Sastamala weather in September
In September, Sastamala sees average daytime highs of 14°C and overnight lows near 7°C, with 53 mm of rain across 10 wet days and about 12.6 hours of daylight. It is the 5th-warmest and 5th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs ease over the month, from about 17°C in the first days to 12°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 16% of the time in September, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 14 hours at the start of September to 11 h 12 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, September is Sastamala's 7th-clearest and 8th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Sastamala's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 14°
- 5th warmest
- Overnight low
- 7°
- 9th coldest
- Rainfall
- 53 mm
- 10 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 36 min
- 6:06 AM – 6:40 PM
- Cloud cover
- 70%
- 7th clearest
- Wind
- 11 km/h
- 8th windiest
- Solar energy
- 2.26 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 4.1
- out of 10
Temperature in September
Highs ease over the month, from about 17°C in the first days to 12°C by the end.
A typical September day in Sastamala reaches about 14°C in the afternoon and slips back to 7°C overnight — a 8°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 10°C and 19°C. Set against its neighbours, September runs about 5°C cooler than August and about 7°C warmer than October.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 11 |
| Avg low (°C) | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 17 | 9 |
| 2 | 17 | 9 |
| 3 | 17 | 9 |
| 4 | 17 | 9 |
| 5 | 17 | 8 |
| 6 | 16 | 8 |
| 7 | 16 | 8 |
| 8 | 16 | 8 |
| 9 | 16 | 8 |
| 10 | 16 | 8 |
| 11 | 15 | 7 |
| 12 | 15 | 7 |
| 13 | 15 | 7 |
| 14 | 15 | 7 |
| 15 | 15 | 7 |
| 16 | 14 | 7 |
| 17 | 14 | 6 |
| 18 | 14 | 6 |
| 19 | 14 | 6 |
| 20 | 14 | 6 |
| 21 | 13 | 6 |
| 22 | 13 | 6 |
| 23 | 13 | 6 |
| 24 | 13 | 5 |
| 25 | 13 | 5 |
| 26 | 12 | 5 |
| 27 | 12 | 5 |
| 28 | 12 | 5 |
| 29 | 12 | 5 |
| 30 | 11 | 5 |
How September really feels in Sastamala
Once humidity and wind are folded in, September averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
September sits comfortably in between — no days that feel dangerously hot or drop to a hard freeze once humidity and wind are folded in.
Sastamala weather by month
How September compares with the rest of the year at a glance. September is the 5th-warmest and 5th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | -3° / -7° | 40 | 9.6 | 9.1 | 6 | 0.0 |
| Feb | -3° / -8° | 32 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 8.4 | 0.0 |
| Mar | 2° / -6° | 33 | 8.4 | 7.2 | 11.3 | 0.0 |
| Apr | 9° / -0° | 34 | 8.5 | 2.7 | 14.3 | 1.7 |
| May | 15° / 5° | 46 | 10 | 0.2 | 17.1 | 4.5 |
| Jun | 19° / 9° | 77 | 11.9 | 0 | 18.8 | 5.6 |
| Jul | 21° / 12° | 82 | 13.1 | 0 | 18.1 | 6.0 |
| Aug | 20° / 11° | 72 | 12.2 | 0 | 15.6 | 5.8 |
| Sep | 14° / 7° | 53 | 10 | 0 | 12.6 | 4.1 |
| Oct | 8° / 2° | 58 | 10.3 | 1.2 | 9.6 | 1.1 |
| Nov | 2° / -1° | 49 | 10.3 | 5 | 6.8 | 0.0 |
| Dec | -1° / -5° | 48 | 10.8 | 7.8 | 5.2 | 0.0 |
Cloud cover in September
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 16% of the time in September.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 15% of September, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 69%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 29 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 32 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 34 | 34 | 33 | 33 | 32 | 32 | 31 | 31 | 29 | 29 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 27 | 27 | 27 |
| Cloudier (%) | 71 | 72 | 71 | 71 | 70 | 69 | 68 | 68 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 66 | 66 | 67 | 67 | 68 | 68 | 69 | 69 | 71 | 71 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 73 | 73 | 73 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 29 | 71 |
| 2 | 28 | 72 |
| 3 | 29 | 71 |
| 4 | 29 | 71 |
| 5 | 30 | 70 |
| 6 | 31 | 69 |
| 7 | 32 | 68 |
| 8 | 32 | 68 |
| 9 | 33 | 67 |
| 10 | 33 | 67 |
| 11 | 33 | 67 |
| 12 | 33 | 67 |
| 13 | 33 | 67 |
| 14 | 33 | 67 |
| 15 | 34 | 66 |
| 16 | 34 | 66 |
| 17 | 33 | 67 |
| 18 | 33 | 67 |
| 19 | 32 | 68 |
| 20 | 32 | 68 |
| 21 | 31 | 69 |
| 22 | 31 | 69 |
| 23 | 29 | 71 |
| 24 | 29 | 71 |
| 25 | 28 | 72 |
| 26 | 28 | 72 |
| 27 | 28 | 72 |
| 28 | 27 | 73 |
| 29 | 27 | 73 |
| 30 | 27 | 73 |
Chance of precipitation in September
Sastamala gets around 53 mm of rain over 10 wet days in September. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 34% and peaks near 39% on the wettest days. The odds ease toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 39 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 36 | 36 | 35 | 34 | 34 | 33 | 32 | 32 | 31 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 29 | 29 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 31 | 31 | 32 | 33 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 39 |
| 2 | 38 |
| 3 | 38 |
| 4 | 38 |
| 5 | 38 |
| 6 | 38 |
| 7 | 37 |
| 8 | 37 |
| 9 | 37 |
| 10 | 36 |
| 11 | 36 |
| 12 | 35 |
| 13 | 34 |
| 14 | 34 |
| 15 | 33 |
| 16 | 32 |
| 17 | 32 |
| 18 | 31 |
| 19 | 30 |
| 20 | 30 |
| 21 | 30 |
| 22 | 29 |
| 23 | 29 |
| 24 | 30 |
| 25 | 30 |
| 26 | 30 |
| 27 | 31 |
| 28 | 31 |
| 29 | 32 |
| 30 | 33 |
Humidity in September
Most of September feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, September lands in the dry band about 93% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 81 | 82 | 84 | 85 | 86 | 87 | 88 | 88 | 89 | 90 | 91 | 92 | 93 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 96 | 97 | 97 | 98 | 98 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 |
| Comfortable (%) | 18 | 17 | 16 | 15 | 14 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Humid (%) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | Humid (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 81 | 18 | 1 |
| 2 | 82 | 17 | 1 |
| 3 | 84 | 16 | 0 |
| 4 | 85 | 15 | 0 |
| 5 | 86 | 14 | 0 |
| 6 | 87 | 13 | 0 |
| 7 | 88 | 12 | 0 |
| 8 | 88 | 12 | 0 |
| 9 | 89 | 11 | 0 |
| 10 | 90 | 10 | 0 |
| 11 | 91 | 9 | 0 |
| 12 | 92 | 8 | 0 |
| 13 | 93 | 7 | 0 |
| 14 | 93 | 7 | 0 |
| 15 | 94 | 6 | 0 |
| 16 | 95 | 5 | 0 |
| 17 | 96 | 4 | 0 |
| 18 | 96 | 4 | 0 |
| 19 | 97 | 3 | 0 |
| 20 | 97 | 3 | 0 |
| 21 | 98 | 2 | 0 |
| 22 | 98 | 2 | 0 |
| 23 | 99 | 1 | 0 |
| 24 | 99 | 1 | 0 |
| 25 | 99 | 1 | 0 |
| 26 | 99 | 1 | 0 |
| 27 | 99 | 1 | 0 |
| 28 | 99 | 1 | 0 |
| 29 | 99 | 1 | 0 |
| 30 | 99 | 1 | 0 |
Wind in September
Winds average 11 km/h in September.
Across September, daily wind ranges from about 11 km/h on the calmest days to 12 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11 | calm |
| 2 | 11 | calm |
| 3 | 11 | calm |
| 4 | 11 | calm |
| 5 | 11 | calm |
| 6 | 11 | calm |
| 7 | 11 | calm |
| 8 | 11 | calm |
| 9 | 11 | calm |
| 10 | 11 | calm |
| 11 | 11 | calm |
| 12 | 11 | calm |
| 13 | 11 | calm |
| 14 | 11 | calm |
| 15 | 11 | calm |
| 16 | 12 | calm |
| 17 | 12 | calm |
| 18 | 12 | calm |
| 19 | 12 | calm |
| 20 | 12 | calm |
| 21 | 12 | calm |
| 22 | 12 | calm |
| 23 | 12 | calm |
| 24 | 12 | calm |
| 25 | 12 | calm |
| 26 | 12 | calm |
| 27 | 12 | calm |
| 28 | 12 | calm |
| 29 | 12 | calm |
| 30 | 12 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in September
Daylight runs from about 14 hours at the start of September to 11 h 12 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 168 minutes over September. Sunrise moves from 5:27 AM to 6:42 AM, and sunset from 7:29 PM to 5:53 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 14.0 | 13.9 | 13.8 | 13.7 | 13.6 | 13.5 | 13.5 | 13.4 | 13.3 | 13.2 | 13.1 | 13.0 | 12.9 | 12.8 | 12.7 | 12.6 | 12.5 | 12.4 | 12.3 | 12.2 | 12.1 | 12.0 | 11.9 | 11.8 | 11.7 | 11.6 | 11.5 | 11.4 | 11.3 | 11.2 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 5:27 | 5:30 | 5:32 | 5:35 | 5:37 | 5:40 | 5:42 | 5:45 | 5:48 | 5:50 | 5:53 | 5:55 | 5:58 | 6:01 | 6:03 | 6:06 | 6:08 | 6:11 | 6:13 | 6:16 | 6:19 | 6:21 | 6:24 | 6:26 | 6:29 | 6:32 | 6:34 | 6:37 | 6:39 | 6:42 |
| Sunset (PM) | 7:29 | 7:26 | 7:23 | 7:19 | 7:16 | 7:13 | 7:10 | 7:06 | 7:03 | 7:00 | 6:56 | 6:53 | 6:50 | 6:46 | 6:43 | 6:40 | 6:36 | 6:33 | 6:30 | 6:26 | 6:23 | 6:20 | 6:16 | 6:13 | 6:10 | 6:06 | 6:03 | 6:00 | 5:57 | 5:53 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 14.0 | 5:27 | 7:29 |
| 2 | 13.9 | 5:30 | 7:26 |
| 3 | 13.8 | 5:32 | 7:23 |
| 4 | 13.7 | 5:35 | 7:19 |
| 5 | 13.6 | 5:37 | 7:16 |
| 6 | 13.5 | 5:40 | 7:13 |
| 7 | 13.5 | 5:42 | 7:10 |
| 8 | 13.4 | 5:45 | 7:06 |
| 9 | 13.3 | 5:48 | 7:03 |
| 10 | 13.2 | 5:50 | 7:00 |
| 11 | 13.1 | 5:53 | 6:56 |
| 12 | 13.0 | 5:55 | 6:53 |
| 13 | 12.9 | 5:58 | 6:50 |
| 14 | 12.8 | 6:01 | 6:46 |
| 15 | 12.7 | 6:03 | 6:43 |
| 16 | 12.6 | 6:06 | 6:40 |
| 17 | 12.5 | 6:08 | 6:36 |
| 18 | 12.4 | 6:11 | 6:33 |
| 19 | 12.3 | 6:13 | 6:30 |
| 20 | 12.2 | 6:16 | 6:26 |
| 21 | 12.1 | 6:19 | 6:23 |
| 22 | 12.0 | 6:21 | 6:20 |
| 23 | 11.9 | 6:24 | 6:16 |
| 24 | 11.8 | 6:26 | 6:13 |
| 25 | 11.7 | 6:29 | 6:10 |
| 26 | 11.6 | 6:32 | 6:06 |
| 27 | 11.5 | 6:34 | 6:03 |
| 28 | 11.4 | 6:37 | 6:00 |
| 29 | 11.3 | 6:39 | 5:57 |
| 30 | 11.2 | 6:42 | 5:53 |
Solar energy in September
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in September, about 2.26 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 0.12 kWh/m² to a high of 5.37 kWh/m² in June across the year — September's 2.26 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.6 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 2 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 3 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 4 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 5 | 2.7 | Moderate |
| 6 | 2.7 | Moderate |
| 7 | 2.6 | Moderate |
| 8 | 2.6 | Moderate |
| 9 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 10 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 11 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 12 | 2.4 | Moderate |
| 13 | 2.4 | Moderate |
| 14 | 2.3 | Moderate |
| 15 | 2.3 | Moderate |
| 16 | 2.2 | Moderate |
| 17 | 2.2 | Moderate |
| 18 | 2.1 | Moderate |
| 19 | 2.1 | Moderate |
| 20 | 2.0 | Moderate |
| 21 | 2.0 | Moderate |
| 22 | 2.0 | Dim |
| 23 | 1.9 | Dim |
| 24 | 1.9 | Dim |
| 25 | 1.8 | Dim |
| 26 | 1.8 | Dim |
| 27 | 1.7 | Dim |
| 28 | 1.7 | Dim |
| 29 | 1.6 | Dim |
| 30 | 1.6 | Dim |
Is September a good time to visit Sastamala?
Our two travel scores rate September for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
September is a reasonable time to visit Sastamala for sightseeing.
What to pack for Sastamala in September
From September's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In September, Sastamala sees daytime highs around 14°C and nights near 7°C. Worth packing: a warm layer and rain gear. About 10 days see rain.
UV index in Sastamala in September
Clear-sky midday UV in September peaks around 2. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Sastamala peaks around June 16 at about 5 (moderate) — a little sun protection helps at midday. It bottoms out near December 19 at about 0 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 4 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Level | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 0 | Low |
| Feb | 1 | Low |
| Mar | 1 | Low |
| Apr | 2 | Moderate |
| May | 4 | Moderate |
| Jun | 5 | Moderate |
| Jul | 4 | Moderate |
| Aug | 4 | Moderate |
| Sep | 2 | Moderate |
| Oct | 1 | Low |
| Nov | 0 | Low |
| Dec | 0 | Low |
Where is Sastamala?
Sastamala sits at 61.3°N, 22.9°E, 65 m above sea level, in Finland. The nearest listed city is Vammala, 2.0 km away.
Topography around Sastamala
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Sastamala.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Sastamala has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 62 m around an average of 70 m above sea level; within 16 km, only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 145 m; within 80 km, only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 223 m.
The land around Sastamala is covered by trees (45%) and water (27%) within 3 km, trees (74%) within 16 km, and trees (71%) within 80 km.
Finland travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 1
- Exercise Normal Precautions
- Power plugs
- Type C / F
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 85% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $56,149
- 2025
- Happiness
- 7.8 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 100%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 1
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 3.9
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- English
- Very high
- EF EPI 603
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Sastamala (61.3494°, 22.9093°, elevation 65 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).