Mestia weather in January
In January, Mestia sees average daytime highs of -8°C and overnight lows near -15°C, with 85 mm of precipitation across 11.4 wet days and about 9.2 hours of daylight. It is the 12th-warmest and 11th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near -8°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 25% of the time in January, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 8 h 54 min at the start of January to 9 h 36 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, January is Mestia's 11th-clearest and 11th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Mestia's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- -8°
- 12th warmest
- Overnight low
- -15°
- 1st coldest
- Precipitation
- 85 mm
- 11.4 wet days
- Daylight
- 9 h 12 min
- 8:44 AM – 5:53 PM
- Cloud cover
- 68%
- 11th clearest
- Wind
- 3 km/h
- 11th windiest
- Solar energy
- 2.17 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 0.0
- out of 10
Temperature in January
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near -8°C through the month.
A typical January day in Mestia reaches about -8°C in the afternoon and slips back to -15°C overnight — a 7°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between -13°C and -4°C. Set against its neighbours, January runs about 1°C cooler than December and about 2°C cooler than February.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | -7 | -7 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 |
| Avg low (°C) | -14 | -14 | -15 | -15 | -15 | -15 | -15 | -15 | -15 | -15 | -15 | -15 | -15 | -15 | -15 | -15 | -15 | -15 | -15 | -15 | -15 | -15 | -15 | -15 | -15 | -15 | -15 | -15 | -15 | -15 | -15 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | -7 | -14 |
| 2 | -7 | -14 |
| 3 | -8 | -15 |
| 4 | -8 | -15 |
| 5 | -8 | -15 |
| 6 | -8 | -15 |
| 7 | -8 | -15 |
| 8 | -8 | -15 |
| 9 | -8 | -15 |
| 10 | -8 | -15 |
| 11 | -8 | -15 |
| 12 | -8 | -15 |
| 13 | -8 | -15 |
| 14 | -8 | -15 |
| 15 | -8 | -15 |
| 16 | -8 | -15 |
| 17 | -8 | -15 |
| 18 | -8 | -15 |
| 19 | -8 | -15 |
| 20 | -8 | -15 |
| 21 | -8 | -15 |
| 22 | -8 | -15 |
| 23 | -8 | -15 |
| 24 | -8 | -15 |
| 25 | -8 | -15 |
| 26 | -8 | -15 |
| 27 | -8 | -15 |
| 28 | -8 | -15 |
| 29 | -8 | -15 |
| 30 | -8 | -15 |
| 31 | -8 | -15 |
How January really feels in Mestia
Once humidity and wind are folded in, January averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 31 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
The story in January is cold — wind chill drags the overnight "feels like" below the raw low.
Mestia weather by month
How January compares with the rest of the year at a glance. January is the 12th-warmest and 11th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | -8° / -15° | 85 | 11.4 | 12.7 | 9.2 | 0.0 |
| Feb | -6° / -13° | 77 | 10.5 | 12.3 | 10.2 | 0.0 |
| Mar | -2° / -10° | 127 | 15.3 | 16.4 | 11.6 | 0.0 |
| Apr | 3° / -5° | 109 | 14.5 | 13.7 | 13.1 | 0.0 |
| May | 8° / -1° | 117 | 17.1 | 7.9 | 14.4 | 1.2 |
| Jun | 14° / 4° | 117 | 19.5 | 1.5 | 15.1 | 3.2 |
| Jul | 17° / 7° | 109 | 17.4 | 0.1 | 14.8 | 4.8 |
| Aug | 17° / 7° | 87 | 14.9 | 0.1 | 13.8 | 5.3 |
| Sep | 13° / 3° | 96 | 12.1 | 2.4 | 12.3 | 3.5 |
| Oct | 7° / -3° | 113 | 12.1 | 8 | 10.8 | 0.9 |
| Nov | -1° / -10° | 95 | 9.8 | 10.6 | 9.5 | 0.0 |
| Dec | -7° / -14° | 97 | 11.1 | 12.1 | 8.9 | 0.0 |
Cloud cover in January
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 25% of the time in January.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 10% of January, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 66%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 36 | 36 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 33 | 33 | 32 | 31 | 31 | 30 | 30 | 31 | 31 |
| Cloudier (%) | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 64 | 64 | 64 | 63 | 63 | 63 | 63 | 63 | 64 | 64 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 67 | 67 | 68 | 69 | 69 | 70 | 70 | 69 | 69 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 35 | 65 |
| 2 | 35 | 65 |
| 3 | 35 | 65 |
| 4 | 35 | 65 |
| 5 | 35 | 65 |
| 6 | 35 | 65 |
| 7 | 35 | 65 |
| 8 | 35 | 65 |
| 9 | 35 | 65 |
| 10 | 36 | 64 |
| 11 | 36 | 64 |
| 12 | 36 | 64 |
| 13 | 37 | 63 |
| 14 | 37 | 63 |
| 15 | 37 | 63 |
| 16 | 37 | 63 |
| 17 | 37 | 63 |
| 18 | 36 | 64 |
| 19 | 36 | 64 |
| 20 | 35 | 65 |
| 21 | 35 | 65 |
| 22 | 35 | 65 |
| 23 | 33 | 67 |
| 24 | 33 | 67 |
| 25 | 32 | 68 |
| 26 | 31 | 69 |
| 27 | 31 | 69 |
| 28 | 30 | 70 |
| 29 | 30 | 70 |
| 30 | 31 | 69 |
| 31 | 31 | 69 |
Chance of precipitation in January
Mestia gets around 85 mm of rain and snow over 11.4 wet days in January. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 37% and peaks near 41% on the wettest days, and about 13 days bring snow.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 36 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 36 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 |
| Snow chance (%) | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 39 | 39 | 40 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 48 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 36 | 40 |
| 2 | 36 | 40 |
| 3 | 36 | 40 |
| 4 | 36 | 40 |
| 5 | 35 | 39 |
| 6 | 35 | 39 |
| 7 | 35 | 39 |
| 8 | 35 | 39 |
| 9 | 35 | 39 |
| 10 | 35 | 39 |
| 11 | 35 | 39 |
| 12 | 34 | 38 |
| 13 | 34 | 38 |
| 14 | 34 | 38 |
| 15 | 34 | 38 |
| 16 | 34 | 38 |
| 17 | 35 | 38 |
| 18 | 35 | 39 |
| 19 | 35 | 39 |
| 20 | 36 | 40 |
| 21 | 36 | 40 |
| 22 | 37 | 41 |
| 23 | 38 | 42 |
| 24 | 39 | 43 |
| 25 | 39 | 44 |
| 26 | 40 | 45 |
| 27 | 41 | 46 |
| 28 | 41 | 47 |
| 29 | 41 | 47 |
| 30 | 41 | 47 |
| 31 | 41 | 48 |
Humidity in January
Most of January feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, January lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
| 29 | 100 |
| 30 | 100 |
| 31 | 100 |
Wind in January
Winds average 3 km/h in January.
Across January, daily wind ranges from about 3 km/h on the calmest days to 3 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 3 | calm |
| 2 | 3 | calm |
| 3 | 3 | calm |
| 4 | 3 | calm |
| 5 | 3 | calm |
| 6 | 3 | calm |
| 7 | 3 | calm |
| 8 | 3 | calm |
| 9 | 3 | calm |
| 10 | 3 | calm |
| 11 | 3 | calm |
| 12 | 3 | calm |
| 13 | 3 | calm |
| 14 | 3 | calm |
| 15 | 3 | calm |
| 16 | 3 | calm |
| 17 | 3 | calm |
| 18 | 3 | calm |
| 19 | 3 | calm |
| 20 | 3 | calm |
| 21 | 3 | calm |
| 22 | 3 | calm |
| 23 | 3 | calm |
| 24 | 3 | calm |
| 25 | 3 | calm |
| 26 | 3 | calm |
| 27 | 3 | calm |
| 28 | 3 | calm |
| 29 | 3 | calm |
| 30 | 3 | calm |
| 31 | 3 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in January
Daylight runs from about 8 h 54 min at the start of January to 9 h 36 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 42 minutes over January. Sunrise moves from 8:46 AM to 8:34 AM, and sunset from 5:38 PM to 6:11 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 8.9 | 8.9 | 8.9 | 8.9 | 8.9 | 8.9 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 9.1 | 9.1 | 9.1 | 9.1 | 9.2 | 9.2 | 9.2 | 9.2 | 9.3 | 9.3 | 9.3 | 9.4 | 9.4 | 9.4 | 9.5 | 9.5 | 9.5 | 9.6 | 9.6 | 9.6 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 8:46 | 8:46 | 8:46 | 8:46 | 8:46 | 8:46 | 8:46 | 8:46 | 8:46 | 8:46 | 8:46 | 8:45 | 8:45 | 8:45 | 8:44 | 8:44 | 8:43 | 8:43 | 8:42 | 8:42 | 8:41 | 8:41 | 8:40 | 8:39 | 8:39 | 8:38 | 8:37 | 8:36 | 8:35 | 8:34 | 8:34 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:38 | 5:39 | 5:40 | 5:41 | 5:42 | 5:43 | 5:44 | 5:45 | 5:46 | 5:47 | 5:48 | 5:49 | 5:50 | 5:51 | 5:52 | 5:53 | 5:54 | 5:55 | 5:56 | 5:58 | 5:59 | 6:00 | 6:01 | 6:02 | 6:04 | 6:05 | 6:06 | 6:07 | 6:09 | 6:10 | 6:11 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8.9 | 8:46 | 5:38 |
| 2 | 8.9 | 8:46 | 5:39 |
| 3 | 8.9 | 8:46 | 5:40 |
| 4 | 8.9 | 8:46 | 5:41 |
| 5 | 8.9 | 8:46 | 5:42 |
| 6 | 8.9 | 8:46 | 5:43 |
| 7 | 9.0 | 8:46 | 5:44 |
| 8 | 9.0 | 8:46 | 5:45 |
| 9 | 9.0 | 8:46 | 5:46 |
| 10 | 9.0 | 8:46 | 5:47 |
| 11 | 9.0 | 8:46 | 5:48 |
| 12 | 9.1 | 8:45 | 5:49 |
| 13 | 9.1 | 8:45 | 5:50 |
| 14 | 9.1 | 8:45 | 5:51 |
| 15 | 9.1 | 8:44 | 5:52 |
| 16 | 9.2 | 8:44 | 5:53 |
| 17 | 9.2 | 8:43 | 5:54 |
| 18 | 9.2 | 8:43 | 5:55 |
| 19 | 9.2 | 8:42 | 5:56 |
| 20 | 9.3 | 8:42 | 5:58 |
| 21 | 9.3 | 8:41 | 5:59 |
| 22 | 9.3 | 8:41 | 6:00 |
| 23 | 9.4 | 8:40 | 6:01 |
| 24 | 9.4 | 8:39 | 6:02 |
| 25 | 9.4 | 8:39 | 6:04 |
| 26 | 9.5 | 8:38 | 6:05 |
| 27 | 9.5 | 8:37 | 6:06 |
| 28 | 9.5 | 8:36 | 6:07 |
| 29 | 9.6 | 8:35 | 6:09 |
| 30 | 9.6 | 8:34 | 6:10 |
| 31 | 9.6 | 8:34 | 6:11 |
Solar energy in January
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in January, about 2.17 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 1.85 kWh/m² to a high of 6.49 kWh/m² in May across the year — January's 2.17 kWh/m² sits near the bottom.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.6 |
| Level | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1.9 | Dim |
| 2 | 1.9 | Dim |
| 3 | 1.9 | Dim |
| 4 | 1.9 | Dim |
| 5 | 1.9 | Dim |
| 6 | 1.9 | Dim |
| 7 | 2.0 | Dim |
| 8 | 2.0 | Moderate |
| 9 | 2.0 | Moderate |
| 10 | 2.0 | Moderate |
| 11 | 2.1 | Moderate |
| 12 | 2.1 | Moderate |
| 13 | 2.1 | Moderate |
| 14 | 2.1 | Moderate |
| 15 | 2.2 | Moderate |
| 16 | 2.2 | Moderate |
| 17 | 2.2 | Moderate |
| 18 | 2.2 | Moderate |
| 19 | 2.3 | Moderate |
| 20 | 2.3 | Moderate |
| 21 | 2.3 | Moderate |
| 22 | 2.3 | Moderate |
| 23 | 2.4 | Moderate |
| 24 | 2.4 | Moderate |
| 25 | 2.4 | Moderate |
| 26 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 27 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 28 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 29 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 30 | 2.6 | Moderate |
| 31 | 2.6 | Moderate |
Is January a good time to visit Mestia?
Our two travel scores rate January for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
January is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Mestia.
What to pack for Mestia in January
From January's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In January, Mestia sees daytime highs around -8°C and nights near -15°C. Pack a warm layer and a heavy coat. Worth having: rain gear. About 11 days see rain.
UV index in Mestia in January
Clear-sky midday UV in January peaks around 2. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Mestia peaks around June 23 at about 11 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near January 12 at about 2 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 9 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 2 | 3 | 4 | 8 | 8 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 7 | 4 | 3 | 2 |
| Level | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Very high | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Very high | Moderate | Moderate | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 2 | Low |
| Feb | 3 | Moderate |
| Mar | 4 | Moderate |
| Apr | 8 | Very high |
| May | 8 | Very high |
| Jun | 11 | Extreme |
| Jul | 11 | Extreme |
| Aug | 10 | Very high |
| Sep | 7 | Very high |
| Oct | 4 | Moderate |
| Nov | 3 | Moderate |
| Dec | 2 | Low |
Where is Mestia?
Mestia sits at 43.0°N, 42.7°E, 0 m above sea level, in Georgia. The nearest listed city is Tyrnyauz, 41 km away.
Topography around Mestia
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Mestia.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Mestia has large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,110 m around an average of 1,753 m above sea level; within 16 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 3,562 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 5,509 m.
The land around Mestia is covered by trees (69%) and grassland (25%) within 3 km, trees (44%) and grassland (29%) within 16 km, and trees (48%) and grassland (36%) within 80 km.
Georgia travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 1
- Exercise Normal Precautions
- Power plugs
- Type C / F
- 220 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 33% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $9,692
- 2025
- Happiness
- 5.5 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 71%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 2
- per 100k, 2019
- Road deaths
- 12.4
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Moderate
- EF EPI 541
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Mestia (43.0438°, 42.7237°, elevation 0 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).