Mainz weather in November
In November, Mainz sees average daytime highs of 8°C and overnight lows near 3°C, with 55 mm of precipitation across 11.5 wet days and about 8.8 hours of daylight. It is the 9th-warmest and 7th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs ease over the month, from about 10°C in the first days to 6°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 9% of the time in November, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 9 h 30 min at the start of November to 8 h 12 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, November is Mainz's 11th-clearest and 5th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Mainz's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 8°
- 9th warmest
- Overnight low
- 3°
- 5th coldest
- Precipitation
- 55 mm
- 11.5 wet days
- Daylight
- 8 h 48 min
- 7:49 AM – 4:35 PM
- Cloud cover
- 79%
- 11th clearest
- Wind
- 10 km/h
- 5th windiest
- Solar energy
- 0.98 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 1.2
- out of 10
Mainz is capital of the federal state Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.
- Air quality
- Moderate
- PM2.5 11.4 µg/m³ · 2019
- Density
- 2,281/km²
- people per km²
- Founded
- ~11 BCE
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in November
Highs ease over the month, from about 10°C in the first days to 6°C by the end.
A typical November day in Mainz reaches about 8°C in the afternoon and slips back to 3°C overnight — a 5°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 3°C and 12°C. Set against its neighbours, November runs about 6°C cooler than October and about 3°C warmer than December.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| Avg low (°C) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11 | 5 |
| 2 | 11 | 5 |
| 3 | 11 | 5 |
| 4 | 10 | 5 |
| 5 | 10 | 5 |
| 6 | 10 | 5 |
| 7 | 10 | 4 |
| 8 | 9 | 4 |
| 9 | 9 | 4 |
| 10 | 9 | 4 |
| 11 | 9 | 4 |
| 12 | 9 | 4 |
| 13 | 8 | 4 |
| 14 | 8 | 3 |
| 15 | 8 | 3 |
| 16 | 8 | 3 |
| 17 | 7 | 3 |
| 18 | 7 | 3 |
| 19 | 7 | 3 |
| 20 | 7 | 2 |
| 21 | 7 | 2 |
| 22 | 7 | 2 |
| 23 | 6 | 2 |
| 24 | 6 | 2 |
| 25 | 6 | 2 |
| 26 | 6 | 2 |
| 27 | 6 | 2 |
| 28 | 6 | 2 |
| 29 | 6 | 1 |
| 30 | 6 | 1 |
How November really feels in Mainz
Once humidity and wind are folded in, November averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 13 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
The story in November is cold — wind chill drags the overnight "feels like" below the raw low.
Mainz weather by month
How November compares with the rest of the year at a glance. November is the 9th-warmest and 7th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 4° / -1° | 49 | 11 | 2.8 | 8.4 | 0.0 |
| Feb | 5° / -0° | 42 | 9.2 | 2.6 | 9.7 | 0.3 |
| Mar | 10° / 2° | 49 | 11.3 | 1.3 | 11.5 | 2.1 |
| Apr | 15° / 5° | 45 | 9.8 | 0.2 | 13.5 | 4.3 |
| May | 19° / 9° | 62 | 11 | 0 | 15.1 | 5.8 |
| Jun | 22° / 13° | 60 | 10.6 | 0 | 16.1 | 6.5 |
| Jul | 24° / 15° | 64 | 11.7 | 0 | 15.7 | 6.6 |
| Aug | 24° / 14° | 58 | 10.6 | 0 | 14.3 | 6.8 |
| Sep | 20° / 11° | 54 | 9.3 | 0 | 12.4 | 6.1 |
| Oct | 14° / 7° | 55 | 10.8 | 0.1 | 10.5 | 3.8 |
| Nov | 8° / 3° | 55 | 11.5 | 0.9 | 8.8 | 1.2 |
| Dec | 5° / 0° | 62 | 12.8 | 3.2 | 7.9 | 0.0 |
Cloud cover in November
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 9% of the time in November.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 12% of November, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 79%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 25 | 24 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 21 | 21 | 22 | 21 | 21 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 |
| Cloudier (%) | 75 | 76 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 78 | 78 | 79 | 79 | 78 | 79 | 79 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 25 | 75 |
| 2 | 24 | 76 |
| 3 | 25 | 75 |
| 4 | 25 | 75 |
| 5 | 25 | 75 |
| 6 | 25 | 75 |
| 7 | 23 | 77 |
| 8 | 23 | 77 |
| 9 | 23 | 77 |
| 10 | 22 | 78 |
| 11 | 22 | 78 |
| 12 | 21 | 79 |
| 13 | 21 | 79 |
| 14 | 22 | 78 |
| 15 | 21 | 79 |
| 16 | 21 | 79 |
| 17 | 20 | 80 |
| 18 | 20 | 80 |
| 19 | 20 | 80 |
| 20 | 20 | 80 |
| 21 | 19 | 81 |
| 22 | 19 | 81 |
| 23 | 19 | 81 |
| 24 | 19 | 81 |
| 25 | 19 | 81 |
| 26 | 19 | 81 |
| 27 | 19 | 81 |
| 28 | 19 | 81 |
| 29 | 19 | 81 |
| 30 | 19 | 81 |
Chance of precipitation in November
Mainz gets around 55 mm of rain and snow over 11.5 wet days in November. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 38% and peaks near 42% on the wettest days, and about 1 day brings snow.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 41 | 41 | 40 | 39 | 38 | 37 | 36 | 36 | 35 | 34 | 34 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 34 | 34 |
| Snow chance (%) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 37 | 1 |
| 2 | 38 | 1 |
| 3 | 39 | 1 |
| 4 | 40 | 1 |
| 5 | 41 | 1 |
| 6 | 42 | 1 |
| 7 | 42 | 1 |
| 8 | 42 | 1 |
| 9 | 42 | 1 |
| 10 | 42 | 2 |
| 11 | 42 | 2 |
| 12 | 42 | 2 |
| 13 | 41 | 2 |
| 14 | 41 | 2 |
| 15 | 40 | 2 |
| 16 | 39 | 3 |
| 17 | 38 | 3 |
| 18 | 37 | 3 |
| 19 | 36 | 3 |
| 20 | 36 | 4 |
| 21 | 35 | 4 |
| 22 | 34 | 4 |
| 23 | 34 | 4 |
| 24 | 33 | 5 |
| 25 | 33 | 5 |
| 26 | 33 | 5 |
| 27 | 33 | 5 |
| 28 | 33 | 5 |
| 29 | 34 | 6 |
| 30 | 34 | 6 |
Humidity in November
Most of November feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, November lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Comfortable (%) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 99 | 1 |
| 2 | 99 | 1 |
| 3 | 99 | 1 |
| 4 | 99 | 1 |
| 5 | 99 | 1 |
| 6 | 100 | 0 |
| 7 | 100 | 0 |
| 8 | 100 | 0 |
| 9 | 100 | 0 |
| 10 | 100 | 0 |
| 11 | 100 | 0 |
| 12 | 100 | 0 |
| 13 | 100 | 0 |
| 14 | 100 | 0 |
| 15 | 100 | 0 |
| 16 | 100 | 0 |
| 17 | 100 | 0 |
| 18 | 100 | 0 |
| 19 | 100 | 0 |
| 20 | 100 | 0 |
| 21 | 100 | 0 |
| 22 | 100 | 0 |
| 23 | 100 | 0 |
| 24 | 100 | 0 |
| 25 | 100 | 0 |
| 26 | 100 | 0 |
| 27 | 100 | 0 |
| 28 | 100 | 0 |
| 29 | 100 | 0 |
| 30 | 100 | 0 |
Wind in November
Winds average 10 km/h in November.
Across November, daily wind ranges from about 10 km/h on the calmest days to 11 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11 | calm |
| 2 | 11 | calm |
| 3 | 11 | calm |
| 4 | 11 | calm |
| 5 | 11 | calm |
| 6 | 11 | calm |
| 7 | 11 | calm |
| 8 | 11 | calm |
| 9 | 11 | calm |
| 10 | 11 | calm |
| 11 | 11 | calm |
| 12 | 11 | calm |
| 13 | 11 | calm |
| 14 | 11 | calm |
| 15 | 10 | calm |
| 16 | 10 | calm |
| 17 | 10 | calm |
| 18 | 10 | calm |
| 19 | 10 | calm |
| 20 | 10 | calm |
| 21 | 10 | calm |
| 22 | 10 | calm |
| 23 | 10 | calm |
| 24 | 10 | calm |
| 25 | 10 | calm |
| 26 | 10 | calm |
| 27 | 10 | calm |
| 28 | 10 | calm |
| 29 | 10 | calm |
| 30 | 11 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in November
Daylight runs from about 9 h 30 min at the start of November to 8 h 12 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 78 minutes over November. Sunrise moves from 7:25 AM to 8:10 AM, and sunset from 4:56 PM to 4:23 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 9.5 | 9.5 | 9.4 | 9.4 | 9.3 | 9.3 | 9.2 | 9.1 | 9.1 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 8.9 | 8.9 | 8.8 | 8.8 | 8.8 | 8.7 | 8.7 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.4 | 8.4 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.2 | 8.2 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 7:25 | 7:26 | 7:28 | 7:30 | 7:31 | 7:33 | 7:35 | 7:36 | 7:38 | 7:40 | 7:41 | 7:43 | 7:45 | 7:46 | 7:48 | 7:49 | 7:51 | 7:53 | 7:54 | 7:56 | 7:57 | 7:59 | 8:00 | 8:02 | 8:03 | 8:04 | 8:06 | 8:07 | 8:09 | 8:10 |
| Sunset (PM) | 4:56 | 4:54 | 4:53 | 4:51 | 4:50 | 4:48 | 4:47 | 4:45 | 4:44 | 4:42 | 4:41 | 4:40 | 4:38 | 4:37 | 4:36 | 4:35 | 4:34 | 4:33 | 4:32 | 4:30 | 4:30 | 4:29 | 4:28 | 4:27 | 4:26 | 4:25 | 4:25 | 4:24 | 4:23 | 4:23 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9.5 | 7:25 | 4:56 |
| 2 | 9.5 | 7:26 | 4:54 |
| 3 | 9.4 | 7:28 | 4:53 |
| 4 | 9.4 | 7:30 | 4:51 |
| 5 | 9.3 | 7:31 | 4:50 |
| 6 | 9.3 | 7:33 | 4:48 |
| 7 | 9.2 | 7:35 | 4:47 |
| 8 | 9.1 | 7:36 | 4:45 |
| 9 | 9.1 | 7:38 | 4:44 |
| 10 | 9.0 | 7:40 | 4:42 |
| 11 | 9.0 | 7:41 | 4:41 |
| 12 | 8.9 | 7:43 | 4:40 |
| 13 | 8.9 | 7:45 | 4:38 |
| 14 | 8.8 | 7:46 | 4:37 |
| 15 | 8.8 | 7:48 | 4:36 |
| 16 | 8.8 | 7:49 | 4:35 |
| 17 | 8.7 | 7:51 | 4:34 |
| 18 | 8.7 | 7:53 | 4:33 |
| 19 | 8.6 | 7:54 | 4:32 |
| 20 | 8.6 | 7:56 | 4:30 |
| 21 | 8.5 | 7:57 | 4:30 |
| 22 | 8.5 | 7:59 | 4:29 |
| 23 | 8.5 | 8:00 | 4:28 |
| 24 | 8.4 | 8:02 | 4:27 |
| 25 | 8.4 | 8:03 | 4:26 |
| 26 | 8.3 | 8:04 | 4:25 |
| 27 | 8.3 | 8:06 | 4:25 |
| 28 | 8.3 | 8:07 | 4:24 |
| 29 | 8.2 | 8:09 | 4:23 |
| 30 | 8.2 | 8:10 | 4:23 |
Solar energy in November
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in November, about 0.98 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 0.66 kWh/m² to a high of 5.55 kWh/m² in June across the year — November's 0.98 kWh/m² sits near the bottom.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 |
| Level | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1.3 | Dim |
| 2 | 1.3 | Dim |
| 3 | 1.3 | Dim |
| 4 | 1.2 | Dim |
| 5 | 1.2 | Dim |
| 6 | 1.2 | Dim |
| 7 | 1.1 | Dim |
| 8 | 1.1 | Dim |
| 9 | 1.1 | Dim |
| 10 | 1.1 | Dim |
| 11 | 1.1 | Dim |
| 12 | 1.0 | Dim |
| 13 | 1.0 | Dim |
| 14 | 1.0 | Dim |
| 15 | 1.0 | Dim |
| 16 | 0.9 | Dim |
| 17 | 0.9 | Dim |
| 18 | 0.9 | Dim |
| 19 | 0.9 | Dim |
| 20 | 0.9 | Dim |
| 21 | 0.9 | Dim |
| 22 | 0.9 | Dim |
| 23 | 0.9 | Dim |
| 24 | 0.8 | Dim |
| 25 | 0.8 | Dim |
| 26 | 0.8 | Dim |
| 27 | 0.8 | Dim |
| 28 | 0.8 | Dim |
| 29 | 0.8 | Dim |
| 30 | 0.8 | Dim |
Is November a good time to visit Mainz?
Our two travel scores rate November for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
November is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Mainz.
What to pack for Mainz in November
From November's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In November, Mainz sees daytime highs around 8°C and nights near 3°C. Pack a warm layer. Worth having: a heavy coat and rain gear. About 12 days see rain.
UV index in Mainz in November
Clear-sky midday UV in November peaks around 1. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Mainz peaks around July 14 at about 7 (high) — sunscreen and a hat are worth it in the middle of the day. It bottoms out near December 22 at about 1 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 7 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Level | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | High | High | High | High | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 1 | Low |
| Feb | 2 | Low |
| Mar | 3 | Moderate |
| Apr | 4 | Moderate |
| May | 6 | High |
| Jun | 7 | High |
| Jul | 7 | High |
| Aug | 6 | High |
| Sep | 4 | Moderate |
| Oct | 2 | Moderate |
| Nov | 1 | Low |
| Dec | 1 | Low |
Where is Mainz?
Mainz sits at 50.0°N, 8.3°E, 125 m above sea level, in Germany. The nearest listed city is Ginsheim-Gustavsburg, 5.0 km away.
Topography around Mainz
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Mainz.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Mainz has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 118 m around an average of 120 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 404 m; within 80 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 850 m.
The land around Mainz is covered by artificial surfaces (42%) and trees (32%) within 3 km, cropland (31%), trees (28%) and grassland (21%) within 16 km, and trees (51%) and cropland (23%) within 80 km.
Germany travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type C / F
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 80% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $60,496
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.9 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 100%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 0.9
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 3.8
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- English
- Very high
- EF EPI 615
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Mainz (49.9819°, 8.2801°, elevation 125 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).