Sīrē weather in February
In February, Sīrē sees average daytime highs of 24°C and overnight lows near 11°C, with 25 mm of rain across 3.9 wet days and about 11.7 hours of daylight. It is the 2nd-warmest and 10th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 24°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 49% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 11 h 36 min at the start of February to 11 h 48 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Sīrē's 3rd-clearest and 2nd-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Sīrē's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 24°
- 2nd warmest
- Overnight low
- 11°
- 4th coldest
- Rainfall
- 25 mm
- 3.9 wet days
- Daylight
- 11 h 42 min
- 6:45 AM – 6:28 PM
- Cloud cover
- 43%
- 3rd clearest
- Wind
- 10 km/h
- 2nd windiest
- Solar energy
- 6.38 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 8.1
- out of 10
Sīrē is town in south-central Ethiopia.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 24°C through the month.
A typical February day in Sīrē reaches about 24°C in the afternoon and slips back to 11°C overnight — a 14°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 22°C and 27°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 2°C warmer than January and on par with March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 |
| Avg low (°C) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 24 | 10 |
| 2 | 24 | 10 |
| 3 | 24 | 10 |
| 4 | 24 | 10 |
| 5 | 24 | 10 |
| 6 | 24 | 10 |
| 7 | 24 | 10 |
| 8 | 24 | 10 |
| 9 | 24 | 10 |
| 10 | 24 | 11 |
| 11 | 24 | 11 |
| 12 | 24 | 11 |
| 13 | 24 | 11 |
| 14 | 24 | 11 |
| 15 | 24 | 11 |
| 16 | 24 | 11 |
| 17 | 25 | 11 |
| 18 | 25 | 11 |
| 19 | 25 | 11 |
| 20 | 25 | 11 |
| 21 | 25 | 11 |
| 22 | 25 | 11 |
| 23 | 25 | 11 |
| 24 | 25 | 11 |
| 25 | 25 | 11 |
| 26 | 25 | 11 |
| 27 | 25 | 11 |
| 28 | 25 | 11 |
Sīrē weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 2nd-warmest and 10th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 23° / 10° | 17 | 3.4 | 11.6 | 8.2 |
| Feb | 24° / 11° | 25 | 3.9 | 11.7 | 8.1 |
| Mar | 25° / 12° | 87 | 9.8 | 11.9 | 7.1 |
| Apr | 24° / 13° | 145 | 17.7 | 12.2 | 5.7 |
| May | 24° / 13° | 132 | 18.3 | 12.4 | 5.8 |
| Jun | 24° / 13° | 60 | 13 | 12.5 | 6.5 |
| Jul | 22° / 13° | 182 | 28 | 12.4 | 4.1 |
| Aug | 22° / 13° | 327 | 30.1 | 12.3 | 3.7 |
| Sep | 22° / 12° | 303 | 26.9 | 12 | 4.1 |
| Oct | 22° / 12° | 117 | 15.4 | 11.8 | 6.0 |
| Nov | 22° / 10° | 35 | 5.8 | 11.6 | 7.6 |
| Dec | 22° / 9° | 15 | 3 | 11.5 | 8.2 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 49% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 22% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 29%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 75 | 75 | 74 | 74 | 73 | 73 | 72 | 71 | 70 | 70 | 69 | 69 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 69 | 70 | 70 | 71 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 |
| Cloudier (%) | 25 | 25 | 26 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 30 | 31 | 31 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 31 | 30 | 30 | 29 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 75 | 25 |
| 2 | 75 | 25 |
| 3 | 74 | 26 |
| 4 | 74 | 26 |
| 5 | 73 | 27 |
| 6 | 73 | 27 |
| 7 | 72 | 28 |
| 8 | 71 | 29 |
| 9 | 70 | 30 |
| 10 | 70 | 30 |
| 11 | 69 | 31 |
| 12 | 69 | 31 |
| 13 | 67 | 33 |
| 14 | 67 | 33 |
| 15 | 67 | 33 |
| 16 | 68 | 32 |
| 17 | 68 | 32 |
| 18 | 68 | 32 |
| 19 | 68 | 32 |
| 20 | 69 | 31 |
| 21 | 70 | 30 |
| 22 | 70 | 30 |
| 23 | 71 | 29 |
| 24 | 72 | 28 |
| 25 | 72 | 28 |
| 26 | 72 | 28 |
| 27 | 72 | 28 |
| 28 | 72 | 28 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Sīrē gets around 25 mm of rain over 3.9 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 15% and peaks near 18% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 13 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 18 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 13 |
| 2 | 14 |
| 3 | 14 |
| 4 | 14 |
| 5 | 14 |
| 6 | 14 |
| 7 | 15 |
| 8 | 15 |
| 9 | 15 |
| 10 | 15 |
| 11 | 15 |
| 12 | 15 |
| 13 | 15 |
| 14 | 14 |
| 15 | 14 |
| 16 | 14 |
| 17 | 14 |
| 18 | 14 |
| 19 | 14 |
| 20 | 14 |
| 21 | 14 |
| 22 | 14 |
| 23 | 15 |
| 24 | 15 |
| 25 | 16 |
| 26 | 16 |
| 27 | 17 |
| 28 | 18 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 97% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 96 | 96 | 96 |
| Comfortable (%) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 99 | 1 |
| 2 | 99 | 1 |
| 3 | 99 | 1 |
| 4 | 99 | 1 |
| 5 | 98 | 2 |
| 6 | 98 | 2 |
| 7 | 98 | 2 |
| 8 | 98 | 2 |
| 9 | 98 | 2 |
| 10 | 98 | 2 |
| 11 | 97 | 3 |
| 12 | 97 | 3 |
| 13 | 97 | 3 |
| 14 | 97 | 3 |
| 15 | 97 | 3 |
| 16 | 97 | 3 |
| 17 | 97 | 3 |
| 18 | 97 | 3 |
| 19 | 97 | 3 |
| 20 | 97 | 3 |
| 21 | 97 | 3 |
| 22 | 97 | 3 |
| 23 | 97 | 3 |
| 24 | 97 | 3 |
| 25 | 97 | 3 |
| 26 | 96 | 4 |
| 27 | 96 | 4 |
| 28 | 96 | 4 |
Wind in February
Winds average 10 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 10 km/h on the calmest days to 10 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10 | calm |
| 2 | 10 | calm |
| 3 | 10 | calm |
| 4 | 10 | calm |
| 5 | 10 | calm |
| 6 | 10 | calm |
| 7 | 10 | calm |
| 8 | 10 | calm |
| 9 | 10 | calm |
| 10 | 10 | calm |
| 11 | 10 | calm |
| 12 | 10 | calm |
| 13 | 10 | calm |
| 14 | 10 | calm |
| 15 | 10 | calm |
| 16 | 10 | calm |
| 17 | 10 | calm |
| 18 | 10 | calm |
| 19 | 10 | calm |
| 20 | 10 | calm |
| 21 | 10 | calm |
| 22 | 10 | calm |
| 23 | 10 | calm |
| 24 | 10 | calm |
| 25 | 10 | calm |
| 26 | 10 | calm |
| 27 | 10 | calm |
| 28 | 10 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 11 h 36 min at the start of February to 11 h 48 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 12 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 6:46 AM to 6:41 AM, and sunset from 6:25 PM to 6:30 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:45 | 6:45 | 6:45 | 6:45 | 6:45 | 6:44 | 6:44 | 6:44 | 6:44 | 6:43 | 6:43 | 6:43 | 6:42 | 6:42 | 6:42 | 6:41 | 6:41 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:30 | 6:30 | 6:30 | 6:30 | 6:30 | 6:30 | 6:30 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11.6 | 6:46 | 6:25 |
| 2 | 11.6 | 6:46 | 6:25 |
| 3 | 11.7 | 6:46 | 6:25 |
| 4 | 11.7 | 6:46 | 6:26 |
| 5 | 11.7 | 6:46 | 6:26 |
| 6 | 11.7 | 6:46 | 6:26 |
| 7 | 11.7 | 6:46 | 6:27 |
| 8 | 11.7 | 6:46 | 6:27 |
| 9 | 11.7 | 6:46 | 6:27 |
| 10 | 11.7 | 6:46 | 6:27 |
| 11 | 11.7 | 6:46 | 6:28 |
| 12 | 11.7 | 6:45 | 6:28 |
| 13 | 11.7 | 6:45 | 6:28 |
| 14 | 11.7 | 6:45 | 6:28 |
| 15 | 11.7 | 6:45 | 6:28 |
| 16 | 11.7 | 6:45 | 6:29 |
| 17 | 11.7 | 6:44 | 6:29 |
| 18 | 11.7 | 6:44 | 6:29 |
| 19 | 11.8 | 6:44 | 6:29 |
| 20 | 11.8 | 6:44 | 6:29 |
| 21 | 11.8 | 6:43 | 6:29 |
| 22 | 11.8 | 6:43 | 6:30 |
| 23 | 11.8 | 6:43 | 6:30 |
| 24 | 11.8 | 6:42 | 6:30 |
| 25 | 11.8 | 6:42 | 6:30 |
| 26 | 11.8 | 6:42 | 6:30 |
| 27 | 11.8 | 6:41 | 6:30 |
| 28 | 11.8 | 6:41 | 6:30 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 6.38 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 5.19 kWh/m² to a high of 6.39 kWh/m² in March across the year — February's 6.38 kWh/m² sits near the top of that range.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 |
| Level | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 2 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 3 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 4 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 5 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 6 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 7 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 8 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 9 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 10 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 11 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 12 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 13 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 14 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 15 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 16 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 17 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 18 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 19 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 20 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 21 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 22 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 23 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 24 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 25 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 26 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 27 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 28 | 6.5 | Intense |
Hazard calendar for Sīrē
None of Sīrē's seasonal hazards are active in February. The full-year calendar below shows when the rainy season, cyclone risk and dust haze do peak.
Sīrē's monsoon runs July–September, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is February a good time to visit Sīrē?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is one of the better times to visit Sīrē for general sightseeing. The water and warmth also suit a beach or pool day.
What to pack for Sīrē in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Sīrē sees daytime highs around 24°C and nights near 11°C. Pack sun protection. Worth having: light clothes. About 4 days see rain.
UV index in Sīrē in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 15 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Sīrē peaks around March 17 at about 16 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 10 at about 11 (extreme).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 13 | 15 | 16 | 15 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 11 | 11 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 13 | Extreme |
| Feb | 15 | Extreme |
| Mar | 16 | Extreme |
| Apr | 15 | Extreme |
| May | 13 | Extreme |
| Jun | 12 | Extreme |
| Jul | 12 | Extreme |
| Aug | 14 | Extreme |
| Sep | 13 | Extreme |
| Oct | 13 | Extreme |
| Nov | 11 | Extreme |
| Dec | 11 | Extreme |
Air quality in Sīrē in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Sīrē is worst in June — around 35 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 1.9× the cleanest month (January, 19 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 19 | 19 | 21 | 21 | 25 | 35 | 30 | 27 | 32 | 26 | 21 | 19 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 19 | Moderate |
| Feb | 19 | Moderate |
| Mar | 21 | Moderate |
| Apr | 21 | Moderate |
| May | 25 | Moderate |
| Jun | 35 | Moderate |
| Jul | 30 | Moderate |
| Aug | 27 | Moderate |
| Sep | 32 | Moderate |
| Oct | 26 | Moderate |
| Nov | 21 | Moderate |
| Dec | 19 | Moderate |
Where is Sīrē?
Sīrē sits at 8.3°N, 39.5°E, 1,755 m above sea level, in Ethiopia. The nearest listed city is Huruta, 24 km away.
Topography around Sīrē
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Sīrē.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Sīrē has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 393 m around an average of 1,762 m above sea level; within 16 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,291 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 3,232 m.
The land around Sīrē is covered by cropland (87%) within 3 km, cropland (66%) within 16 km, and cropland (63%) and shrubs (22%) within 80 km.
Ethiopia travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 3
- Reconsider Travel
- Power plugs
- Type C / E / F / L
- 220 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 37% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $933
- 2025
- Happiness
- 4.0 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 14%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 8.5
- per 100k, 2012
- Road deaths
- 28.2
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Low
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 499
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Sīrē (8.3167°, 39.4833°, elevation 1,755 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).