Korbach weather in August

In August, Korbach sees average daytime highs of 21°C and overnight lows near 12°C, with 89 mm of rain across 13.4 wet days and about 14.4 hours of daylight. It is the 2nd-warmest and 2nd-wettest month of the year here.

Highs ease over the month, from about 22°C in the first days to 19°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 17% of the time in August, and the air most often feels dry.

Daylight stretches from about 15 h 12 min at the start of August to 13 h 24 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, August is Korbach's 1st-clearest and 12th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Korbach's year-round climate.

Daytime high: 21°; 2nd warmest
Overnight low: 12°; 11th coldest
Rainfall: 89 mm; 13.4 wet days
Daylight: 14 h 24 min; 5:17 AM – 7:40 PM
Cloud cover: 65%; 1st clearest
Wind: 11 km/h; 12th windiest
Solar energy: 4.39 kWh/m²
Travel score: 5.8; out of 10

← July Korbach year-round climate September →Best places to visit in August

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Temperature in August

Average highAverage lowShaded bands: 10–90% of days

Highs ease over the month, from about 22°C in the first days to 19°C by the end.

A typical August day in Korbach reaches about 21°C in the afternoon and slips back to 12°C overnight — a 9°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 16°C and 27°C. Set against its neighbours, August runs on par with July and about 4°C warmer than September.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Avg high (°C)	22	22	22	22	22	22	22	22	22	21	21	21	21	21	21	21	21	21	21	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	19	19	19	19	19
Avg low (°C)	13	13	13	13	13	13	13	13	13	13	13	13	13	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	11	11	11	11	11	11	11

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	22	13
2	22	13
3	22	13
4	22	13
5	22	13
6	22	13
7	22	13
8	22	13
9	22	13
10	21	13
11	21	13
12	21	13
13	21	13
14	21	12
15	21	12
16	21	12
17	21	12
18	21	12
19	21	12
20	20	12
21	20	12
22	20	12
23	20	12
24	20	12
25	20	11
26	20	11
27	19	11
28	19	11
29	19	11
30	19	11
31	19	11

How August really feels in Korbach

Once humidity and wind are folded in, August averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.

Days feeling ≥ 32°C

heat index over the day's high

Days feeling ≤ 0°C

wind chill below the day's low

August sits comfortably in between — no days that feel dangerously hot or drop to a hard freeze once humidity and wind are folded in.

Korbach weather by month

How August compares with the rest of the year at a glance. August is the 2nd-warmest and 2nd-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.

Month	High / Low (°C)	Rainfall (mm)	Wet days	Snow days	Daylight (hours)	Travel score
Jan	2° / -2°	67	13.3	6.6	8.2	0.0
Feb	3° / -2°	54	11	6.6	9.6	0.0
Mar	7° / 1°	62	13.6	4.3	11.5	0.9
Apr	12° / 4°	59	11.9	1.2	13.5	2.9
May	16° / 7°	74	13.2	0.1	15.3	4.5
Jun	19° / 10°	79	13.2	0	16.3	5.4
Jul	21° / 12°	90	14.9	0	15.9	5.7
Aug	21° / 12°	89	13.4	0	14.4	5.8
Sep	17° / 9°	68	12	0	12.4	4.9
Oct	12° / 6°	64	12.1	0.2	10.4	2.7
Nov	6° / 2°	61	12.1	2.7	8.6	0.6
Dec	3° / -1°	68	13.9	6.3	7.7	0.0

Cloud cover in August

ClearMostly clearPartly cloudyMostly cloudyOvercast

The sky is clear or mostly clear about 17% of the time in August, the clearest month of the year.

Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 19% of August, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 64%.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Clearer (%)	42	43	43	42	42	40	40	39	39	39	38	37	37	36	36	35	35	35	34	34	33	32	32	32	31	31	31	32	32	32	32
Cloudier (%)	58	57	57	58	58	60	60	61	61	61	62	63	63	64	64	65	65	65	66	66	67	68	68	68	69	69	69	68	68	68	68

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	42	58
2	43	57
3	43	57
4	42	58
5	42	58
6	40	60
7	40	60
8	39	61
9	39	61
10	39	61
11	38	62
12	37	63
13	37	63
14	36	64
15	36	64
16	35	65
17	35	65
18	35	65
19	34	66
20	34	66
21	33	67
22	32	68
23	32	68
24	32	68
25	31	69
26	31	69
27	31	69
28	32	68
29	32	68
30	32	68
31	32	68

Chance of precipitation in August

Any precipitation

Korbach gets around 89 mm of rain over 13.4 wet days in August. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.

Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 44% and peaks near 45% on the wettest days.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Rain chance (%)	45	45	44	44	44	44	44	44	44	44	44	44	44	44	44	44	44	44	43	43	43	43	43	43	43	43	43	43	43	43	43

	Rain chance (%)
1	45
2	45
3	44
4	44
5	44
6	44
7	44
8	44
9	44
10	44
11	44
12	44
13	44
14	44
15	44
16	44
17	44
18	44
19	43
20	43
21	43
22	43
23	43
24	43
25	43
26	43
27	43
28	43
29	43
30	43
31	43

Humidity in August

DryComfortableHumidMuggyOppressiveMiserable

Most of August feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.

By dew point, August lands in the dry band about 63% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Dry (%)	56	56	57	57	57	58	58	58	59	59	59	59	60	60	60	61	61	62	62	63	64	64	65	66	68	69	70	71	73	74	75
Comfortable (%)	35	35	35	35	35	35	35	35	34	34	34	34	33	33	33	32	32	31	31	30	29	29	28	27	26	25	24	23	22	21	21
Humid (%)	9	9	8	8	8	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	6	6	6	6	5	5	4

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)
1	56	35	9
2	56	35	9
3	57	35	8
4	57	35	8
5	57	35	8
6	58	35	7
7	58	35	7
8	58	35	7
9	59	34	7
10	59	34	7
11	59	34	7
12	59	34	7
13	60	33	7
14	60	33	7
15	60	33	7
16	61	32	7
17	61	32	7
18	62	31	7
19	62	31	7
20	63	30	7
21	64	29	7
22	64	29	7
23	65	28	7
24	66	27	7
25	68	26	6
26	69	25	6
27	70	24	6
28	71	23	6
29	73	22	5
30	74	21	5
31	75	21	4

Wind in August

Winds average 11 km/h in August, the calmest month.

Across August, daily wind ranges from about 10 km/h on the calmest days to 11 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Wind speed (km/h)	10	10	10	10	10	10	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11
Feels	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm

	Wind speed (km/h)	Feels
1	10	calm
2	10	calm
3	10	calm
4	10	calm
5	10	calm
6	10	calm
7	11	calm
8	11	calm
9	11	calm
10	11	calm
11	11	calm
12	11	calm
13	11	calm
14	11	calm
15	11	calm
16	11	calm
17	11	calm
18	11	calm
19	11	calm
20	11	calm
21	11	calm
22	11	calm
23	11	calm
24	11	calm
25	11	calm
26	11	calm
27	11	calm
28	11	calm
29	11	calm
30	11	calm
31	11	calm

Sunrise & sunset in August

DaylightNight

Daylight runs from about 15 h 12 min at the start of August to 13 h 24 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.

Days shrink by about 108 minutes over August. Sunrise moves from 4:54 AM to 5:41 AM, and sunset from 8:08 PM to 7:08 PM.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Daylight (h)	15.2	15.2	15.1	15.1	15.0	15.0	14.9	14.9	14.8	14.7	14.7	14.6	14.6	14.5	14.4	14.4	14.3	14.3	14.2	14.1	14.1	14.0	14.0	13.9	13.8	13.8	13.7	13.6	13.6	13.5	13.4
Sunrise (AM)	4:54	4:55	4:57	4:58	5:00	5:01	5:03	5:04	5:06	5:07	5:09	5:11	5:12	5:14	5:15	5:17	5:19	5:20	5:22	5:23	5:25	5:27	5:28	5:30	5:31	5:33	5:35	5:36	5:38	5:40	5:41
Sunset (PM)	8:08	8:06	8:04	8:03	8:01	7:59	7:57	7:56	7:54	7:52	7:50	7:48	7:46	7:44	7:42	7:40	7:38	7:36	7:34	7:32	7:30	7:28	7:26	7:23	7:21	7:19	7:17	7:15	7:12	7:10	7:08

	Daylight (h)	Sunrise (AM)	Sunset (PM)
1	15.2	4:54	8:08
2	15.2	4:55	8:06
3	15.1	4:57	8:04
4	15.1	4:58	8:03
5	15.0	5:00	8:01
6	15.0	5:01	7:59
7	14.9	5:03	7:57
8	14.9	5:04	7:56
9	14.8	5:06	7:54
10	14.7	5:07	7:52
11	14.7	5:09	7:50
12	14.6	5:11	7:48
13	14.6	5:12	7:46
14	14.5	5:14	7:44
15	14.4	5:15	7:42
16	14.4	5:17	7:40
17	14.3	5:19	7:38
18	14.3	5:20	7:36
19	14.2	5:22	7:34
20	14.1	5:23	7:32
21	14.1	5:25	7:30
22	14.0	5:27	7:28
23	14.0	5:28	7:26
24	13.9	5:30	7:23
25	13.8	5:31	7:21
26	13.8	5:33	7:19
27	13.7	5:35	7:17
28	13.6	5:36	7:15
29	13.6	5:38	7:12
30	13.5	5:40	7:10
31	13.4	5:41	7:08

Solar energy in August

Daily solar energy (kWh/m²)

Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in August, about 4.39 kWh/m².

For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 0.6 kWh/m² to a high of 5.29 kWh/m² in June across the year — August's 4.39 kWh/m² falls in the middle.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Solar energy (kWh/m²)	5.0	5.0	4.9	4.9	4.9	4.8	4.8	4.7	4.7	4.7	4.6	4.6	4.5	4.5	4.4	4.4	4.3	4.3	4.2	4.2	4.1	4.1	4.0	4.0	3.9	3.9	3.8	3.8	3.7	3.7	3.6
Level	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate

	Solar energy (kWh/m²)	Level
1	5.0	Bright
2	5.0	Bright
3	4.9	Bright
4	4.9	Bright
5	4.9	Bright
6	4.8	Bright
7	4.8	Bright
8	4.7	Bright
9	4.7	Bright
10	4.7	Bright
11	4.6	Bright
12	4.6	Bright
13	4.5	Bright
14	4.5	Bright
15	4.4	Bright
16	4.4	Bright
17	4.3	Bright
18	4.3	Bright
19	4.2	Bright
20	4.2	Bright
21	4.1	Bright
22	4.1	Bright
23	4.0	Bright
24	4.0	Moderate
25	3.9	Moderate
26	3.9	Moderate
27	3.8	Moderate
28	3.8	Moderate
29	3.7	Moderate
30	3.7	Moderate
31	3.6	Moderate

Planning a trip in August

Is August a good time to visit Korbach?

Our two travel scores rate August for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).

5.8

Sightseeing

1st-best month of the year

3.4

Beach & pool

2nd-best month of the year

August is a reasonable time to visit Korbach for sightseeing.

What to pack for Korbach in August

From August's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.

In August, Korbach sees daytime highs around 21°C and nights near 12°C. Worth packing: rain gear. About 13 days see rain.

rain gear

UV index in Korbach in August

LowModerateHighVery highExtreme

Clear-sky midday UV in August peaks around 6 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.

Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Korbach peaks around July 13 at about 7 (high) — sunscreen and a hat are worth it in the middle of the day. It bottoms out near January 1 at about 1 (low).

The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 7 months of the year.

	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
UV index (midday)	1	1	3	4	6	6	7	6	4	2	1	1
Level	Low	Low	Moderate	Moderate	High	High	High	High	Moderate	Moderate	Low	Low

	UV index (midday)	Level
Jan	1	Low
Feb	1	Low
Mar	3	Moderate
Apr	4	Moderate
May	6	High
Jun	6	High
Jul	7	High
Aug	6	High
Sep	4	Moderate
Oct	2	Moderate
Nov	1	Low
Dec	1	Low

Air quality in Korbach in August

GoodModeratePoorUnhealthyVery unhealthy

Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where August falls, not just the annual average.

Air quality in Korbach is worst in April — around 15 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 1.7× the cleanest month (November, 9 µg/m³).

Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).

	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
PM2.5 (µg/m³)	11	11	14	15	14	14	12	12	12	10	9	9
Level	Good	Good	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Good	Good	Good	Good

	PM2.5 (µg/m³)	Level
Jan	11	Good
Feb	11	Good
Mar	14	Moderate
Apr	15	Moderate
May	14	Moderate
Jun	14	Moderate
Jul	12	Moderate
Aug	12	Moderate
Sep	12	Good
Oct	10	Good
Nov	9	Good
Dec	9	Good

Location & terrain

Where is Korbach?

Korbach sits at 51.3°N, 8.9°E, 371 m above sea level, in Germany. The nearest listed city is Bad Arolsen, 15 km away.

Topography around Korbach

How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Korbach.

Within 3 km, the terrain around Korbach has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 141 m around an average of 382 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 564 m; within 80 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 801 m.

The land around Korbach is covered by cropland (46%) and trees (20%) within 3 km, trees (44%), grassland (27%) and cropland (25%) within 16 km, and trees (52%) and cropland (26%) within 80 km.

3 km

141 m

cropland 46%

16 km

564 m

trees 44%

80 km

801 m

trees 52%

treesgrasslandcroplandartificial surfaceswater

← July Korbach year-round climate September →Best places to visit in August

August weather nearby: Bad Arolsen 15 km · Marsberg 21 km · Frankenberg 25 km · Bad Wildungen 25 km · Brilon 25 km · Olsberg 28 km · Warburg 30 km · Baunatal 37 km

Germany travel facts

Travel advisory: Level 2; Exercise Increased Caution
Power plugs: Type C / F; 230 V · 50 Hz
Prices: ≈ 80% of US; price level, 2025
GDP per capita: $60,496; 2025
Happiness: 6.9 / 10; World Happiness, 2025
Safe drinking water: 100%; of population, 2024
Homicide rate: 0.9; per 100k, 2023
Road deaths: 3.8; per 100k/yr, 2019
Income group: High; World Bank
English: Very high; EF EPI 615
Religion

Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.

Data sources

Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Korbach (51.2756°, 8.873°, elevation 371 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	22	13
2	22	13
3	22	13
4	22	13
5	22	13
6	22	13
7	22	13
8	22	13
9	22	13
10	21	13
11	21	13
12	21	13
13	21	13
14	21	12
15	21	12
16	21	12
17	21	12
18	21	12
19	21	12
20	20	12
21	20	12
22	20	12
23	20	12
24	20	12
25	20	11
26	20	11
27	19	11
28	19	11
29	19	11
30	19	11
31	19	11

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	42	58
2	43	57
3	43	57
4	42	58
5	42	58
6	40	60
7	40	60
8	39	61
9	39	61
10	39	61
11	38	62
12	37	63
13	37	63
14	36	64
15	36	64
16	35	65
17	35	65
18	35	65
19	34	66
20	34	66
21	33	67
22	32	68
23	32	68
24	32	68
25	31	69
26	31	69
27	31	69
28	32	68
29	32	68
30	32	68
31	32	68

	Rain chance (%)
1	45
2	45
3	44
4	44
5	44
6	44
7	44
8	44
9	44
10	44
11	44
12	44
13	44
14	44
15	44
16	44
17	44
18	44
19	43
20	43
21	43
22	43
23	43
24	43
25	43
26	43
27	43
28	43
29	43
30	43
31	43

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)
1	56	35	9
2	56	35	9
3	57	35	8
4	57	35	8
5	57	35	8
6	58	35	7
7	58	35	7
8	58	35	7
9	59	34	7
10	59	34	7
11	59	34	7
12	59	34	7
13	60	33	7
14	60	33	7
15	60	33	7
16	61	32	7
17	61	32	7
18	62	31	7
19	62	31	7
20	63	30	7
21	64	29	7
22	64	29	7
23	65	28	7
24	66	27	7
25	68	26	6
26	69	25	6
27	70	24	6
28	71	23	6
29	73	22	5
30	74	21	5
31	75	21	4

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	22	13
2	22	13
3	22	13
4	22	13
5	22	13
6	22	13
7	22	13
8	22	13
9	22	13
10	21	13
11	21	13
12	21	13
13	21	13
14	21	12
15	21	12
16	21	12
17	21	12
18	21	12
19	21	12
20	20	12
21	20	12
22	20	12
23	20	12
24	20	12
25	20	11
26	20	11
27	19	11
28	19	11
29	19	11
30	19	11
31	19	11

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	42	58
2	43	57
3	43	57
4	42	58
5	42	58
6	40	60
7	40	60
8	39	61
9	39	61
10	39	61
11	38	62
12	37	63
13	37	63
14	36	64
15	36	64
16	35	65
17	35	65
18	35	65
19	34	66
20	34	66
21	33	67
22	32	68
23	32	68
24	32	68
25	31	69
26	31	69
27	31	69
28	32	68
29	32	68
30	32	68
31	32	68

	Rain chance (%)
1	45
2	45
3	44
4	44
5	44
6	44
7	44
8	44
9	44
10	44
11	44
12	44
13	44
14	44
15	44
16	44
17	44
18	44
19	43
20	43
21	43
22	43
23	43
24	43
25	43
26	43
27	43
28	43
29	43
30	43
31	43

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)
1	56	35	9
2	56	35	9
3	57	35	8
4	57	35	8
5	57	35	8
6	58	35	7
7	58	35	7
8	58	35	7
9	59	34	7
10	59	34	7
11	59	34	7
12	59	34	7
13	60	33	7
14	60	33	7
15	60	33	7
16	61	32	7
17	61	32	7
18	62	31	7
19	62	31	7
20	63	30	7
21	64	29	7
22	64	29	7
23	65	28	7
24	66	27	7
25	68	26	6
26	69	25	6
27	70	24	6
28	71	23	6
29	73	22	5
30	74	21	5
31	75	21	4

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	22	13
2	22	13
3	22	13
4	22	13
5	22	13
6	22	13
7	22	13
8	22	13
9	22	13
10	21	13
11	21	13
12	21	13
13	21	13
14	21	12
15	21	12
16	21	12
17	21	12
18	21	12
19	21	12
20	20	12
21	20	12
22	20	12
23	20	12
24	20	12
25	20	11
26	20	11
27	19	11
28	19	11
29	19	11
30	19	11
31	19	11

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	42	58
2	43	57
3	43	57
4	42	58
5	42	58
6	40	60
7	40	60
8	39	61
9	39	61
10	39	61
11	38	62
12	37	63
13	37	63
14	36	64
15	36	64
16	35	65
17	35	65
18	35	65
19	34	66
20	34	66
21	33	67
22	32	68
23	32	68
24	32	68
25	31	69
26	31	69
27	31	69
28	32	68
29	32	68
30	32	68
31	32	68

	Rain chance (%)
1	45
2	45
3	44
4	44
5	44
6	44
7	44
8	44
9	44
10	44
11	44
12	44
13	44
14	44
15	44
16	44
17	44
18	44
19	43
20	43
21	43
22	43
23	43
24	43
25	43
26	43
27	43
28	43
29	43
30	43
31	43

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)
1	56	35	9
2	56	35	9
3	57	35	8
4	57	35	8
5	57	35	8
6	58	35	7
7	58	35	7
8	58	35	7
9	59	34	7
10	59	34	7
11	59	34	7
12	59	34	7
13	60	33	7
14	60	33	7
15	60	33	7
16	61	32	7
17	61	32	7
18	62	31	7
19	62	31	7
20	63	30	7
21	64	29	7
22	64	29	7
23	65	28	7
24	66	27	7
25	68	26	6
26	69	25	6
27	70	24	6
28	71	23	6
29	73	22	5
30	74	21	5
31	75	21	4