Metu weather in February
In February, Metu sees average daytime highs of 29°C and overnight lows near 15°C, with 8 mm of rain across 2.2 wet days and about 11.7 hours of daylight. It is the 2nd-warmest and 10th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 29°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 35% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 11 h 36 min at the start of February to 11 h 48 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Metu's 3rd-clearest and 3rd-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Metu's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 29°
- 2nd warmest
- Overnight low
- 15°
- 9th coldest
- Rainfall
- 8 mm
- 2.2 wet days
- Daylight
- 11 h 42 min
- 7:00 AM – 6:44 PM
- Cloud cover
- 51%
- 3rd clearest
- Wind
- 5 km/h
- 3rd windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.7 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 6.8
- out of 10
Metu is market town in southwestern Ethiopia.
- Density
- 3,672/km²
- people per km²
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 29°C through the month.
A typical February day in Metu reaches about 29°C in the afternoon and slips back to 15°C overnight — a 14°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 26°C and 30°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 2°C warmer than January and on par with March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 |
| Avg low (°C) | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 28 | 14 |
| 2 | 28 | 14 |
| 3 | 28 | 14 |
| 4 | 28 | 14 |
| 5 | 28 | 14 |
| 6 | 28 | 15 |
| 7 | 28 | 15 |
| 8 | 28 | 15 |
| 9 | 28 | 15 |
| 10 | 28 | 15 |
| 11 | 28 | 15 |
| 12 | 29 | 15 |
| 13 | 29 | 15 |
| 14 | 29 | 15 |
| 15 | 29 | 15 |
| 16 | 29 | 15 |
| 17 | 29 | 15 |
| 18 | 29 | 15 |
| 19 | 29 | 15 |
| 20 | 29 | 15 |
| 21 | 29 | 15 |
| 22 | 29 | 15 |
| 23 | 29 | 15 |
| 24 | 29 | 15 |
| 25 | 29 | 15 |
| 26 | 29 | 15 |
| 27 | 29 | 15 |
| 28 | 29 | 15 |
Metu weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 2nd-warmest and 10th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 27° / 14° | 6 | 2 | 11.6 | 7.8 |
| Feb | 29° / 15° | 8 | 2.2 | 11.7 | 6.8 |
| Mar | 29° / 16° | 22 | 6.5 | 11.9 | 6.0 |
| Apr | 28° / 16° | 71 | 14.3 | 12.2 | 5.4 |
| May | 25° / 15° | 155 | 25.8 | 12.4 | 4.3 |
| Jun | 23° / 14° | 155 | 27.4 | 12.5 | 4.0 |
| Jul | 22° / 14° | 166 | 28.5 | 12.4 | 3.8 |
| Aug | 22° / 14° | 156 | 28.4 | 12.3 | 3.8 |
| Sep | 23° / 14° | 118 | 25.4 | 12 | 4.4 |
| Oct | 24° / 14° | 82 | 19.7 | 11.8 | 5.5 |
| Nov | 25° / 13° | 33 | 8.2 | 11.6 | 7.2 |
| Dec | 26° / 13° | 8 | 2.3 | 11.5 | 8.2 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 35% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 32% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 33%. Skies tend to cloud over as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 69 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 69 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 66 | 66 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 66 | 64 | 64 | 64 |
| Cloudier (%) | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 31 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 34 | 34 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 34 | 36 | 36 | 36 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 69 | 31 |
| 2 | 69 | 31 |
| 3 | 69 | 31 |
| 4 | 69 | 31 |
| 5 | 69 | 31 |
| 6 | 68 | 32 |
| 7 | 68 | 32 |
| 8 | 68 | 32 |
| 9 | 68 | 32 |
| 10 | 68 | 32 |
| 11 | 69 | 31 |
| 12 | 68 | 32 |
| 13 | 68 | 32 |
| 14 | 68 | 32 |
| 15 | 68 | 32 |
| 16 | 67 | 33 |
| 17 | 67 | 33 |
| 18 | 67 | 33 |
| 19 | 67 | 33 |
| 20 | 66 | 34 |
| 21 | 66 | 34 |
| 22 | 65 | 35 |
| 23 | 65 | 35 |
| 24 | 65 | 35 |
| 25 | 66 | 34 |
| 26 | 64 | 36 |
| 27 | 64 | 36 |
| 28 | 64 | 36 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Metu gets around 8 mm of rain over 2.2 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 8% and peaks near 13% on the wettest days. The odds climb toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 13 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 5 |
| 2 | 5 |
| 3 | 5 |
| 4 | 4 |
| 5 | 4 |
| 6 | 4 |
| 7 | 4 |
| 8 | 4 |
| 9 | 5 |
| 10 | 5 |
| 11 | 5 |
| 12 | 6 |
| 13 | 6 |
| 14 | 7 |
| 15 | 7 |
| 16 | 8 |
| 17 | 8 |
| 18 | 9 |
| 19 | 10 |
| 20 | 10 |
| 21 | 11 |
| 22 | 11 |
| 23 | 12 |
| 24 | 12 |
| 25 | 12 |
| 26 | 13 |
| 27 | 13 |
| 28 | 13 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 83% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 88 | 88 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 87 | 86 | 85 | 84 | 83 | 82 | 81 | 80 | 79 | 78 | 78 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 77 |
| Comfortable (%) | 12 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 88 | 12 |
| 2 | 88 | 12 |
| 3 | 89 | 11 |
| 4 | 89 | 11 |
| 5 | 89 | 11 |
| 6 | 89 | 11 |
| 7 | 89 | 11 |
| 8 | 89 | 11 |
| 9 | 88 | 12 |
| 10 | 88 | 12 |
| 11 | 88 | 12 |
| 12 | 87 | 13 |
| 13 | 86 | 14 |
| 14 | 85 | 15 |
| 15 | 84 | 16 |
| 16 | 83 | 17 |
| 17 | 82 | 18 |
| 18 | 81 | 19 |
| 19 | 80 | 20 |
| 20 | 79 | 21 |
| 21 | 78 | 22 |
| 22 | 78 | 22 |
| 23 | 77 | 23 |
| 24 | 77 | 23 |
| 25 | 77 | 23 |
| 26 | 77 | 23 |
| 27 | 77 | 23 |
| 28 | 77 | 23 |
Wind in February
Winds average 5 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 5 km/h on the calmest days to 5 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5 | calm |
| 2 | 5 | calm |
| 3 | 5 | calm |
| 4 | 5 | calm |
| 5 | 5 | calm |
| 6 | 5 | calm |
| 7 | 5 | calm |
| 8 | 5 | calm |
| 9 | 5 | calm |
| 10 | 5 | calm |
| 11 | 5 | calm |
| 12 | 5 | calm |
| 13 | 5 | calm |
| 14 | 5 | calm |
| 15 | 5 | calm |
| 16 | 5 | calm |
| 17 | 5 | calm |
| 18 | 5 | calm |
| 19 | 5 | calm |
| 20 | 5 | calm |
| 21 | 5 | calm |
| 22 | 5 | calm |
| 23 | 5 | calm |
| 24 | 5 | calm |
| 25 | 5 | calm |
| 26 | 5 | calm |
| 27 | 5 | calm |
| 28 | 5 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 11 h 36 min at the start of February to 11 h 48 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 12 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 7:02 AM to 6:56 AM, and sunset from 6:40 PM to 6:46 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 7:02 | 7:02 | 7:02 | 7:02 | 7:02 | 7:02 | 7:02 | 7:02 | 7:01 | 7:01 | 7:01 | 7:01 | 7:01 | 7:01 | 7:00 | 7:00 | 7:00 | 7:00 | 6:59 | 6:59 | 6:59 | 6:59 | 6:58 | 6:58 | 6:58 | 6:57 | 6:57 | 6:56 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:40 | 6:41 | 6:41 | 6:41 | 6:42 | 6:42 | 6:42 | 6:43 | 6:43 | 6:43 | 6:43 | 6:43 | 6:44 | 6:44 | 6:44 | 6:44 | 6:44 | 6:45 | 6:45 | 6:45 | 6:45 | 6:45 | 6:45 | 6:45 | 6:45 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:46 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11.6 | 7:02 | 6:40 |
| 2 | 11.6 | 7:02 | 6:41 |
| 3 | 11.7 | 7:02 | 6:41 |
| 4 | 11.7 | 7:02 | 6:41 |
| 5 | 11.7 | 7:02 | 6:42 |
| 6 | 11.7 | 7:02 | 6:42 |
| 7 | 11.7 | 7:02 | 6:42 |
| 8 | 11.7 | 7:02 | 6:43 |
| 9 | 11.7 | 7:01 | 6:43 |
| 10 | 11.7 | 7:01 | 6:43 |
| 11 | 11.7 | 7:01 | 6:43 |
| 12 | 11.7 | 7:01 | 6:43 |
| 13 | 11.7 | 7:01 | 6:44 |
| 14 | 11.7 | 7:01 | 6:44 |
| 15 | 11.7 | 7:00 | 6:44 |
| 16 | 11.7 | 7:00 | 6:44 |
| 17 | 11.7 | 7:00 | 6:44 |
| 18 | 11.7 | 7:00 | 6:45 |
| 19 | 11.8 | 6:59 | 6:45 |
| 20 | 11.8 | 6:59 | 6:45 |
| 21 | 11.8 | 6:59 | 6:45 |
| 22 | 11.8 | 6:59 | 6:45 |
| 23 | 11.8 | 6:58 | 6:45 |
| 24 | 11.8 | 6:58 | 6:45 |
| 25 | 11.8 | 6:58 | 6:45 |
| 26 | 11.8 | 6:57 | 6:46 |
| 27 | 11.8 | 6:57 | 6:46 |
| 28 | 11.8 | 6:56 | 6:46 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 5.7 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.32 kWh/m² to a high of 5.87 kWh/m² in March across the year — February's 5.7 kWh/m² sits near the top of that range.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.8 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for Metu
None of Metu's seasonal hazards are active in February. The full-year calendar below shows when the rainy season, cyclone risk and dust haze do peak.
Metu's rainy season runs May–October, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is February a good time to visit Metu?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a reasonable time to visit Metu for sightseeing. The water and warmth also suit a beach or pool day.
What to pack for Metu in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Metu sees daytime highs around 29°C and nights near 15°C. Pack light clothes. Worth having: sun protection.
UV index in Metu in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 13 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Metu peaks around March 17 at about 15 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 11 at about 10 (extreme).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 11 | 13 | 15 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 12 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 10 | 10 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 11 | Extreme |
| Feb | 13 | Extreme |
| Mar | 15 | Extreme |
| Apr | 13 | Extreme |
| May | 12 | Extreme |
| Jun | 11 | Extreme |
| Jul | 12 | Extreme |
| Aug | 14 | Extreme |
| Sep | 13 | Extreme |
| Oct | 13 | Extreme |
| Nov | 10 | Extreme |
| Dec | 10 | Extreme |
Air quality in Metu in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Metu is worst in February — around 52 µg/m³ PM2.5 (poor), about 2.9× the cleanest month (May, 18 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 51 | 52 | 37 | 24 | 18 | 23 | 22 | 19 | 19 | 21 | 29 | 37 |
| Level | Poor | Poor | Poor | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Poor |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 51 | Poor |
| Feb | 52 | Poor |
| Mar | 37 | Poor |
| Apr | 24 | Moderate |
| May | 18 | Moderate |
| Jun | 23 | Moderate |
| Jul | 22 | Moderate |
| Aug | 19 | Moderate |
| Sep | 19 | Moderate |
| Oct | 21 | Moderate |
| Nov | 29 | Moderate |
| Dec | 37 | Poor |
Where is Metu?
Metu sits at 8.3°N, 35.6°E, 1,700 m above sea level, in Ethiopia. The nearest listed city is Bedelē, 86 km away.
Topography around Metu
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Metu.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Metu has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 252 m around an average of 1,676 m above sea level; within 16 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 834 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,382 m.
The land around Metu is covered by trees (59%) within 3 km, trees (58%) and cropland (20%) within 16 km, and trees (62%) and cropland (23%) within 80 km.
Ethiopia travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 3
- Reconsider Travel
- Power plugs
- Type C / E / F / L
- 220 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 37% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $933
- 2025
- Happiness
- 4.0 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 14%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 8.5
- per 100k, 2012
- Road deaths
- 28.2
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Low
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 499
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Metu (8.3°, 35.5833°, elevation 1,700 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).