Saint-Malo weather in February
In February, Saint-Malo sees average daytime highs of 9°C and overnight lows near 6°C, with 73 mm of precipitation across 13 wet days and about 9.8 hours of daylight. It is the 12th-warmest and 6th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 9°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 18% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 9 h 06 min at the start of February to 10 h 36 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Saint-Malo's 9th-clearest and 4th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Saint-Malo's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 9°
- 12th warmest
- Overnight low
- 6°
- 1st coldest
- Precipitation
- 73 mm
- 13 wet days
- Daylight
- 9 h 54 min
- 8:27 AM – 6:18 PM
- Cloud cover
- 69%
- 9th clearest
- Wind
- 26 km/h
- 4th windiest
- Solar energy
- 1.93 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 1.5
- out of 10
- Air quality
- Good
- PM10 19.5 µg/m³ · 2019
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 9°C through the month.
A typical February day in Saint-Malo reaches about 9°C in the afternoon and slips back to 6°C overnight — a 3°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 6°C and 11°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs on par with January and about 1°C cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Avg low (°C) | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9 | 6 |
| 2 | 9 | 6 |
| 3 | 9 | 6 |
| 4 | 9 | 6 |
| 5 | 9 | 6 |
| 6 | 9 | 6 |
| 7 | 9 | 6 |
| 8 | 9 | 6 |
| 9 | 9 | 6 |
| 10 | 9 | 6 |
| 11 | 9 | 6 |
| 12 | 9 | 6 |
| 13 | 9 | 6 |
| 14 | 9 | 6 |
| 15 | 9 | 6 |
| 16 | 9 | 6 |
| 17 | 9 | 6 |
| 18 | 9 | 6 |
| 19 | 9 | 6 |
| 20 | 9 | 6 |
| 21 | 9 | 6 |
| 22 | 9 | 6 |
| 23 | 9 | 6 |
| 24 | 9 | 6 |
| 25 | 9 | 6 |
| 26 | 9 | 6 |
| 27 | 9 | 6 |
| 28 | 9 | 7 |
Saint-Malo weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 12th-warmest and 6th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 9° / 7° | 91 | 14.8 | 8.5 | 1.6 |
| Feb | 9° / 6° | 73 | 13 | 9.8 | 1.5 |
| Mar | 10° / 7° | 66 | 12.2 | 11.6 | 2.1 |
| Apr | 11° / 9° | 58 | 10.4 | 13.4 | 2.9 |
| May | 14° / 11° | 57 | 9.8 | 15 | 4.0 |
| Jun | 16° / 14° | 50 | 8.8 | 15.8 | 5.2 |
| Jul | 18° / 16° | 48 | 9.3 | 15.5 | 6.2 |
| Aug | 19° / 17° | 59 | 10.2 | 14.2 | 6.1 |
| Sep | 18° / 16° | 76 | 10.7 | 12.4 | 5.7 |
| Oct | 16° / 13° | 107 | 15.3 | 10.5 | 4.2 |
| Nov | 12° / 10° | 117 | 16.3 | 9 | 2.8 |
| Dec | 10° / 8° | 119 | 16.1 | 8.1 | 1.9 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 18% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 16% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 66%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 29 | 29 | 30 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 36 | 36 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 36 | 35 | 35 | 34 | 34 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 |
| Cloudier (%) | 71 | 71 | 70 | 70 | 69 | 68 | 67 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 64 | 64 | 63 | 63 | 63 | 63 | 63 | 63 | 64 | 65 | 65 | 66 | 66 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 68 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 29 | 71 |
| 2 | 29 | 71 |
| 3 | 30 | 70 |
| 4 | 30 | 70 |
| 5 | 31 | 69 |
| 6 | 32 | 68 |
| 7 | 33 | 67 |
| 8 | 34 | 66 |
| 9 | 34 | 66 |
| 10 | 34 | 66 |
| 11 | 36 | 64 |
| 12 | 36 | 64 |
| 13 | 37 | 63 |
| 14 | 37 | 63 |
| 15 | 37 | 63 |
| 16 | 37 | 63 |
| 17 | 37 | 63 |
| 18 | 37 | 63 |
| 19 | 36 | 64 |
| 20 | 35 | 65 |
| 21 | 35 | 65 |
| 22 | 34 | 66 |
| 23 | 34 | 66 |
| 24 | 32 | 68 |
| 25 | 32 | 68 |
| 26 | 32 | 68 |
| 27 | 32 | 68 |
| 28 | 32 | 68 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Saint-Malo gets around 73 mm of rain and snow over 13 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 47% and peaks near 48% on the wettest days, and about 0 day brings snow.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 46 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 46 | 46 | 47 | 47 | 48 | 48 | 48 |
| Snow chance (%) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 46 | 1 |
| 2 | 47 | 1 |
| 3 | 47 | 1 |
| 4 | 47 | 1 |
| 5 | 47 | 2 |
| 6 | 47 | 2 |
| 7 | 48 | 2 |
| 8 | 48 | 2 |
| 9 | 48 | 2 |
| 10 | 48 | 2 |
| 11 | 48 | 2 |
| 12 | 47 | 2 |
| 13 | 47 | 2 |
| 14 | 47 | 2 |
| 15 | 46 | 2 |
| 16 | 46 | 2 |
| 17 | 46 | 1 |
| 18 | 45 | 1 |
| 19 | 45 | 1 |
| 20 | 45 | 1 |
| 21 | 45 | 1 |
| 22 | 46 | 1 |
| 23 | 46 | 1 |
| 24 | 47 | 1 |
| 25 | 47 | 1 |
| 26 | 48 | 1 |
| 27 | 48 | 1 |
| 28 | 48 | 1 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
Wind in February
Winds average 26 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 26 km/h on the calmest days to 27 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 |
| Feels | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 27 | breezy |
| 2 | 27 | breezy |
| 3 | 27 | breezy |
| 4 | 27 | breezy |
| 5 | 27 | breezy |
| 6 | 26 | breezy |
| 7 | 26 | breezy |
| 8 | 26 | breezy |
| 9 | 26 | breezy |
| 10 | 26 | breezy |
| 11 | 26 | breezy |
| 12 | 26 | breezy |
| 13 | 26 | breezy |
| 14 | 26 | breezy |
| 15 | 26 | breezy |
| 16 | 26 | breezy |
| 17 | 26 | breezy |
| 18 | 26 | breezy |
| 19 | 26 | breezy |
| 20 | 26 | breezy |
| 21 | 26 | breezy |
| 22 | 26 | breezy |
| 23 | 26 | breezy |
| 24 | 26 | breezy |
| 25 | 26 | breezy |
| 26 | 26 | breezy |
| 27 | 26 | breezy |
| 28 | 26 | breezy |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 9 h 06 min at the start of February to 10 h 36 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 90 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 8:47 AM to 8:04 AM, and sunset from 5:56 PM to 6:39 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 9.1 | 9.2 | 9.2 | 9.3 | 9.3 | 9.4 | 9.4 | 9.5 | 9.5 | 9.6 | 9.6 | 9.7 | 9.7 | 9.8 | 9.9 | 9.9 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 10.2 | 10.2 | 10.3 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.6 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 8:47 | 8:46 | 8:45 | 8:43 | 8:42 | 8:41 | 8:39 | 8:38 | 8:36 | 8:35 | 8:33 | 8:32 | 8:30 | 8:29 | 8:27 | 8:25 | 8:24 | 8:22 | 8:20 | 8:18 | 8:17 | 8:15 | 8:13 | 8:11 | 8:09 | 8:07 | 8:05 | 8:04 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:56 | 5:57 | 5:59 | 6:01 | 6:02 | 6:04 | 6:05 | 6:07 | 6:09 | 6:10 | 6:12 | 6:13 | 6:15 | 6:17 | 6:18 | 6:20 | 6:22 | 6:23 | 6:25 | 6:26 | 6:28 | 6:30 | 6:31 | 6:33 | 6:35 | 6:36 | 6:38 | 6:39 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9.1 | 8:47 | 5:56 |
| 2 | 9.2 | 8:46 | 5:57 |
| 3 | 9.2 | 8:45 | 5:59 |
| 4 | 9.3 | 8:43 | 6:01 |
| 5 | 9.3 | 8:42 | 6:02 |
| 6 | 9.4 | 8:41 | 6:04 |
| 7 | 9.4 | 8:39 | 6:05 |
| 8 | 9.5 | 8:38 | 6:07 |
| 9 | 9.5 | 8:36 | 6:09 |
| 10 | 9.6 | 8:35 | 6:10 |
| 11 | 9.6 | 8:33 | 6:12 |
| 12 | 9.7 | 8:32 | 6:13 |
| 13 | 9.7 | 8:30 | 6:15 |
| 14 | 9.8 | 8:29 | 6:17 |
| 15 | 9.9 | 8:27 | 6:18 |
| 16 | 9.9 | 8:25 | 6:20 |
| 17 | 10.0 | 8:24 | 6:22 |
| 18 | 10.0 | 8:22 | 6:23 |
| 19 | 10.1 | 8:20 | 6:25 |
| 20 | 10.1 | 8:18 | 6:26 |
| 21 | 10.2 | 8:17 | 6:28 |
| 22 | 10.2 | 8:15 | 6:30 |
| 23 | 10.3 | 8:13 | 6:31 |
| 24 | 10.4 | 8:11 | 6:33 |
| 25 | 10.4 | 8:09 | 6:35 |
| 26 | 10.5 | 8:07 | 6:36 |
| 27 | 10.5 | 8:05 | 6:38 |
| 28 | 10.6 | 8:04 | 6:39 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 1.93 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 0.88 kWh/m² to a high of 6.22 kWh/m² in June across the year — February's 1.93 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.5 |
| Level | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1.4 | Dim |
| 2 | 1.5 | Dim |
| 3 | 1.5 | Dim |
| 4 | 1.5 | Dim |
| 5 | 1.6 | Dim |
| 6 | 1.6 | Dim |
| 7 | 1.7 | Dim |
| 8 | 1.7 | Dim |
| 9 | 1.7 | Dim |
| 10 | 1.8 | Dim |
| 11 | 1.8 | Dim |
| 12 | 1.9 | Dim |
| 13 | 1.9 | Dim |
| 14 | 1.9 | Dim |
| 15 | 2.0 | Dim |
| 16 | 2.0 | Dim |
| 17 | 2.0 | Moderate |
| 18 | 2.1 | Moderate |
| 19 | 2.1 | Moderate |
| 20 | 2.1 | Moderate |
| 21 | 2.2 | Moderate |
| 22 | 2.2 | Moderate |
| 23 | 2.3 | Moderate |
| 24 | 2.3 | Moderate |
| 25 | 2.3 | Moderate |
| 26 | 2.4 | Moderate |
| 27 | 2.4 | Moderate |
| 28 | 2.5 | Moderate |
Is February a good time to visit Saint-Malo?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Saint-Malo.
What to pack for Saint-Malo in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Saint-Malo sees daytime highs around 9°C and nights near 6°C. Pack a warm layer and rain gear. Worth having: a windbreaker. About 13 days see rain.
Sea temperature near Saint-Malo in February
The nearest coast averages about 9°C in February — the other half of the beach question. The full-year curve and swim-comfort zones are below.
The sea offshore is warmest in August at about 18°C and coldest in February near 9°C.
The water stays below 20°C all year — cool enough that most swimmers want a wetsuit.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sea temperature (°C) | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 12 | 15 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 16 | 13 | 11 |
| Comfort | Bracing | Bracing | Bracing | Bracing | Bracing | Bracing | Cool | Cool | Cool | Cool | Bracing | Bracing |
| Sea temperature (°C) | Comfort | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 9 | Bracing |
| Feb | 9 | Bracing |
| Mar | 9 | Bracing |
| Apr | 10 | Bracing |
| May | 12 | Bracing |
| Jun | 15 | Bracing |
| Jul | 17 | Cool |
| Aug | 18 | Cool |
| Sep | 18 | Cool |
| Oct | 16 | Cool |
| Nov | 13 | Bracing |
| Dec | 11 | Bracing |
UV index in Saint-Malo in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 2. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Saint-Malo peaks around June 17 at about 7 (high) — sunscreen and a hat are worth it in the middle of the day. It bottoms out near January 11 at about 1 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 6 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
| Level | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | High | High | High | High | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 1 | Low |
| Feb | 2 | Low |
| Mar | 3 | Moderate |
| Apr | 5 | Moderate |
| May | 6 | High |
| Jun | 7 | High |
| Jul | 6 | High |
| Aug | 7 | High |
| Sep | 5 | Moderate |
| Oct | 3 | Moderate |
| Nov | 1 | Low |
| Dec | 1 | Low |
Where is Saint-Malo?
Saint-Malo sits at 48.6°N, 2.0°W, 10 m above sea level, in France. The nearest listed city is Saint-Brieuc, 58 km away.
Topography around Saint-Malo
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Saint-Malo.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Saint-Malo has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 52 m around an average of 10 m above sea level; within 16 km, only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 144 m; within 80 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 375 m.
The land around Saint-Malo is covered by water (47%) and artificial surfaces (31%) within 3 km, water (54%) within 16 km, and water (35%) and cropland (27%) within 80 km.
France travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type C / E
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 77% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $48,986
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.6 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 100%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 1.3
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 5.1
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- English
- Moderate
- EF EPI 539
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Saint-Malo (48.6474°, -2.0088°, elevation 10 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. Sea temperatures are the NOAA OISST v2.1 1991–2020 monthly climatology (public domain), sampled at the nearest ocean point. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).