Mehal Mēda weather in February
In February, Mehal Mēda sees average daytime highs of 20°C and overnight lows near 10°C, with 101 mm of rain across 11.8 wet days and about 11.7 hours of daylight. It is the 8th-warmest and 8th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 20°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 41% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 11 h 36 min at the start of February to 11 h 48 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Mehal Mēda's 4th-clearest and 9th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Mehal Mēda's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 20°
- 8th warmest
- Overnight low
- 10°
- 4th coldest
- Rainfall
- 101 mm
- 11.8 wet days
- Daylight
- 11 h 42 min
- 6:46 AM – 6:26 PM
- Cloud cover
- 48%
- 4th clearest
- Wind
- 6 km/h
- 9th windiest
- Solar energy
- 6.18 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 6.1
- out of 10
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 20°C through the month.
A typical February day in Mehal Mēda reaches about 20°C in the afternoon and slips back to 10°C overnight — a 11°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 18°C and 23°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 1°C warmer than January and on par with March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 |
| Avg low (°C) | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 20 | 9 |
| 2 | 20 | 9 |
| 3 | 20 | 9 |
| 4 | 20 | 9 |
| 5 | 20 | 9 |
| 6 | 20 | 9 |
| 7 | 20 | 9 |
| 8 | 20 | 9 |
| 9 | 20 | 9 |
| 10 | 20 | 9 |
| 11 | 20 | 9 |
| 12 | 20 | 10 |
| 13 | 20 | 10 |
| 14 | 20 | 10 |
| 15 | 20 | 10 |
| 16 | 21 | 10 |
| 17 | 21 | 10 |
| 18 | 21 | 10 |
| 19 | 21 | 10 |
| 20 | 21 | 10 |
| 21 | 21 | 10 |
| 22 | 21 | 10 |
| 23 | 21 | 10 |
| 24 | 21 | 10 |
| 25 | 21 | 10 |
| 26 | 21 | 10 |
| 27 | 21 | 10 |
| 28 | 21 | 10 |
Mehal Mēda weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 8th-warmest and 8th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 19° / 9° | 89 | 12.4 | 11.5 | 6.0 |
| Feb | 20° / 10° | 101 | 11.8 | 11.7 | 6.1 |
| Mar | 21° / 11° | 292 | 18.8 | 11.9 | 5.4 |
| Apr | 22° / 12° | 366 | 18.5 | 12.2 | 5.3 |
| May | 23° / 13° | 143 | 12.1 | 12.5 | 6.7 |
| Jun | 23° / 13° | 126 | 11.4 | 12.6 | 6.8 |
| Jul | 21° / 13° | 482 | 28.2 | 12.5 | 4.0 |
| Aug | 21° / 13° | 677 | 30.1 | 12.3 | 3.6 |
| Sep | 21° / 12° | 273 | 22.6 | 12.1 | 4.7 |
| Oct | 20° / 11° | 57 | 8.1 | 11.8 | 6.9 |
| Nov | 20° / 9° | 35 | 5.8 | 11.5 | 7.3 |
| Dec | 19° / 8° | 38 | 6.7 | 11.4 | 7.0 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 41% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 19% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 39%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 63 | 63 | 64 | 63 | 63 | 63 | 62 | 62 | 62 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 59 | 59 | 59 | 59 | 59 | 59 | 59 | 59 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 61 |
| Cloudier (%) | 37 | 37 | 36 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 39 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 63 | 37 |
| 2 | 63 | 37 |
| 3 | 64 | 36 |
| 4 | 63 | 37 |
| 5 | 63 | 37 |
| 6 | 63 | 37 |
| 7 | 62 | 38 |
| 8 | 62 | 38 |
| 9 | 62 | 38 |
| 10 | 60 | 40 |
| 11 | 60 | 40 |
| 12 | 60 | 40 |
| 13 | 59 | 41 |
| 14 | 59 | 41 |
| 15 | 59 | 41 |
| 16 | 59 | 41 |
| 17 | 59 | 41 |
| 18 | 59 | 41 |
| 19 | 59 | 41 |
| 20 | 59 | 41 |
| 21 | 60 | 40 |
| 22 | 60 | 40 |
| 23 | 60 | 40 |
| 24 | 61 | 39 |
| 25 | 61 | 39 |
| 26 | 61 | 39 |
| 27 | 61 | 39 |
| 28 | 61 | 39 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Mehal Mēda gets around 101 mm of rain over 11.8 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 43% and peaks near 50% on the wettest days. The odds climb toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 38 | 38 | 38 | 37 | 37 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 40 | 41 | 41 | 42 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 45 | 46 | 46 | 47 | 47 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 49 | 50 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 38 |
| 2 | 38 |
| 3 | 38 |
| 4 | 37 |
| 5 | 37 |
| 6 | 38 |
| 7 | 38 |
| 8 | 38 |
| 9 | 39 |
| 10 | 40 |
| 11 | 40 |
| 12 | 41 |
| 13 | 41 |
| 14 | 42 |
| 15 | 42 |
| 16 | 43 |
| 17 | 44 |
| 18 | 45 |
| 19 | 45 |
| 20 | 46 |
| 21 | 46 |
| 22 | 47 |
| 23 | 47 |
| 24 | 48 |
| 25 | 48 |
| 26 | 48 |
| 27 | 49 |
| 28 | 50 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 98% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 95 |
| Comfortable (%) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 100 | 0 |
| 2 | 100 | 0 |
| 3 | 99 | 1 |
| 4 | 99 | 1 |
| 5 | 99 | 1 |
| 6 | 99 | 1 |
| 7 | 99 | 1 |
| 8 | 99 | 1 |
| 9 | 99 | 1 |
| 10 | 99 | 1 |
| 11 | 99 | 1 |
| 12 | 99 | 1 |
| 13 | 98 | 2 |
| 14 | 98 | 2 |
| 15 | 98 | 2 |
| 16 | 98 | 2 |
| 17 | 98 | 2 |
| 18 | 98 | 2 |
| 19 | 98 | 2 |
| 20 | 98 | 2 |
| 21 | 97 | 3 |
| 22 | 97 | 3 |
| 23 | 97 | 3 |
| 24 | 97 | 3 |
| 25 | 96 | 4 |
| 26 | 96 | 4 |
| 27 | 96 | 4 |
| 28 | 95 | 5 |
Wind in February
Winds average 6 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 5 km/h on the calmest days to 6 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5 | calm |
| 2 | 5 | calm |
| 3 | 5 | calm |
| 4 | 5 | calm |
| 5 | 6 | calm |
| 6 | 6 | calm |
| 7 | 6 | calm |
| 8 | 6 | calm |
| 9 | 6 | calm |
| 10 | 6 | calm |
| 11 | 6 | calm |
| 12 | 6 | calm |
| 13 | 6 | calm |
| 14 | 6 | calm |
| 15 | 6 | calm |
| 16 | 6 | calm |
| 17 | 6 | calm |
| 18 | 6 | calm |
| 19 | 6 | calm |
| 20 | 6 | calm |
| 21 | 6 | calm |
| 22 | 6 | calm |
| 23 | 6 | calm |
| 24 | 6 | calm |
| 25 | 6 | calm |
| 26 | 6 | calm |
| 27 | 6 | calm |
| 28 | 6 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 11 h 36 min at the start of February to 11 h 48 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 12 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 6:48 AM to 6:41 AM, and sunset from 6:21 PM to 6:28 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:47 | 6:47 | 6:47 | 6:47 | 6:47 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:45 | 6:45 | 6:45 | 6:44 | 6:44 | 6:44 | 6:43 | 6:43 | 6:42 | 6:42 | 6:41 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:21 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11.6 | 6:48 | 6:21 |
| 2 | 11.6 | 6:48 | 6:22 |
| 3 | 11.6 | 6:48 | 6:22 |
| 4 | 11.6 | 6:48 | 6:23 |
| 5 | 11.6 | 6:48 | 6:23 |
| 6 | 11.6 | 6:48 | 6:23 |
| 7 | 11.6 | 6:48 | 6:24 |
| 8 | 11.6 | 6:48 | 6:24 |
| 9 | 11.6 | 6:47 | 6:24 |
| 10 | 11.6 | 6:47 | 6:24 |
| 11 | 11.6 | 6:47 | 6:25 |
| 12 | 11.6 | 6:47 | 6:25 |
| 13 | 11.6 | 6:47 | 6:25 |
| 14 | 11.7 | 6:46 | 6:26 |
| 15 | 11.7 | 6:46 | 6:26 |
| 16 | 11.7 | 6:46 | 6:26 |
| 17 | 11.7 | 6:46 | 6:26 |
| 18 | 11.7 | 6:45 | 6:26 |
| 19 | 11.7 | 6:45 | 6:27 |
| 20 | 11.7 | 6:45 | 6:27 |
| 21 | 11.7 | 6:44 | 6:27 |
| 22 | 11.7 | 6:44 | 6:27 |
| 23 | 11.7 | 6:44 | 6:27 |
| 24 | 11.7 | 6:43 | 6:28 |
| 25 | 11.7 | 6:43 | 6:28 |
| 26 | 11.8 | 6:42 | 6:28 |
| 27 | 11.8 | 6:42 | 6:28 |
| 28 | 11.8 | 6:41 | 6:28 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 6.18 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 5.05 kWh/m² to a high of 6.6 kWh/m² in April across the year — February's 6.18 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 5.9 | 5.9 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 3 | 6.0 | Bright |
| 4 | 6.0 | Bright |
| 5 | 6.0 | Bright |
| 6 | 6.0 | Bright |
| 7 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 8 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 9 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 10 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 11 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 12 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 13 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 14 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 15 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 16 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 17 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 18 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 19 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 20 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 21 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 22 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 23 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 24 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 25 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 26 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 27 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 28 | 6.4 | Intense |
Hazard calendar for Mehal Mēda
None of Mehal Mēda's seasonal hazards are active in February. The full-year calendar below shows when the rainy season, cyclone risk and dust haze do peak.
Mehal Mēda's rainy season runs July–August, when most of the year's rain falls.
Mehal Mēda sees seasonal dust haze (June–July), heaviest in June.
Is February a good time to visit Mehal Mēda?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a reasonable time to visit Mehal Mēda for sightseeing.
What to pack for Mehal Mēda in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Mehal Mēda sees daytime highs around 20°C and nights near 10°C. Pack sun protection. Worth having: rain gear. About 12 days see rain.
UV index in Mehal Mēda in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 14 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Mehal Mēda peaks around March 19 at about 16 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 11 at about 11 (extreme).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 13 | 14 | 16 | 15 | 14 | 13 | 11 | 15 | 13 | 14 | 11 | 11 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 13 | Extreme |
| Feb | 14 | Extreme |
| Mar | 16 | Extreme |
| Apr | 15 | Extreme |
| May | 14 | Extreme |
| Jun | 13 | Extreme |
| Jul | 11 | Extreme |
| Aug | 15 | Extreme |
| Sep | 13 | Extreme |
| Oct | 14 | Extreme |
| Nov | 11 | Extreme |
| Dec | 11 | Extreme |
Air quality in Mehal Mēda in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Mehal Mēda is worst in June — around 45 µg/m³ PM2.5 (poor), and holds fairly steady the rest of the year.
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 32 | 32 | 34 | 32 | 36 | 45 | 40 | 40 | 42 | 31 | 29 | 31 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Poor | Poor | Poor | Poor | Poor | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 32 | Moderate |
| Feb | 32 | Moderate |
| Mar | 34 | Moderate |
| Apr | 32 | Moderate |
| May | 36 | Poor |
| Jun | 45 | Poor |
| Jul | 40 | Poor |
| Aug | 40 | Poor |
| Sep | 42 | Poor |
| Oct | 31 | Moderate |
| Nov | 29 | Moderate |
| Dec | 31 | Moderate |
Where is Mehal Mēda?
Mehal Mēda sits at 10.3°N, 39.7°E, 3,080 m above sea level, in Ethiopia. The nearest listed city is Āt’aye, 31 km away.
Topography around Mehal Mēda
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Mehal Mēda.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Mehal Mēda has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 270 m around an average of 3,078 m above sea level; within 16 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,437 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 3,298 m.
The land around Mehal Mēda is covered by cropland (53%) and grassland (37%) within 3 km, cropland (54%) and grassland (37%) within 16 km, and cropland (45%) and shrubs (37%) within 80 km.
Ethiopia travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 3
- Reconsider Travel
- Power plugs
- Type C / E / F / L
- 220 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 37% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $933
- 2025
- Happiness
- 4.0 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 14%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 8.5
- per 100k, 2012
- Road deaths
- 28.2
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Low
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 499
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Mehal Mēda (10.3121°, 39.6589°, elevation 3,080 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).