Al-'Ubūr weather in February
In February, Al-'Ubūr sees average daytime highs of 21°C and overnight lows near 10°C, with 4 mm of rain across 1.3 wet days and about 10.9 hours of daylight. It is the 11th-warmest and 2nd-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 20°C in the first days to 22°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 57% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 10 h 36 min at the start of February to 11 h 18 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Al-'Ubūr's 11th-clearest and 3rd-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Al-'Ubūr's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 21°
- 11th warmest
- Overnight low
- 10°
- 2nd coldest
- Rainfall
- 4 mm
- 1.3 wet days
- Daylight
- 10 h 54 min
- 6:41 AM – 5:36 PM
- Cloud cover
- 35%
- 11th clearest
- Wind
- 13 km/h
- 3rd windiest
- Solar energy
- 4.46 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 8.1
- out of 10
Temperature in February
Highs climb over the month, from about 20°C in the first days to 22°C by the end.
A typical February day in Al-'Ubūr reaches about 21°C in the afternoon and slips back to 10°C overnight — a 10°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 17°C and 25°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 1°C warmer than January and about 3°C cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 |
| Avg low (°C) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 20 | 10 |
| 2 | 20 | 10 |
| 3 | 20 | 10 |
| 4 | 20 | 10 |
| 5 | 20 | 10 |
| 6 | 20 | 10 |
| 7 | 20 | 10 |
| 8 | 20 | 10 |
| 9 | 20 | 10 |
| 10 | 20 | 10 |
| 11 | 20 | 10 |
| 12 | 20 | 10 |
| 13 | 20 | 10 |
| 14 | 20 | 10 |
| 15 | 20 | 10 |
| 16 | 21 | 10 |
| 17 | 21 | 10 |
| 18 | 21 | 10 |
| 19 | 21 | 10 |
| 20 | 21 | 10 |
| 21 | 21 | 11 |
| 22 | 21 | 11 |
| 23 | 21 | 11 |
| 24 | 22 | 11 |
| 25 | 22 | 11 |
| 26 | 22 | 11 |
| 27 | 22 | 11 |
| 28 | 22 | 11 |
How February really feels in Al-'Ubūr
Once humidity and wind are folded in, February averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
February sits comfortably in between — no days that feel dangerously hot or drop to a hard freeze once humidity and wind are folded in.
Al-'Ubūr weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 11th-warmest and 2nd-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 19° / 9° | 4 | 1.2 | 10.3 | 7.8 |
| Feb | 21° / 10° | 4 | 1.3 | 10.9 | 8.1 |
| Mar | 24° / 12° | 4 | 0.8 | 11.8 | 9.0 |
| Apr | 28° / 15° | 1 | 0.3 | 12.7 | 8.1 |
| May | 32° / 18° | 1 | 0.1 | 13.5 | 5.7 |
| Jun | 34° / 21° | 0 | 0 | 13.9 | 4.0 |
| Jul | 35° / 23° | 0 | 0 | 13.8 | 3.6 |
| Aug | 35° / 23° | 0 | 0 | 13.1 | 3.7 |
| Sep | 33° / 22° | 0 | 0 | 12.2 | 4.7 |
| Oct | 30° / 19° | 1 | 0.2 | 11.3 | 6.7 |
| Nov | 25° / 15° | 2 | 0.6 | 10.5 | 8.8 |
| Dec | 21° / 11° | 2 | 0.7 | 10.1 | 8.3 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 57% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 23% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 20%. Skies tend to open up as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 79 | 79 | 78 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 81 | 81 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 83 | 83 | 83 | 83 | 83 | 83 |
| Cloudier (%) | 21 | 21 | 22 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 79 | 21 |
| 2 | 79 | 21 |
| 3 | 78 | 22 |
| 4 | 79 | 21 |
| 5 | 79 | 21 |
| 6 | 79 | 21 |
| 7 | 79 | 21 |
| 8 | 79 | 21 |
| 9 | 79 | 21 |
| 10 | 79 | 21 |
| 11 | 79 | 21 |
| 12 | 79 | 21 |
| 13 | 79 | 21 |
| 14 | 79 | 21 |
| 15 | 80 | 20 |
| 16 | 80 | 20 |
| 17 | 80 | 20 |
| 18 | 81 | 19 |
| 19 | 81 | 19 |
| 20 | 82 | 18 |
| 21 | 82 | 18 |
| 22 | 82 | 18 |
| 23 | 83 | 17 |
| 24 | 83 | 17 |
| 25 | 83 | 17 |
| 26 | 83 | 17 |
| 27 | 83 | 17 |
| 28 | 83 | 17 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Al-'Ubūr gets around 4 mm of rain over 1.3 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 4% and peaks near 5% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 5 |
| 2 | 5 |
| 3 | 5 |
| 4 | 5 |
| 5 | 5 |
| 6 | 5 |
| 7 | 5 |
| 8 | 5 |
| 9 | 5 |
| 10 | 4 |
| 11 | 4 |
| 12 | 4 |
| 13 | 4 |
| 14 | 4 |
| 15 | 4 |
| 16 | 4 |
| 17 | 4 |
| 18 | 4 |
| 19 | 4 |
| 20 | 4 |
| 21 | 4 |
| 22 | 4 |
| 23 | 4 |
| 24 | 4 |
| 25 | 4 |
| 26 | 4 |
| 27 | 4 |
| 28 | 4 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
Wind in February
Winds average 13 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 13 km/h on the calmest days to 13 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 |
| Feels | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 13 | light breeze |
| 2 | 13 | light breeze |
| 3 | 13 | light breeze |
| 4 | 13 | light breeze |
| 5 | 13 | light breeze |
| 6 | 13 | light breeze |
| 7 | 13 | light breeze |
| 8 | 13 | light breeze |
| 9 | 13 | light breeze |
| 10 | 13 | light breeze |
| 11 | 13 | light breeze |
| 12 | 13 | light breeze |
| 13 | 13 | light breeze |
| 14 | 13 | light breeze |
| 15 | 13 | light breeze |
| 16 | 13 | light breeze |
| 17 | 13 | light breeze |
| 18 | 13 | light breeze |
| 19 | 13 | light breeze |
| 20 | 13 | light breeze |
| 21 | 13 | light breeze |
| 22 | 13 | light breeze |
| 23 | 13 | light breeze |
| 24 | 13 | light breeze |
| 25 | 13 | light breeze |
| 26 | 13 | light breeze |
| 27 | 13 | light breeze |
| 28 | 13 | light breeze |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 10 h 36 min at the start of February to 11 h 18 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 42 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 6:51 AM to 6:29 AM, and sunset from 5:24 PM to 5:46 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.3 | 11.3 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:51 | 6:50 | 6:50 | 6:49 | 6:49 | 6:48 | 6:47 | 6:47 | 6:46 | 6:45 | 6:44 | 6:44 | 6:43 | 6:42 | 6:41 | 6:40 | 6:40 | 6:39 | 6:38 | 6:37 | 6:36 | 6:35 | 6:34 | 6:33 | 6:32 | 6:31 | 6:30 | 6:29 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:24 | 5:25 | 5:26 | 5:27 | 5:28 | 5:29 | 5:29 | 5:30 | 5:31 | 5:32 | 5:33 | 5:34 | 5:34 | 5:35 | 5:36 | 5:37 | 5:38 | 5:38 | 5:39 | 5:40 | 5:41 | 5:42 | 5:42 | 5:43 | 5:44 | 5:45 | 5:45 | 5:46 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10.6 | 6:51 | 5:24 |
| 2 | 10.6 | 6:50 | 5:25 |
| 3 | 10.6 | 6:50 | 5:26 |
| 4 | 10.6 | 6:49 | 5:27 |
| 5 | 10.7 | 6:49 | 5:28 |
| 6 | 10.7 | 6:48 | 5:29 |
| 7 | 10.7 | 6:47 | 5:29 |
| 8 | 10.7 | 6:47 | 5:30 |
| 9 | 10.8 | 6:46 | 5:31 |
| 10 | 10.8 | 6:45 | 5:32 |
| 11 | 10.8 | 6:44 | 5:33 |
| 12 | 10.8 | 6:44 | 5:34 |
| 13 | 10.9 | 6:43 | 5:34 |
| 14 | 10.9 | 6:42 | 5:35 |
| 15 | 10.9 | 6:41 | 5:36 |
| 16 | 10.9 | 6:40 | 5:37 |
| 17 | 11.0 | 6:40 | 5:38 |
| 18 | 11.0 | 6:39 | 5:38 |
| 19 | 11.0 | 6:38 | 5:39 |
| 20 | 11.1 | 6:37 | 5:40 |
| 21 | 11.1 | 6:36 | 5:41 |
| 22 | 11.1 | 6:35 | 5:42 |
| 23 | 11.1 | 6:34 | 5:42 |
| 24 | 11.2 | 6:33 | 5:43 |
| 25 | 11.2 | 6:32 | 5:44 |
| 26 | 11.2 | 6:31 | 5:45 |
| 27 | 11.3 | 6:30 | 5:45 |
| 28 | 11.3 | 6:29 | 5:46 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 4.46 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 3.3 kWh/m² to a high of 8.01 kWh/m² in June across the year — February's 4.46 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.1 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4.0 | Bright |
| 2 | 4.0 | Bright |
| 3 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 4 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 5 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 6 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 7 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 8 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 9 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 10 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 11 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 12 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 13 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 14 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 15 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 16 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 17 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 18 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 19 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 20 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 21 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 22 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 23 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 24 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 25 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.1 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for Al-'Ubūr
None of Al-'Ubūr's seasonal hazards are active in February. The full-year calendar below shows when the rainy season, cyclone risk and dust haze do peak.
Al-'Ubūr sees seasonal dust haze (April–May), heaviest in May.
Is February a good time to visit Al-'Ubūr?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is one of the better times to visit Al-'Ubūr for general sightseeing.
What to pack for Al-'Ubūr in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Al-'Ubūr sees daytime highs around 21°C and nights near 10°C. Little to plan around — just the basics.
UV index in Al-'Ubūr in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 4 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Al-'Ubūr peaks around June 17 at about 11 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near January 11 at about 3 (moderate).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 3 | 4 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 10 | 11 | 9 | 7 | 5 | 3 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | High | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | High | Moderate | Moderate |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 3 | Moderate |
| Feb | 4 | Moderate |
| Mar | 7 | High |
| Apr | 8 | Very high |
| May | 10 | Extreme |
| Jun | 11 | Extreme |
| Jul | 10 | Extreme |
| Aug | 11 | Extreme |
| Sep | 9 | Very high |
| Oct | 7 | High |
| Nov | 5 | Moderate |
| Dec | 3 | Moderate |
Air quality in Al-'Ubūr in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Al-'Ubūr is worst in January — around 134 µg/m³ PM2.5 (unhealthy), about 3.0× the cleanest month (July, 44 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 134 | 124 | 100 | 79 | 67 | 52 | 44 | 48 | 56 | 76 | 119 | 131 |
| Level | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Poor | Poor | Poor | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 134 | Unhealthy |
| Feb | 124 | Unhealthy |
| Mar | 100 | Unhealthy |
| Apr | 79 | Unhealthy |
| May | 67 | Unhealthy |
| Jun | 52 | Poor |
| Jul | 44 | Poor |
| Aug | 48 | Poor |
| Sep | 56 | Unhealthy |
| Oct | 76 | Unhealthy |
| Nov | 119 | Unhealthy |
| Dec | 131 | Unhealthy |
Where is Al-'Ubūr?
Al-'Ubūr sits at 30.2°N, 31.5°E, 30 m above sea level, in Egypt. The nearest listed city is Al Khānkah, 11 km away.
Topography around Al-'Ubūr
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Al-'Ubūr.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Al-'Ubūr has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 131 m around an average of 84 m above sea level; within 16 km, only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 216 m; within 80 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 723 m.
The land around Al-'Ubūr is covered by artificial surfaces (56%) and bare terrain (24%) within 3 km, bare terrain (52%) and artificial surfaces (29%) within 16 km, and bare terrain (47%) and cropland (34%) within 80 km.
Egypt travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type C / F
- 220 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 15% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $3,086
- 2025
- Happiness
- 3.9 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 79%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 1.3
- per 100k, 2017
- Road deaths
- 10.1
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Lower middle
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 459
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Al-'Ubūr (30.2289°, 31.4815°, elevation 30 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).