Zamora weather in July
In July, Zamora sees average daytime highs of 17°C and overnight lows near 11°C, with 149 mm of rain across 24.9 wet days and about 11.8 hours of daylight. It is the 12th-warmest and 7th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 17°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 6% of the time in July, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 11 h 48 min at the start of July to 11 h 48 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, July is Zamora's 3rd-clearest and 2nd-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Zamora's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 17°
- 12th warmest
- Overnight low
- 11°
- 2nd coldest
- Rainfall
- 149 mm
- 24.9 wet days
- Daylight
- 11 h 48 min
- 6:28 AM – 6:15 PM
- Cloud cover
- 75%
- 3rd clearest
- Wind
- 6 km/h
- 2nd windiest
- Solar energy
- 4.14 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 3.7
- out of 10
Zamora is city in Ecuador, capital of the Zamora Chinchipe Province.
- Density
- 3,425/km²
- people per km²
- Founded
- 1549
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in July
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 17°C through the month.
A typical July day in Zamora reaches about 17°C in the afternoon and slips back to 11°C overnight — a 6°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 15°C and 20°C. Set against its neighbours, July runs about 1°C cooler than June and on par with August.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 |
| Avg low (°C) | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 18 | 11 |
| 2 | 18 | 11 |
| 3 | 18 | 11 |
| 4 | 18 | 11 |
| 5 | 18 | 11 |
| 6 | 17 | 11 |
| 7 | 17 | 11 |
| 8 | 17 | 11 |
| 9 | 17 | 11 |
| 10 | 17 | 11 |
| 11 | 17 | 11 |
| 12 | 17 | 11 |
| 13 | 17 | 11 |
| 14 | 17 | 11 |
| 15 | 17 | 11 |
| 16 | 17 | 11 |
| 17 | 17 | 11 |
| 18 | 17 | 11 |
| 19 | 17 | 11 |
| 20 | 17 | 11 |
| 21 | 17 | 11 |
| 22 | 17 | 11 |
| 23 | 17 | 11 |
| 24 | 17 | 11 |
| 25 | 17 | 11 |
| 26 | 17 | 11 |
| 27 | 17 | 11 |
| 28 | 17 | 11 |
| 29 | 17 | 11 |
| 30 | 17 | 11 |
| 31 | 17 | 11 |
Zamora weather by month
How July compares with the rest of the year at a glance. July is the 12th-warmest and 7th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 21° / 13° | 173 | 26.1 | 12.2 | 3.9 |
| Feb | 21° / 13° | 191 | 24.9 | 12.1 | 3.7 |
| Mar | 21° / 13° | 177 | 28.2 | 12 | 3.6 |
| Apr | 20° / 13° | 162 | 26.7 | 11.9 | 3.7 |
| May | 20° / 13° | 140 | 25.5 | 11.8 | 3.9 |
| Jun | 18° / 12° | 156 | 24 | 11.8 | 3.9 |
| Jul | 17° / 11° | 149 | 24.9 | 11.8 | 3.7 |
| Aug | 18° / 11° | 108 | 22.8 | 11.9 | 4.1 |
| Sep | 19° / 12° | 97 | 23.1 | 12 | 4.2 |
| Oct | 20° / 13° | 122 | 25.1 | 12.1 | 4.1 |
| Nov | 21° / 13° | 139 | 22.3 | 12.2 | 4.3 |
| Dec | 21° / 13° | 162 | 25.9 | 12.2 | 4.0 |
Cloud cover in July
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 6% of the time in July.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 17% of July, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 77%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 19 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 21 | 21 | 20 | 20 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 26 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 30 |
| Cloudier (%) | 81 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 79 | 79 | 80 | 80 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 77 | 77 | 76 | 76 | 75 | 74 | 74 | 72 | 72 | 71 | 71 | 70 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 19 | 81 |
| 2 | 20 | 80 |
| 3 | 20 | 80 |
| 4 | 20 | 80 |
| 5 | 20 | 80 |
| 6 | 21 | 79 |
| 7 | 21 | 79 |
| 8 | 20 | 80 |
| 9 | 20 | 80 |
| 10 | 21 | 79 |
| 11 | 21 | 79 |
| 12 | 21 | 79 |
| 13 | 21 | 79 |
| 14 | 21 | 79 |
| 15 | 21 | 79 |
| 16 | 21 | 79 |
| 17 | 22 | 78 |
| 18 | 22 | 78 |
| 19 | 22 | 78 |
| 20 | 23 | 77 |
| 21 | 23 | 77 |
| 22 | 24 | 76 |
| 23 | 24 | 76 |
| 24 | 25 | 75 |
| 25 | 26 | 74 |
| 26 | 26 | 74 |
| 27 | 28 | 72 |
| 28 | 28 | 72 |
| 29 | 29 | 71 |
| 30 | 29 | 71 |
| 31 | 30 | 70 |
Chance of precipitation in July
Zamora gets around 149 mm of rain over 24.9 wet days in July. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 80% and peaks near 81% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 78 | 78 | 78 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 80 | 80 | 80 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 78 |
| 2 | 78 |
| 3 | 78 |
| 4 | 79 |
| 5 | 79 |
| 6 | 79 |
| 7 | 80 |
| 8 | 80 |
| 9 | 80 |
| 10 | 81 |
| 11 | 81 |
| 12 | 81 |
| 13 | 81 |
| 14 | 81 |
| 15 | 81 |
| 16 | 81 |
| 17 | 81 |
| 18 | 81 |
| 19 | 81 |
| 20 | 81 |
| 21 | 81 |
| 22 | 81 |
| 23 | 81 |
| 24 | 81 |
| 25 | 81 |
| 26 | 81 |
| 27 | 81 |
| 28 | 81 |
| 29 | 80 |
| 30 | 80 |
| 31 | 80 |
Humidity in July
Most of July feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, July lands in the dry band about 66% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 55 | 56 | 57 | 58 | 59 | 60 | 61 | 62 | 62 | 63 | 64 | 65 | 66 | 67 | 68 | 69 | 69 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 71 | 71 |
| Comfortable (%) | 45 | 44 | 43 | 42 | 41 | 40 | 39 | 38 | 38 | 37 | 36 | 35 | 34 | 33 | 32 | 31 | 31 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 29 | 29 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 55 | 45 |
| 2 | 56 | 44 |
| 3 | 57 | 43 |
| 4 | 58 | 42 |
| 5 | 59 | 41 |
| 6 | 60 | 40 |
| 7 | 61 | 39 |
| 8 | 62 | 38 |
| 9 | 62 | 38 |
| 10 | 63 | 37 |
| 11 | 64 | 36 |
| 12 | 65 | 35 |
| 13 | 66 | 34 |
| 14 | 67 | 33 |
| 15 | 68 | 32 |
| 16 | 69 | 31 |
| 17 | 69 | 31 |
| 18 | 70 | 30 |
| 19 | 70 | 30 |
| 20 | 70 | 30 |
| 21 | 70 | 30 |
| 22 | 70 | 30 |
| 23 | 70 | 30 |
| 24 | 70 | 30 |
| 25 | 70 | 30 |
| 26 | 70 | 30 |
| 27 | 70 | 30 |
| 28 | 70 | 30 |
| 29 | 70 | 30 |
| 30 | 71 | 29 |
| 31 | 71 | 29 |
Wind in July
Winds average 6 km/h in July.
Across July, daily wind ranges from about 6 km/h on the calmest days to 6 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6 | calm |
| 2 | 6 | calm |
| 3 | 6 | calm |
| 4 | 6 | calm |
| 5 | 6 | calm |
| 6 | 6 | calm |
| 7 | 6 | calm |
| 8 | 6 | calm |
| 9 | 6 | calm |
| 10 | 6 | calm |
| 11 | 6 | calm |
| 12 | 6 | calm |
| 13 | 6 | calm |
| 14 | 6 | calm |
| 15 | 6 | calm |
| 16 | 6 | calm |
| 17 | 6 | calm |
| 18 | 6 | calm |
| 19 | 6 | calm |
| 20 | 6 | calm |
| 21 | 6 | calm |
| 22 | 6 | calm |
| 23 | 6 | calm |
| 24 | 6 | calm |
| 25 | 6 | calm |
| 26 | 6 | calm |
| 27 | 6 | calm |
| 28 | 6 | calm |
| 29 | 6 | calm |
| 30 | 6 | calm |
| 31 | 6 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in July
Daylight runs from about 11 h 48 min at the start of July to 11 h 48 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 0 minutes over July. Sunrise moves from 6:26 AM to 6:27 AM, and sunset from 6:12 PM to 6:16 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:27 | 6:27 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11.8 | 6:26 | 6:12 |
| 2 | 11.8 | 6:26 | 6:12 |
| 3 | 11.8 | 6:26 | 6:13 |
| 4 | 11.8 | 6:27 | 6:13 |
| 5 | 11.8 | 6:27 | 6:13 |
| 6 | 11.8 | 6:27 | 6:13 |
| 7 | 11.8 | 6:27 | 6:13 |
| 8 | 11.8 | 6:27 | 6:14 |
| 9 | 11.8 | 6:27 | 6:14 |
| 10 | 11.8 | 6:27 | 6:14 |
| 11 | 11.8 | 6:27 | 6:14 |
| 12 | 11.8 | 6:28 | 6:14 |
| 13 | 11.8 | 6:28 | 6:15 |
| 14 | 11.8 | 6:28 | 6:15 |
| 15 | 11.8 | 6:28 | 6:15 |
| 16 | 11.8 | 6:28 | 6:15 |
| 17 | 11.8 | 6:28 | 6:15 |
| 18 | 11.8 | 6:28 | 6:15 |
| 19 | 11.8 | 6:28 | 6:15 |
| 20 | 11.8 | 6:28 | 6:16 |
| 21 | 11.8 | 6:28 | 6:16 |
| 22 | 11.8 | 6:28 | 6:16 |
| 23 | 11.8 | 6:28 | 6:16 |
| 24 | 11.8 | 6:28 | 6:16 |
| 25 | 11.8 | 6:28 | 6:16 |
| 26 | 11.8 | 6:28 | 6:16 |
| 27 | 11.8 | 6:28 | 6:16 |
| 28 | 11.8 | 6:28 | 6:16 |
| 29 | 11.8 | 6:28 | 6:16 |
| 30 | 11.8 | 6:27 | 6:16 |
| 31 | 11.8 | 6:27 | 6:16 |
Solar energy in July
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in July, about 4.14 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 3.9 kWh/m² to a high of 5.3 kWh/m² in October across the year — July's 4.14 kWh/m² sits near the bottom.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.5 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4.0 | Moderate |
| 2 | 4.0 | Moderate |
| 3 | 4.0 | Moderate |
| 4 | 4.0 | Moderate |
| 5 | 4.0 | Bright |
| 6 | 4.0 | Bright |
| 7 | 4.0 | Bright |
| 8 | 4.0 | Bright |
| 9 | 4.0 | Bright |
| 10 | 4.0 | Bright |
| 11 | 4.0 | Bright |
| 12 | 4.0 | Bright |
| 13 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 14 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 15 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 16 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 17 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 18 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 19 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 20 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 21 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 22 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 23 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 24 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 25 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 26 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 27 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 28 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 29 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 30 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 31 | 4.5 | Bright |
Is July a good time to visit Zamora?
Our two travel scores rate July for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
July is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Zamora.
What to pack for Zamora in July
From July's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In July, Zamora sees daytime highs around 17°C and nights near 11°C. Pack rain gear. About 25 days see rain.
UV index in Zamora in July
Clear-sky midday UV in July peaks around 11 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Zamora peaks around February 17 at about 17 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 23 at about 11 (extreme).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 16 | 17 | 16 | 14 | 14 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 13 | 13 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 16 | Extreme |
| Feb | 17 | Extreme |
| Mar | 16 | Extreme |
| Apr | 14 | Extreme |
| May | 14 | Extreme |
| Jun | 11 | Extreme |
| Jul | 11 | Extreme |
| Aug | 11 | Extreme |
| Sep | 13 | Extreme |
| Oct | 15 | Extreme |
| Nov | 13 | Extreme |
| Dec | 13 | Extreme |
Where is Zamora?
Zamora sits at 4.1°S, 79.0°W, 979 m above sea level, in Ecuador. The nearest listed city is Loja, 29 km away.
Topography around Zamora
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Zamora.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Zamora has large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 833 m around an average of 1,102 m above sea level; within 16 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,702 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 3,531 m.
The land around Zamora is covered by trees (83%) within 3 km, trees (93%) within 16 km, and trees (76%) and grassland (22%) within 80 km.
Ecuador travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type A / B
- 120 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 43% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $7,125
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.1 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 70%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 45.7
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 20.1
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 466
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Zamora (-4.0645°, -78.9512°, elevation 979 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).