Cran-Gevrier weather in April

In April, Cran-Gevrier sees average daytime highs of 15°C and overnight lows near 5°C, with 120 mm of precipitation across 12.9 wet days and about 13.3 hours of daylight. It is the 7th-warmest and 11th-wettest month of the year here.

Highs climb over the month, from about 13°C in the first days to 16°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 28% of the time in April, and the air most often feels dry.

Daylight stretches from about 12 h 30 min at the start of April to 14 hours by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, April is Cran-Gevrier's 7th-clearest and 1st-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Cran-Gevrier's year-round climate.

Daytime high: 15°; 7th warmest
Overnight low: 5°; 6th coldest
Precipitation: 120 mm; 12.9 wet days
Daylight: 13 h 18 min; 5:57 AM – 7:15 PM
Cloud cover: 62%; 7th clearest
Wind: 6 km/h; 1st windiest
Solar energy: 4.8 kWh/m²
Travel score: 4.0; out of 10

← March Cran-Gevrier year-round climate May →Best places to visit in April

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Temperature in April

Average highAverage lowShaded bands: 10–90% of days

Highs climb over the month, from about 13°C in the first days to 16°C by the end.

A typical April day in Cran-Gevrier reaches about 15°C in the afternoon and slips back to 5°C overnight — a 10°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 8°C and 21°C. Set against its neighbours, April runs about 4°C warmer than March and about 4°C cooler than May.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Avg high (°C)	13	13	13	13	13	13	13	14	14	14	14	14	14	14	14	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	16	16	16	16	16	16	16	16
Avg low (°C)	3	3	3	3	3	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	5	5	5	5	5	5	6	6	6	6	6	7	7	7	7

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	13	3
2	13	3
3	13	3
4	13	3
5	13	3
6	13	4
7	13	4
8	14	4
9	14	4
10	14	4
11	14	4
12	14	4
13	14	4
14	14	4
15	14	4
16	15	5
17	15	5
18	15	5
19	15	5
20	15	5
21	15	5
22	15	6
23	16	6
24	16	6
25	16	6
26	16	6
27	16	7
28	16	7
29	16	7
30	16	7

How April really feels in Cran-Gevrier

Once humidity and wind are folded in, April averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.

Days feeling ≥ 32°C

heat index over the day's high

Days feeling ≤ 0°C

wind chill below the day's low

April sits comfortably in between — no days that feel dangerously hot or drop to a hard freeze once humidity and wind are folded in.

Cran-Gevrier weather by month

How April compares with the rest of the year at a glance. April is the 7th-warmest and 11th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.

Month	High / Low (°C)	Rainfall (mm)	Wet days	Snow days	Daylight (hours)	Travel score
Jan	5° / -2°	124	12.6	6.8	8.9	0.0
Feb	7° / -1°	108	10.6	6.3	10	0.7
Mar	11° / 2°	121	12.5	3.9	11.6	2.6
Apr	15° / 5°	120	12.9	2.1	13.3	4.0
May	18° / 9°	152	16.2	0.2	14.7	5.0
Jun	22° / 12°	143	14.9	0	15.5	5.9
Jul	24° / 14°	152	13.5	0	15.2	6.6
Aug	24° / 14°	136	13	0	14	6.6
Sep	19° / 10°	123	11.8	0	12.3	5.9
Oct	15° / 7°	131	12.5	0.4	10.7	4.2
Nov	9° / 2°	137	13.2	3.7	9.3	1.6
Dec	5° / -1°	147	13.4	6.4	8.5	0.2

Cloud cover in April

ClearMostly clearPartly cloudyMostly cloudyOvercast

The sky is clear or mostly clear about 28% of the time in April.

Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 14% of April, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 58%.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Clearer (%)	41	42	42	42	43	43	43	43	44	45	45	45	45	46	45	45	45	44	44	43	43	41	41	39	38	38	37	36	36	35
Cloudier (%)	59	58	58	58	57	57	57	57	56	55	55	55	55	54	55	55	55	56	56	57	57	59	59	61	62	62	63	64	64	65

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	41	59
2	42	58
3	42	58
4	42	58
5	43	57
6	43	57
7	43	57
8	43	57
9	44	56
10	45	55
11	45	55
12	45	55
13	45	55
14	46	54
15	45	55
16	45	55
17	45	55
18	44	56
19	44	56
20	43	57
21	43	57
22	41	59
23	41	59
24	39	61
25	38	62
26	38	62
27	37	63
28	36	64
29	36	64
30	35	65

Chance of precipitation in April

Any precipitationSnow

Cran-Gevrier gets around 120 mm of rain and snow over 12.9 wet days in April. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.

Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 43% and peaks near 54% on the wettest days, and about 2 days bring snow. The odds climb toward the end of the month.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Rain chance (%)	44	44	43	43	43	42	42	41	41	41	40	40	40	39	39	39	39	40	40	41	42	44	45	46	48	49	50	52	53	54
Snow chance (%)	10	10	10	10	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	8	8	8	7	7	7	6	6	5	5	4	4	4	3	3	3	2	2

	Rain chance (%)	Snow chance (%)
1	44	10
2	44	10
3	43	10
4	43	10
5	43	9
6	42	9
7	42	9
8	41	9
9	41	9
10	41	9
11	40	9
12	40	9
13	40	8
14	39	8
15	39	8
16	39	7
17	39	7
18	40	7
19	40	6
20	41	6
21	42	5
22	44	5
23	45	4
24	46	4
25	48	4
26	49	3
27	50	3
28	52	3
29	53	2
30	54	2

Humidity in April

DryComfortableHumidMuggyOppressiveMiserable

Most of April feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.

By dew point, April lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Dry (%)	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	99	99	99
Comfortable (%)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)
1	100	0
2	100	0
3	100	0
4	100	0
5	100	0
6	100	0
7	100	0
8	100	0
9	100	0
10	100	0
11	100	0
12	100	0
13	100	0
14	100	0
15	100	0
16	100	0
17	100	0
18	100	0
19	100	0
20	100	0
21	100	0
22	100	0
23	100	0
24	100	0
25	100	0
26	100	0
27	100	0
28	99	1
29	99	1
30	99	1

Wind in April

Winds average 6 km/h in April, the windiest month of the year.

Across April, daily wind ranges from about 6 km/h on the calmest days to 6 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Wind speed (km/h)	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6
Feels	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm

	Wind speed (km/h)	Feels
1	6	calm
2	6	calm
3	6	calm
4	6	calm
5	6	calm
6	6	calm
7	6	calm
8	6	calm
9	6	calm
10	6	calm
11	6	calm
12	6	calm
13	6	calm
14	6	calm
15	6	calm
16	6	calm
17	6	calm
18	6	calm
19	6	calm
20	6	calm
21	6	calm
22	6	calm
23	6	calm
24	6	calm
25	6	calm
26	6	calm
27	6	calm
28	6	calm
29	6	calm
30	6	calm

Sunrise & sunset in April

DaylightNight

Daylight runs from about 12 h 30 min at the start of April to 14 hours by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.

Days grow by about 90 minutes over April. Sunrise moves from 6:26 AM to 5:32 AM, and sunset from 6:55 PM to 7:33 PM.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Daylight (h)	12.5	12.5	12.6	12.7	12.7	12.8	12.8	12.9	12.9	13.0	13.0	13.1	13.1	13.2	13.2	13.3	13.4	13.4	13.5	13.5	13.6	13.6	13.7	13.7	13.8	13.8	13.9	13.9	14.0	14.0
Sunrise (AM)	6:26	6:24	6:22	6:20	6:18	6:16	6:14	6:12	6:10	6:08	6:06	6:04	6:02	6:01	5:59	5:57	5:55	5:53	5:51	5:50	5:48	5:46	5:44	5:42	5:41	5:39	5:37	5:36	5:34	5:32
Sunset (PM)	6:55	6:56	6:57	6:59	7:00	7:01	7:03	7:04	7:05	7:07	7:08	7:09	7:11	7:12	7:13	7:15	7:16	7:17	7:19	7:20	7:21	7:23	7:24	7:25	7:27	7:28	7:29	7:31	7:32	7:33

	Daylight (h)	Sunrise (AM)	Sunset (PM)
1	12.5	6:26	6:55
2	12.5	6:24	6:56
3	12.6	6:22	6:57
4	12.7	6:20	6:59
5	12.7	6:18	7:00
6	12.8	6:16	7:01
7	12.8	6:14	7:03
8	12.9	6:12	7:04
9	12.9	6:10	7:05
10	13.0	6:08	7:07
11	13.0	6:06	7:08
12	13.1	6:04	7:09
13	13.1	6:02	7:11
14	13.2	6:01	7:12
15	13.2	5:59	7:13
16	13.3	5:57	7:15
17	13.4	5:55	7:16
18	13.4	5:53	7:17
19	13.5	5:51	7:19
20	13.5	5:50	7:20
21	13.6	5:48	7:21
22	13.6	5:46	7:23
23	13.7	5:44	7:24
24	13.7	5:42	7:25
25	13.8	5:41	7:27
26	13.8	5:39	7:28
27	13.9	5:37	7:29
28	13.9	5:36	7:31
29	14.0	5:34	7:32
30	14.0	5:32	7:33

Solar energy in April

Daily solar energy (kWh/m²)

Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in April, about 4.8 kWh/m².

For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 1.16 kWh/m² to a high of 5.97 kWh/m² in July across the year — April's 4.8 kWh/m² falls in the middle.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Solar energy (kWh/m²)	4.3	4.3	4.3	4.4	4.4	4.5	4.5	4.6	4.6	4.7	4.7	4.7	4.8	4.8	4.9	4.9	4.9	4.9	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0
Level	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright

	Solar energy (kWh/m²)	Level
1	4.3	Bright
2	4.3	Bright
3	4.3	Bright
4	4.4	Bright
5	4.4	Bright
6	4.5	Bright
7	4.5	Bright
8	4.6	Bright
9	4.6	Bright
10	4.7	Bright
11	4.7	Bright
12	4.7	Bright
13	4.8	Bright
14	4.8	Bright
15	4.9	Bright
16	4.9	Bright
17	4.9	Bright
18	4.9	Bright
19	5.0	Bright
20	5.0	Bright
21	5.0	Bright
22	5.0	Bright
23	5.0	Bright
24	5.0	Bright
25	5.0	Bright
26	5.0	Bright
27	5.0	Bright
28	5.0	Bright
29	5.0	Bright
30	5.0	Bright

Planning a trip in April

Is April a good time to visit Cran-Gevrier?

Our two travel scores rate April for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).

4.0

Sightseeing

7th-best month of the year

0.2

Beach & pool

7th-best month of the year

April is a reasonable time to visit Cran-Gevrier for sightseeing.

What to pack for Cran-Gevrier in April

From April's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.

In April, Cran-Gevrier sees daytime highs around 15°C and nights near 5°C. Worth packing: a warm layer, rain gear and sun protection. About 13 days see rain.

a warm layerrain gearsun protection

UV index in Cran-Gevrier in April

LowModerateHighVery highExtreme

Clear-sky midday UV in April peaks around 5 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.

Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Cran-Gevrier peaks around July 15 at about 8 (very high) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 22 at about 1 (low).

The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 8 months of the year.

	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
UV index (midday)	1	2	4	5	7	7	9	7	5	3	2	1
Level	Low	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	High	Very high	Very high	High	Moderate	Moderate	Low	Low

	UV index (midday)	Level
Jan	1	Low
Feb	2	Moderate
Mar	4	Moderate
Apr	5	Moderate
May	7	High
Jun	7	Very high
Jul	9	Very high
Aug	7	High
Sep	5	Moderate
Oct	3	Moderate
Nov	2	Low
Dec	1	Low

Air quality in Cran-Gevrier in April

GoodModeratePoorUnhealthyVery unhealthy

Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where April falls, not just the annual average.

Air quality in Cran-Gevrier is worst in April — around 16 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), and holds fairly steady the rest of the year.

Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).

	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
PM2.5 (µg/m³)	14	14	16	16	14	15	12	12	11	11	12	13
Level	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Good	Good	Good	Good	Good	Moderate

	PM2.5 (µg/m³)	Level
Jan	14	Moderate
Feb	14	Moderate
Mar	16	Moderate
Apr	16	Moderate
May	14	Moderate
Jun	15	Moderate
Jul	12	Good
Aug	12	Good
Sep	11	Good
Oct	11	Good
Nov	12	Good
Dec	13	Moderate

Location & terrain

Where is Cran-Gevrier?

Cran-Gevrier sits at 45.9°N, 6.1°E, 510 m above sea level, in France. The nearest listed city is Seynod, 2.0 km away.

Topography around Cran-Gevrier

How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Cran-Gevrier.

Within 3 km, the terrain around Cran-Gevrier has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 413 m around an average of 486 m above sea level; within 16 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,848 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 4,609 m.

The land around Cran-Gevrier is covered by artificial surfaces (45%) and trees (36%) within 3 km, trees (53%) and grassland (31%) within 16 km, and trees (53%) and grassland (28%) within 80 km.

3 km

413 m

artificial surfaces 45%

16 km

1,848 m

trees 53%

80 km

4,609 m

trees 53%

treesgrasslandcroplandartificial surfacesbare terrainsnow and icewater

← March Cran-Gevrier year-round climate May →Best places to visit in April

April weather nearby: Seynod 2.0 km · Annecy 2.0 km · Annecy-le-Vieux 4.0 km · Aix-les-Bains 28 km · Carouge 31 km · Onex 32 km · Lancy 32 km · Albertville 34 km

France travel facts

Travel advisory: Level 2; Exercise Increased Caution
Power plugs: Type C / E; 230 V · 50 Hz
Prices: ≈ 77% of US; price level, 2025
GDP per capita: $48,986; 2025
Happiness: 6.6 / 10; World Happiness, 2025
Safe drinking water: 100%; of population, 2024
Homicide rate: 1.3; per 100k, 2023
Road deaths: 5.1; per 100k/yr, 2019
Income group: High; World Bank
English: Moderate; EF EPI 539
Religion

Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.

Data sources

Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Cran-Gevrier (45.9°, 6.1°, elevation 510 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	13	3
2	13	3
3	13	3
4	13	3
5	13	3
6	13	4
7	13	4
8	14	4
9	14	4
10	14	4
11	14	4
12	14	4
13	14	4
14	14	4
15	14	4
16	15	5
17	15	5
18	15	5
19	15	5
20	15	5
21	15	5
22	15	6
23	16	6
24	16	6
25	16	6
26	16	6
27	16	7
28	16	7
29	16	7
30	16	7

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	41	59
2	42	58
3	42	58
4	42	58
5	43	57
6	43	57
7	43	57
8	43	57
9	44	56
10	45	55
11	45	55
12	45	55
13	45	55
14	46	54
15	45	55
16	45	55
17	45	55
18	44	56
19	44	56
20	43	57
21	43	57
22	41	59
23	41	59
24	39	61
25	38	62
26	38	62
27	37	63
28	36	64
29	36	64
30	35	65

	Rain chance (%)	Snow chance (%)
1	44	10
2	44	10
3	43	10
4	43	10
5	43	9
6	42	9
7	42	9
8	41	9
9	41	9
10	41	9
11	40	9
12	40	9
13	40	8
14	39	8
15	39	8
16	39	7
17	39	7
18	40	7
19	40	6
20	41	6
21	42	5
22	44	5
23	45	4
24	46	4
25	48	4
26	49	3
27	50	3
28	52	3
29	53	2
30	54	2

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)
1	100	0
2	100	0
3	100	0
4	100	0
5	100	0
6	100	0
7	100	0
8	100	0
9	100	0
10	100	0
11	100	0
12	100	0
13	100	0
14	100	0
15	100	0
16	100	0
17	100	0
18	100	0
19	100	0
20	100	0
21	100	0
22	100	0
23	100	0
24	100	0
25	100	0
26	100	0
27	100	0
28	99	1
29	99	1
30	99	1

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	13	3
2	13	3
3	13	3
4	13	3
5	13	3
6	13	4
7	13	4
8	14	4
9	14	4
10	14	4
11	14	4
12	14	4
13	14	4
14	14	4
15	14	4
16	15	5
17	15	5
18	15	5
19	15	5
20	15	5
21	15	5
22	15	6
23	16	6
24	16	6
25	16	6
26	16	6
27	16	7
28	16	7
29	16	7
30	16	7

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	41	59
2	42	58
3	42	58
4	42	58
5	43	57
6	43	57
7	43	57
8	43	57
9	44	56
10	45	55
11	45	55
12	45	55
13	45	55
14	46	54
15	45	55
16	45	55
17	45	55
18	44	56
19	44	56
20	43	57
21	43	57
22	41	59
23	41	59
24	39	61
25	38	62
26	38	62
27	37	63
28	36	64
29	36	64
30	35	65

	Rain chance (%)	Snow chance (%)
1	44	10
2	44	10
3	43	10
4	43	10
5	43	9
6	42	9
7	42	9
8	41	9
9	41	9
10	41	9
11	40	9
12	40	9
13	40	8
14	39	8
15	39	8
16	39	7
17	39	7
18	40	7
19	40	6
20	41	6
21	42	5
22	44	5
23	45	4
24	46	4
25	48	4
26	49	3
27	50	3
28	52	3
29	53	2
30	54	2

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)
1	100	0
2	100	0
3	100	0
4	100	0
5	100	0
6	100	0
7	100	0
8	100	0
9	100	0
10	100	0
11	100	0
12	100	0
13	100	0
14	100	0
15	100	0
16	100	0
17	100	0
18	100	0
19	100	0
20	100	0
21	100	0
22	100	0
23	100	0
24	100	0
25	100	0
26	100	0
27	100	0
28	99	1
29	99	1
30	99	1

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	13	3
2	13	3
3	13	3
4	13	3
5	13	3
6	13	4
7	13	4
8	14	4
9	14	4
10	14	4
11	14	4
12	14	4
13	14	4
14	14	4
15	14	4
16	15	5
17	15	5
18	15	5
19	15	5
20	15	5
21	15	5
22	15	6
23	16	6
24	16	6
25	16	6
26	16	6
27	16	7
28	16	7
29	16	7
30	16	7

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	41	59
2	42	58
3	42	58
4	42	58
5	43	57
6	43	57
7	43	57
8	43	57
9	44	56
10	45	55
11	45	55
12	45	55
13	45	55
14	46	54
15	45	55
16	45	55
17	45	55
18	44	56
19	44	56
20	43	57
21	43	57
22	41	59
23	41	59
24	39	61
25	38	62
26	38	62
27	37	63
28	36	64
29	36	64
30	35	65

	Rain chance (%)	Snow chance (%)
1	44	10
2	44	10
3	43	10
4	43	10
5	43	9
6	42	9
7	42	9
8	41	9
9	41	9
10	41	9
11	40	9
12	40	9
13	40	8
14	39	8
15	39	8
16	39	7
17	39	7
18	40	7
19	40	6
20	41	6
21	42	5
22	44	5
23	45	4
24	46	4
25	48	4
26	49	3
27	50	3
28	52	3
29	53	2
30	54	2

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)
1	100	0
2	100	0
3	100	0
4	100	0
5	100	0
6	100	0
7	100	0
8	100	0
9	100	0
10	100	0
11	100	0
12	100	0
13	100	0
14	100	0
15	100	0
16	100	0
17	100	0
18	100	0
19	100	0
20	100	0
21	100	0
22	100	0
23	100	0
24	100	0
25	100	0
26	100	0
27	100	0
28	99	1
29	99	1
30	99	1