Kallio weather in February
In February, Kallio sees average daytime highs of -2°C and overnight lows near -8°C, with 40 mm of precipitation across 9.2 wet days and about 8.6 hours of daylight. It is the 12th-warmest and 10th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near -2°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 13% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 7 h 24 min at the start of February to 9 h 48 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Kallio's 9th-clearest and 5th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Kallio's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- -2°
- 12th warmest
- Overnight low
- -8°
- 1st coldest
- Precipitation
- 40 mm
- 9.2 wet days
- Daylight
- 8 h 36 min
- 8:15 AM – 4:54 PM
- Cloud cover
- 80%
- 9th clearest
- Wind
- 15 km/h
- 5th windiest
- Solar energy
- 0.95 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 0.0
- out of 10
Kallio is 11th neighbourhood of Helsinki, Finland.
- Density
- 24,817/km²
- people per km²
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near -2°C through the month.
A typical February day in Kallio reaches about -2°C in the afternoon and slips back to -8°C overnight — a 5°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between -10°C and 3°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs on par with January and about 4°C cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | -3 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -1 | -1 | -1 |
| Avg low (°C) | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -7 | -7 | -7 | -7 | -7 | -7 | -7 | -7 | -7 | -7 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | -3 | -8 |
| 2 | -3 | -8 |
| 3 | -3 | -8 |
| 4 | -3 | -8 |
| 5 | -3 | -8 |
| 6 | -3 | -8 |
| 7 | -3 | -8 |
| 8 | -3 | -8 |
| 9 | -3 | -8 |
| 10 | -3 | -8 |
| 11 | -3 | -8 |
| 12 | -3 | -8 |
| 13 | -3 | -8 |
| 14 | -3 | -8 |
| 15 | -2 | -8 |
| 16 | -2 | -8 |
| 17 | -2 | -8 |
| 18 | -2 | -8 |
| 19 | -2 | -7 |
| 20 | -2 | -7 |
| 21 | -2 | -7 |
| 22 | -2 | -7 |
| 23 | -2 | -7 |
| 24 | -2 | -7 |
| 25 | -2 | -7 |
| 26 | -1 | -7 |
| 27 | -1 | -7 |
| 28 | -1 | -7 |
How February really feels in Kallio
Once humidity and wind are folded in, February averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 28 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
The story in February is cold — wind chill drags the overnight "feels like" below the raw low.
Kallio weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 12th-warmest and 10th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | -2° / -6° | 48 | 10.9 | 10.1 | 6.4 | 0.0 |
| Feb | -2° / -8° | 40 | 9.2 | 8.4 | 8.6 | 0.0 |
| Mar | 2° / -5° | 37 | 8.5 | 6.9 | 11.3 | 0.0 |
| Apr | 8° / 0° | 37 | 8.7 | 2.4 | 14.2 | 1.3 |
| May | 14° / 6° | 44 | 8.9 | 0.1 | 16.8 | 4.3 |
| Jun | 18° / 10° | 72 | 11.8 | 0 | 18.4 | 5.6 |
| Jul | 21° / 14° | 76 | 11.9 | 0 | 17.7 | 6.3 |
| Aug | 20° / 12° | 76 | 12.3 | 0 | 15.4 | 5.9 |
| Sep | 15° / 8° | 58 | 10.4 | 0 | 12.6 | 4.3 |
| Oct | 8° / 4° | 59 | 11.1 | 0.8 | 9.7 | 1.5 |
| Nov | 3° / -0° | 59 | 11.5 | 4.6 | 7.1 | 0.0 |
| Dec | 0° / -4° | 56 | 12.2 | 9 | 5.6 | 0.0 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 13% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 8% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 79%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 16 | 16 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 25 |
| Cloudier (%) | 84 | 84 | 82 | 82 | 81 | 81 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 78 | 77 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 75 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 16 | 84 |
| 2 | 16 | 84 |
| 3 | 18 | 82 |
| 4 | 18 | 82 |
| 5 | 19 | 81 |
| 6 | 19 | 81 |
| 7 | 20 | 80 |
| 8 | 20 | 80 |
| 9 | 20 | 80 |
| 10 | 20 | 80 |
| 11 | 20 | 80 |
| 12 | 20 | 80 |
| 13 | 21 | 79 |
| 14 | 21 | 79 |
| 15 | 21 | 79 |
| 16 | 21 | 79 |
| 17 | 22 | 78 |
| 18 | 22 | 78 |
| 19 | 22 | 78 |
| 20 | 23 | 77 |
| 21 | 23 | 77 |
| 22 | 23 | 77 |
| 23 | 22 | 78 |
| 24 | 23 | 77 |
| 25 | 24 | 76 |
| 26 | 24 | 76 |
| 27 | 24 | 76 |
| 28 | 25 | 75 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Kallio gets around 40 mm of rain and snow over 9.2 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 32% and peaks near 34% on the wettest days, and about 8 days bring snow.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 33 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 33 | 33 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 |
| Snow chance (%) | 34 | 34 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 32 | 32 | 31 | 30 | 30 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 28 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 33 | 34 |
| 2 | 34 | 34 |
| 3 | 34 | 33 |
| 4 | 34 | 33 |
| 5 | 34 | 33 |
| 6 | 34 | 33 |
| 7 | 34 | 32 |
| 8 | 34 | 32 |
| 9 | 34 | 31 |
| 10 | 33 | 30 |
| 11 | 33 | 30 |
| 12 | 32 | 29 |
| 13 | 32 | 29 |
| 14 | 32 | 29 |
| 15 | 31 | 29 |
| 16 | 31 | 29 |
| 17 | 31 | 28 |
| 18 | 31 | 28 |
| 19 | 31 | 28 |
| 20 | 31 | 28 |
| 21 | 31 | 28 |
| 22 | 31 | 28 |
| 23 | 31 | 28 |
| 24 | 31 | 28 |
| 25 | 32 | 28 |
| 26 | 32 | 29 |
| 27 | 32 | 29 |
| 28 | 32 | 28 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
Wind in February
Winds average 15 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 14 km/h on the calmest days to 15 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 |
| Feels | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 15 | light breeze |
| 2 | 15 | light breeze |
| 3 | 15 | light breeze |
| 4 | 15 | light breeze |
| 5 | 15 | light breeze |
| 6 | 15 | light breeze |
| 7 | 15 | light breeze |
| 8 | 15 | light breeze |
| 9 | 15 | light breeze |
| 10 | 15 | light breeze |
| 11 | 15 | light breeze |
| 12 | 14 | light breeze |
| 13 | 14 | light breeze |
| 14 | 14 | light breeze |
| 15 | 14 | light breeze |
| 16 | 14 | light breeze |
| 17 | 14 | light breeze |
| 18 | 14 | light breeze |
| 19 | 14 | light breeze |
| 20 | 14 | light breeze |
| 21 | 14 | light breeze |
| 22 | 14 | light breeze |
| 23 | 14 | light breeze |
| 24 | 14 | light breeze |
| 25 | 14 | light breeze |
| 26 | 14 | light breeze |
| 27 | 14 | light breeze |
| 28 | 14 | light breeze |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 7 h 24 min at the start of February to 9 h 48 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 144 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 8:50 AM to 7:39 AM, and sunset from 4:17 PM to 5:28 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 7.4 | 7.5 | 7.6 | 7.7 | 7.8 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 8.0 | 8.1 | 8.2 | 8.3 | 8.4 | 8.5 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 8.7 | 8.8 | 8.9 | 9.0 | 9.1 | 9.2 | 9.3 | 9.4 | 9.5 | 9.6 | 9.6 | 9.7 | 9.8 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 8:50 | 8:48 | 8:46 | 8:43 | 8:41 | 8:39 | 8:36 | 8:34 | 8:31 | 8:29 | 8:26 | 8:23 | 8:21 | 8:18 | 8:15 | 8:13 | 8:10 | 8:07 | 8:05 | 8:02 | 7:59 | 7:56 | 7:53 | 7:50 | 7:48 | 7:45 | 7:42 | 7:39 |
| Sunset (PM) | 4:17 | 4:20 | 4:22 | 4:25 | 4:28 | 4:30 | 4:33 | 4:35 | 4:38 | 4:41 | 4:43 | 4:46 | 4:49 | 4:51 | 4:54 | 4:57 | 4:59 | 5:02 | 5:05 | 5:07 | 5:10 | 5:13 | 5:15 | 5:18 | 5:21 | 5:23 | 5:26 | 5:28 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7.4 | 8:50 | 4:17 |
| 2 | 7.5 | 8:48 | 4:20 |
| 3 | 7.6 | 8:46 | 4:22 |
| 4 | 7.7 | 8:43 | 4:25 |
| 5 | 7.8 | 8:41 | 4:28 |
| 6 | 7.9 | 8:39 | 4:30 |
| 7 | 7.9 | 8:36 | 4:33 |
| 8 | 8.0 | 8:34 | 4:35 |
| 9 | 8.1 | 8:31 | 4:38 |
| 10 | 8.2 | 8:29 | 4:41 |
| 11 | 8.3 | 8:26 | 4:43 |
| 12 | 8.4 | 8:23 | 4:46 |
| 13 | 8.5 | 8:21 | 4:49 |
| 14 | 8.6 | 8:18 | 4:51 |
| 15 | 8.6 | 8:15 | 4:54 |
| 16 | 8.7 | 8:13 | 4:57 |
| 17 | 8.8 | 8:10 | 4:59 |
| 18 | 8.9 | 8:07 | 5:02 |
| 19 | 9.0 | 8:05 | 5:05 |
| 20 | 9.1 | 8:02 | 5:07 |
| 21 | 9.2 | 7:59 | 5:10 |
| 22 | 9.3 | 7:56 | 5:13 |
| 23 | 9.4 | 7:53 | 5:15 |
| 24 | 9.5 | 7:50 | 5:18 |
| 25 | 9.6 | 7:48 | 5:21 |
| 26 | 9.6 | 7:45 | 5:23 |
| 27 | 9.7 | 7:42 | 5:26 |
| 28 | 9.8 | 7:39 | 5:28 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 0.95 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 0.16 kWh/m² to a high of 5.82 kWh/m² in June across the year — February's 0.95 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.5 |
| Level | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0.6 | Dim |
| 2 | 0.6 | Dim |
| 3 | 0.6 | Dim |
| 4 | 0.6 | Dim |
| 5 | 0.7 | Dim |
| 6 | 0.7 | Dim |
| 7 | 0.7 | Dim |
| 8 | 0.7 | Dim |
| 9 | 0.8 | Dim |
| 10 | 0.8 | Dim |
| 11 | 0.8 | Dim |
| 12 | 0.9 | Dim |
| 13 | 0.9 | Dim |
| 14 | 0.9 | Dim |
| 15 | 1.0 | Dim |
| 16 | 1.0 | Dim |
| 17 | 1.0 | Dim |
| 18 | 1.1 | Dim |
| 19 | 1.1 | Dim |
| 20 | 1.1 | Dim |
| 21 | 1.2 | Dim |
| 22 | 1.2 | Dim |
| 23 | 1.3 | Dim |
| 24 | 1.3 | Dim |
| 25 | 1.3 | Dim |
| 26 | 1.4 | Dim |
| 27 | 1.4 | Dim |
| 28 | 1.5 | Dim |
Is February a good time to visit Kallio?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Kallio.
What to pack for Kallio in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Kallio sees daytime highs around -2°C and nights near -8°C. Pack a warm layer and a heavy coat. Worth having: rain gear. About 9 days see rain.
Sea temperature near Kallio in February
The nearest coast averages about 1°C in February — the other half of the beach question. The full-year curve and swim-comfort zones are below.
The sea offshore is warmest in August at about 17°C and coldest in March near 1°C.
The water stays below 20°C all year — cool enough that most swimmers want a wetsuit.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sea temperature (°C) | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 11 | 16 | 17 | 14 | 10 | 7 | 4 |
| Comfort | Bracing | Bracing | Bracing | Bracing | Bracing | Bracing | Cool | Cool | Bracing | Bracing | Bracing | Bracing |
| Sea temperature (°C) | Comfort | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 2 | Bracing |
| Feb | 1 | Bracing |
| Mar | 1 | Bracing |
| Apr | 2 | Bracing |
| May | 6 | Bracing |
| Jun | 11 | Bracing |
| Jul | 16 | Cool |
| Aug | 17 | Cool |
| Sep | 14 | Bracing |
| Oct | 10 | Bracing |
| Nov | 7 | Bracing |
| Dec | 4 | Bracing |
UV index in Kallio in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 1. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Kallio peaks around June 18 at about 5 (high) — a little sun protection helps at midday. It bottoms out near January 1 at about 0 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 4 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Level | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | High | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 0 | Low |
| Feb | 1 | Low |
| Mar | 2 | Low |
| Apr | 3 | Moderate |
| May | 4 | Moderate |
| Jun | 5 | High |
| Jul | 5 | Moderate |
| Aug | 5 | Moderate |
| Sep | 3 | Moderate |
| Oct | 1 | Low |
| Nov | 0 | Low |
| Dec | 0 | Low |
Where is Kallio?
Kallio sits at 60.2°N, 25.0°E, 30 m above sea level, in Finland. The nearest listed city is Taka-Töölö, 2.0 km away.
Topography around Kallio
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Kallio.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Kallio has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 47 m around an average of 13 m above sea level; within 16 km, only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 95 m; within 80 km, only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 195 m.
The land around Kallio is covered by artificial surfaces (47%), water (26%) and trees (25%) within 3 km, water (44%) and trees (31%) within 16 km, and water (48%) and trees (40%) within 80 km.
Finland travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 1
- Exercise Normal Precautions
- Power plugs
- Type C / F
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 85% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $56,149
- 2025
- Happiness
- 7.8 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 100%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 1
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 3.9
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- English
- Very high
- EF EPI 603
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Kallio (60.1843°, 24.9503°, elevation 30 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. Sea temperatures are the NOAA OISST v2.1 1991–2020 monthly climatology (public domain), sampled at the nearest ocean point. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).