7 | 93 |
| 31 | 7 | 93 |
Chance of precipitation in July
Tulcán gets around 147 mm of rain over 27 wet days in July. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 87% and peaks near 90% on the wettest days. The odds ease toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 90 | 90 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 86 | 86 | 85 | 84 | 84 | 83 | 82 | 81 | 80 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 90 |
| 2 | 90 |
| 3 | 89 |
| 4 | 89 |
| 5 | 89 |
| 6 | 89 |
| 7 | 89 |
| 8 | 88 |
| 9 | 88 |
| 10 | 88 |
| 11 | 87 |
| 12 | 87 |
| 13 | 87 |
| 14 | 87 |
| 15 | 87 |
| 16 | 87 |
| 17 | 87 |
| 18 | 87 |
| 19 | 87 |
| 20 | 87 |
| 21 | 87 |
| 22 | 87 |
| 23 | 86 |
| 24 | 86 |
| 25 | 85 |
| 26 | 84 |
| 27 | 84 |
| 28 | 83 |
| 29 | 82 |
| 30 | 81 |
| 31 | 80 |
Humidity in July
Most of July feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, July lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
| 29 | 100 |
| 30 | 100 |
| 31 | 100 |
Wind in July
Winds average 8 km/h in July.
Across July, daily wind ranges from about 7 km/h on the calmest days to 8 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7 | calm |
| 2 | 7 | calm |
| 3 | 7 | calm |
| 4 | 7 | calm |
| 5 | 7 | calm |
| 6 | 7 | calm |
| 7 | 7 | calm |
| 8 | 7 | calm |
| 9 | 7 | calm |
| 10 | 7 | calm |
| 11 | 7 | calm |
| 12 | 8 | calm |
| 13 | 8 | calm |
| 14 | 8 | calm |
| 15 | 8 | calm |
| 16 | 8 | calm |
| 17 | 8 | calm |
| 18 | 8 | calm |
| 19 | 8 | calm |
| 20 | 8 | calm |
| 21 | 8 | calm |
| 22 | 8 | calm |
| 23 | 8 | calm |
| 24 | 8 | calm |
| 25 | 8 | calm |
| 26 | 8 | calm |
| 27 | 8 | calm |
| 28 | 8 | calm |
| 29 | 8 | calm |
| 30 | 8 | calm |
| 31 | 8 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in July
Daylight runs from about 12 hours at the start of July to 12 hours by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 0 minutes over July. Sunrise moves from 6:13 AM to 6:16 AM, and sunset from 6:16 PM to 6:18 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:17 | 6:17 | 6:17 | 6:17 | 6:17 | 6:17 | 6:17 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:18 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.0 | 6:13 | 6:16 |
| 2 | 12.0 | 6:13 | 6:16 |
| 3 | 12.0 | 6:13 | 6:16 |
| 4 | 12.0 | 6:13 | 6:16 |
| 5 | 12.0 | 6:14 | 6:16 |
| 6 | 12.0 | 6:14 | 6:16 |
| 7 | 12.0 | 6:14 | 6:17 |
| 8 | 12.0 | 6:14 | 6:17 |
| 9 | 12.0 | 6:14 | 6:17 |
| 10 | 12.0 | 6:14 | 6:17 |
| 11 | 12.0 | 6:15 | 6:17 |
| 12 | 12.0 | 6:15 | 6:17 |
| 13 | 12.0 | 6:15 | 6:17 |
| 14 | 12.0 | 6:15 | 6:18 |
| 15 | 12.0 | 6:15 | 6:18 |
| 16 | 12.0 | 6:15 | 6:18 |
| 17 | 12.0 | 6:15 | 6:18 |
| 18 | 12.0 | 6:15 | 6:18 |
| 19 | 12.0 | 6:15 | 6:18 |
| 20 | 12.0 | 6:16 | 6:18 |
| 21 | 12.0 | 6:16 | 6:18 |
| 22 | 12.0 | 6:16 | 6:18 |
| 23 | 12.0 | 6:16 | 6:18 |
| 24 | 12.0 | 6:16 | 6:18 |
| 25 | 12.0 | 6:16 | 6:18 |
| 26 | 12.0 | 6:16 | 6:18 |
| 27 | 12.0 | 6:16 | 6:18 |
| 28 | 12.0 | 6:16 | 6:18 |
| 29 | 12.0 | 6:16 | 6:18 |
| 30 | 12.0 | 6:16 | 6:18 |
| 31 | 12.0 | 6:16 | 6:18 |
Solar energy in July
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in July, about 4.32 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.18 kWh/m² to a high of 5.1 kWh/m² in September across the year — July's 4.32 kWh/m² sits near the bottom.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 2 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 3 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 4 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 5 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 6 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 7 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 8 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 9 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 10 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 11 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 12 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 13 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 14 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 15 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 16 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 17 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 18 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 19 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 20 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 21 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 22 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 23 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 24 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 25 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 26 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 27 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 28 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 29 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 30 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 31 | 4.5 | Bright |
Is July a good time to visit Tulcán?
Our two travel scores rate July for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
July is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Tulcán.
What to pack for Tulcán in July
From July's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In July, Tulcán sees daytime highs around 13°C and nights near 6°C. Pack rain gear. Worth having: a warm layer. About 27 days see rain.
UV index in Tulcán in July
Clear-sky midday UV in July peaks around 13 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Tulcán peaks around February 22 at about 18 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near July 20 at about 13 (extreme).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 17 | 18 | 18 | 16 | 16 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 14 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 17 | Extreme |
| Feb | 18 | Extreme |
| Mar | 18 | Extreme |
| Apr | 16 | Extreme |
| May | 16 | Extreme |
| Jun | 14 | Extreme |
| Jul | 13 | Extreme |
| Aug | 13 | Extreme |
| Sep | 15 | Extreme |
| Oct | 15 | Extreme |
| Nov | 14 | Extreme |
| Dec | 14 | Extreme |
Air quality in Tulcán in July
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where July falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Tulcán is worst in September — around 19 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 2.0× the cleanest month (June, 10 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 11 | 13 | 14 | 13 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 13 | 19 | 12 | 11 | 12 |
| Level | Good | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Good | Good | Good | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Good | Good |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 11 | Good |
| Feb | 13 | Moderate |
| Mar | 14 | Moderate |
| Apr | 13 | Moderate |
| May | 11 | Good |
| Jun | 10 | Good |
| Jul | 10 | Good |
| Aug | 13 | Moderate |
| Sep | 19 | Moderate |
| Oct | 12 | Moderate |
| Nov | 11 | Good |
| Dec | 12 | Good |
Where is Tulcán?
Tulcán sits at 0.8°N, 77.7°W, 2,962 m above sea level, in Ecuador. The nearest listed city is Ipiales, 9.0 km away.
Topography around Tulcán
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Tulcán.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Tulcán has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 208 m around an average of 2,927 m above sea level; within 16 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,116 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 4,525 m.
The land around Tulcán is covered by grassland (37%), artificial surfaces (23%) and trees (21%) within 3 km, grassland (48%) and trees (38%) within 16 km, and trees (74%) and grassland (23%) within 80 km.
Ecuador travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type A / B
- 120 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 43% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $7,125
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.1 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 70%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 45.7
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 20.1
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 466
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Tulcán (0.8124°, -77.7171°, elevation 2,962 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).