Nefas Mewch’a weather in February
In February, Nefas Mewch’a sees average daytime highs of 25°C and overnight lows near 12°C, with 51 mm of rain across 6.5 wet days and about 11.6 hours of daylight. It is the 4th-warmest and 8th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 25°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 48% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 11 h 30 min at the start of February to 11 h 42 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Nefas Mewch’a's 5th-clearest and 7th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Nefas Mewch’a's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 25°
- 4th warmest
- Overnight low
- 12°
- 4th coldest
- Rainfall
- 51 mm
- 6.5 wet days
- Daylight
- 11 h 36 min
- 6:52 AM – 6:29 PM
- Cloud cover
- 43%
- 5th clearest
- Wind
- 5 km/h
- 7th windiest
- Solar energy
- 6.31 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 7.7
- out of 10
Nefas Mewch’a is place in Amhara, Ethiopia.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 25°C through the month.
A typical February day in Nefas Mewch’a reaches about 25°C in the afternoon and slips back to 12°C overnight — a 13°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 22°C and 26°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 1°C warmer than January and on par with March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 |
| Avg low (°C) | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 24 | 11 |
| 2 | 24 | 11 |
| 3 | 24 | 11 |
| 4 | 24 | 11 |
| 5 | 24 | 11 |
| 6 | 24 | 11 |
| 7 | 24 | 11 |
| 8 | 24 | 11 |
| 9 | 24 | 11 |
| 10 | 24 | 11 |
| 11 | 25 | 12 |
| 12 | 25 | 12 |
| 13 | 25 | 12 |
| 14 | 25 | 12 |
| 15 | 25 | 12 |
| 16 | 25 | 12 |
| 17 | 25 | 12 |
| 18 | 25 | 12 |
| 19 | 25 | 12 |
| 20 | 25 | 12 |
| 21 | 25 | 12 |
| 22 | 25 | 12 |
| 23 | 25 | 12 |
| 24 | 25 | 12 |
| 25 | 25 | 12 |
| 26 | 25 | 12 |
| 27 | 25 | 12 |
| 28 | 25 | 12 |
Nefas Mewch’a weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 4th-warmest and 8th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 23° / 11° | 44 | 6.4 | 11.4 | 7.8 |
| Feb | 25° / 12° | 51 | 6.5 | 11.6 | 7.7 |
| Mar | 25° / 12° | 112 | 11.6 | 11.9 | 6.8 |
| Apr | 25° / 13° | 129 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 6.6 |
| May | 25° / 14° | 105 | 10.3 | 12.5 | 7.0 |
| Jun | 24° / 13° | 140 | 15 | 12.7 | 6.1 |
| Jul | 21° / 12° | 414 | 29.7 | 12.6 | 3.6 |
| Aug | 21° / 12° | 401 | 30.5 | 12.4 | 3.5 |
| Sep | 21° / 12° | 191 | 21.5 | 12.1 | 4.9 |
| Oct | 22° / 12° | 46 | 5.2 | 11.7 | 7.8 |
| Nov | 23° / 11° | 29 | 3.7 | 11.5 | 8.3 |
| Dec | 23° / 11° | 25 | 3.6 | 11.3 | 8.3 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 48% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 24% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 28%. Skies tend to cloud over as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 76 | 76 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 71 | 70 | 71 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 71 | 71 | 71 | 71 | 71 | 71 | 72 | 72 | 71 | 71 | 71 | 71 | 71 | 71 |
| Cloudier (%) | 24 | 24 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 29 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 76 | 24 |
| 2 | 76 | 24 |
| 3 | 74 | 26 |
| 4 | 74 | 26 |
| 5 | 74 | 26 |
| 6 | 72 | 28 |
| 7 | 72 | 28 |
| 8 | 72 | 28 |
| 9 | 71 | 29 |
| 10 | 70 | 30 |
| 11 | 71 | 29 |
| 12 | 70 | 30 |
| 13 | 70 | 30 |
| 14 | 70 | 30 |
| 15 | 71 | 29 |
| 16 | 71 | 29 |
| 17 | 71 | 29 |
| 18 | 71 | 29 |
| 19 | 71 | 29 |
| 20 | 71 | 29 |
| 21 | 72 | 28 |
| 22 | 72 | 28 |
| 23 | 71 | 29 |
| 24 | 71 | 29 |
| 25 | 71 | 29 |
| 26 | 71 | 29 |
| 27 | 71 | 29 |
| 28 | 71 | 29 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Nefas Mewch’a gets around 51 mm of rain over 6.5 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 22% and peaks near 31% on the wettest days. The odds climb toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 21 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 30 | 30 | 31 | 31 | 31 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 16 |
| 2 | 16 |
| 3 | 16 |
| 4 | 16 |
| 5 | 16 |
| 6 | 16 |
| 7 | 17 |
| 8 | 17 |
| 9 | 17 |
| 10 | 18 |
| 11 | 18 |
| 12 | 19 |
| 13 | 20 |
| 14 | 20 |
| 15 | 21 |
| 16 | 23 |
| 17 | 24 |
| 18 | 25 |
| 19 | 26 |
| 20 | 27 |
| 21 | 28 |
| 22 | 29 |
| 23 | 29 |
| 24 | 30 |
| 25 | 30 |
| 26 | 31 |
| 27 | 31 |
| 28 | 31 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
Wind in February
Winds average 5 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 4 km/h on the calmest days to 5 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4 | calm |
| 2 | 4 | calm |
| 3 | 4 | calm |
| 4 | 4 | calm |
| 5 | 4 | calm |
| 6 | 5 | calm |
| 7 | 5 | calm |
| 8 | 5 | calm |
| 9 | 5 | calm |
| 10 | 5 | calm |
| 11 | 5 | calm |
| 12 | 5 | calm |
| 13 | 5 | calm |
| 14 | 5 | calm |
| 15 | 5 | calm |
| 16 | 5 | calm |
| 17 | 5 | calm |
| 18 | 5 | calm |
| 19 | 5 | calm |
| 20 | 5 | calm |
| 21 | 5 | calm |
| 22 | 5 | calm |
| 23 | 5 | calm |
| 24 | 5 | calm |
| 25 | 5 | calm |
| 26 | 5 | calm |
| 27 | 5 | calm |
| 28 | 5 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 11 h 30 min at the start of February to 11 h 42 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 12 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 6:55 AM to 6:47 AM, and sunset from 6:24 PM to 6:32 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:55 | 6:55 | 6:55 | 6:55 | 6:55 | 6:54 | 6:54 | 6:54 | 6:54 | 6:54 | 6:53 | 6:53 | 6:53 | 6:53 | 6:52 | 6:52 | 6:52 | 6:51 | 6:51 | 6:51 | 6:50 | 6:50 | 6:49 | 6:49 | 6:49 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:47 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:24 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:30 | 6:30 | 6:30 | 6:30 | 6:31 | 6:31 | 6:31 | 6:31 | 6:31 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:32 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11.5 | 6:55 | 6:24 |
| 2 | 11.5 | 6:55 | 6:25 |
| 3 | 11.5 | 6:55 | 6:25 |
| 4 | 11.5 | 6:55 | 6:25 |
| 5 | 11.5 | 6:55 | 6:26 |
| 6 | 11.5 | 6:54 | 6:26 |
| 7 | 11.5 | 6:54 | 6:27 |
| 8 | 11.5 | 6:54 | 6:27 |
| 9 | 11.6 | 6:54 | 6:27 |
| 10 | 11.6 | 6:54 | 6:28 |
| 11 | 11.6 | 6:53 | 6:28 |
| 12 | 11.6 | 6:53 | 6:28 |
| 13 | 11.6 | 6:53 | 6:29 |
| 14 | 11.6 | 6:53 | 6:29 |
| 15 | 11.6 | 6:52 | 6:29 |
| 16 | 11.6 | 6:52 | 6:29 |
| 17 | 11.6 | 6:52 | 6:30 |
| 18 | 11.6 | 6:51 | 6:30 |
| 19 | 11.7 | 6:51 | 6:30 |
| 20 | 11.7 | 6:51 | 6:30 |
| 21 | 11.7 | 6:50 | 6:31 |
| 22 | 11.7 | 6:50 | 6:31 |
| 23 | 11.7 | 6:49 | 6:31 |
| 24 | 11.7 | 6:49 | 6:31 |
| 25 | 11.7 | 6:49 | 6:31 |
| 26 | 11.7 | 6:48 | 6:32 |
| 27 | 11.7 | 6:48 | 6:32 |
| 28 | 11.7 | 6:47 | 6:32 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 6.31 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.91 kWh/m² to a high of 6.66 kWh/m² in April across the year — February's 6.31 kWh/m² sits near the top of that range.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.5 | 6.5 |
| Level | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 2 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 3 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 4 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 5 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 6 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 7 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 8 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 9 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 10 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 11 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 12 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 13 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 14 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 15 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 16 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 17 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 18 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 19 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 20 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 21 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 22 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 23 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 24 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 25 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 26 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 27 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 28 | 6.5 | Intense |
Hazard calendar for Nefas Mewch’a
None of Nefas Mewch’a's seasonal hazards are active in February. The full-year calendar below shows when the rainy season, cyclone risk and dust haze do peak.
Nefas Mewch’a's monsoon runs July–September, when most of the year's rain falls.
Nefas Mewch’a sees seasonal dust haze (June), heaviest in June.
Is February a good time to visit Nefas Mewch’a?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is one of the better times to visit Nefas Mewch’a for general sightseeing. The water and warmth also suit a beach or pool day.
What to pack for Nefas Mewch’a in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Nefas Mewch’a sees daytime highs around 25°C and nights near 12°C. Pack sun protection. Worth having: light clothes. About 7 days see rain.
UV index in Nefas Mewch’a in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 13 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Nefas Mewch’a peaks around March 21 at about 16 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 12 at about 10 (extreme).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 12 | 13 | 16 | 15 | 14 | 13 | 12 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 11 | 10 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 12 | Extreme |
| Feb | 13 | Extreme |
| Mar | 16 | Extreme |
| Apr | 15 | Extreme |
| May | 14 | Extreme |
| Jun | 13 | Extreme |
| Jul | 12 | Extreme |
| Aug | 14 | Extreme |
| Sep | 14 | Extreme |
| Oct | 13 | Extreme |
| Nov | 11 | Extreme |
| Dec | 10 | Extreme |
Air quality in Nefas Mewch’a in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Nefas Mewch’a is worst in September — around 37 µg/m³ PM2.5 (poor), and holds fairly steady the rest of the year.
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 35 | 33 | 32 | 29 | 29 | 34 | 28 | 28 | 37 | 36 | 32 | 34 |
| Level | Poor | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Poor | Poor | Moderate | Moderate |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 35 | Poor |
| Feb | 33 | Moderate |
| Mar | 32 | Moderate |
| Apr | 29 | Moderate |
| May | 29 | Moderate |
| Jun | 34 | Moderate |
| Jul | 28 | Moderate |
| Aug | 28 | Moderate |
| Sep | 37 | Poor |
| Oct | 36 | Poor |
| Nov | 32 | Moderate |
| Dec | 34 | Moderate |
Where is Nefas Mewch’a?
Nefas Mewch’a sits at 11.7°N, 38.5°E, 3,082 m above sea level, in Ethiopia. The nearest listed city is Filakit, 37 km away.
Topography around Nefas Mewch’a
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Nefas Mewch’a.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Nefas Mewch’a has large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 912 m around an average of 2,929 m above sea level; within 16 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,757 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,908 m.
The land around Nefas Mewch’a is covered by cropland (42%) and trees (25%) within 3 km, cropland (57%) within 16 km, and cropland (52%) and grassland (31%) within 80 km.
Ethiopia travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 3
- Reconsider Travel
- Power plugs
- Type C / E / F / L
- 220 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 37% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $933
- 2025
- Happiness
- 4.0 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 14%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 8.5
- per 100k, 2012
- Road deaths
- 28.2
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Low
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 499
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Nefas Mewch’a (11.7333°, 38.4667°, elevation 3,082 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).