Mezőtúr weather in August

In August, Mezőtúr sees average daytime highs of 29°C and overnight lows near 17°C, with 52 mm of rain across 7.8 wet days and about 14 hours of daylight. It is the 1st-warmest and 5th-wettest month of the year here.

Highs ease over the month, from about 29°C in the first days to 27°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 50% of the time in August, and the air most often feels comfortable.

Daylight stretches from about 14 h 48 min at the start of August to 13 h 12 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, August is Mezőtúr's 1st-clearest and 12th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Mezőtúr's year-round climate.

Daytime high: 29°; 1st warmest
Overnight low: 17°; 11th coldest
Rainfall: 52 mm; 7.8 wet days
Daylight: 14 hours; 4:40 AM – 6:43 PM
Cloud cover: 43%; 1st clearest
Wind: 9 km/h; 12th windiest
Solar energy: 5.31 kWh/m²
Travel score: 6.3; out of 10

Mezőtúr is town in Hungary.

Density: 66/km²; people per km²

Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.

← July Mezőtúr year-round climate September →Best places to visit in August

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Temperature in August

Average highAverage lowShaded bands: 10–90% of days

Highs ease over the month, from about 29°C in the first days to 27°C by the end.

A typical August day in Mezőtúr reaches about 29°C in the afternoon and slips back to 17°C overnight — a 12°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 23°C and 34°C. Set against its neighbours, August runs on par with July and about 5°C warmer than September.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Avg high (°C)	29	29	29	29	29	29	29	29	29	29	29	29	29	29	29	29	29	29	29	29	28	28	28	28	28	28	27	27	27	27	26
Avg low (°C)	18	18	18	18	18	18	17	17	17	17	17	17	17	17	17	17	17	17	17	16	16	16	16	16	16	16	15	15	15	15	15

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	29	18
2	29	18
3	29	18
4	29	18
5	29	18
6	29	18
7	29	17
8	29	17
9	29	17
10	29	17
11	29	17
12	29	17
13	29	17
14	29	17
15	29	17
16	29	17
17	29	17
18	29	17
19	29	17
20	29	16
21	28	16
22	28	16
23	28	16
24	28	16
25	28	16
26	28	16
27	27	15
28	27	15
29	27	15
30	27	15
31	26	15

How August really feels in Mezőtúr

Once humidity and wind are folded in, August averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.

Days feeling ≥ 32°C

heat index over the day's high

Days feeling ≤ 0°C

wind chill below the day's low

August sits comfortably in between — no days that feel dangerously hot or drop to a hard freeze once humidity and wind are folded in.

Mezőtúr weather by month

How August compares with the rest of the year at a glance. August is the 1st-warmest and 5th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.

Month	High / Low (°C)	Rainfall (mm)	Wet days	Snow days	Daylight (hours)	Travel score
Jan	3° / -3°	34	8.1	3.1	8.7	0.0
Feb	6° / -2°	37	8.2	3.1	10	0.4
Mar	11° / 2°	38	8	1.4	11.6	3.1
Apr	18° / 7°	48	9.2	0.2	13.3	5.7
May	23° / 12°	58	10.8	0	14.8	6.7
Jun	26° / 15°	71	10.7	0	15.6	6.6
Jul	28° / 17°	68	10.3	0	15.3	5.9
Aug	29° / 17°	52	7.8	0	14	6.3
Sep	23° / 12°	57	8.3	0	12.4	7.1
Oct	17° / 7°	49	7.8	0	10.6	5.7
Nov	10° / 3°	46	8	0.8	9.1	2.3
Dec	4° / -1°	45	8.6	2.4	8.4	0.0

Cloud cover in August

ClearMostly clearPartly cloudyMostly cloudyOvercast

The sky is clear or mostly clear about 50% of the time in August, the clearest month of the year.

Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 19% of August, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 31%.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Clearer (%)	67	68	68	70	71	71	71	72	72	72	72	72	72	72	72	71	71	71	70	70	70	69	69	68	67	68	67	66	65	65	64
Cloudier (%)	33	32	32	30	29	29	29	28	28	28	28	28	28	28	28	29	29	29	30	30	30	31	31	32	33	32	33	34	35	35	36

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	67	33
2	68	32
3	68	32
4	70	30
5	71	29
6	71	29
7	71	29
8	72	28
9	72	28
10	72	28
11	72	28
12	72	28
13	72	28
14	72	28
15	72	28
16	71	29
17	71	29
18	71	29
19	70	30
20	70	30
21	70	30
22	69	31
23	69	31
24	68	32
25	67	33
26	68	32
27	67	33
28	66	34
29	65	35
30	65	35
31	64	36

Chance of precipitation in August

Any precipitation

Mezőtúr gets around 52 mm of rain over 7.8 wet days in August. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.

Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 25% and peaks near 32% on the wettest days. The odds ease toward the end of the month.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Rain chance (%)	32	31	31	30	29	29	28	27	27	26	26	25	25	24	24	23	23	23	23	23	23	23	23	23	23	23	24	24	24	25	25

	Rain chance (%)
1	32
2	31
3	31
4	30
5	29
6	29
7	28
8	27
9	27
10	26
11	26
12	25
13	25
14	24
15	24
16	23
17	23
18	23
19	23
20	23
21	23
22	23
23	23
24	23
25	23
26	23
27	24
28	24
29	24
30	25
31	25

Humidity in August

DryComfortableHumidMuggyOppressiveMiserable

Most of August feels comfortable — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.

By dew point, August lands in the comfortable band about 34% of days. Sticky, muggy-or-worse air turns up on roughly 6% of them.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Dry (%)	19	19	20	21	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	30	31	32	32	33	34	35	36	37	39	41	43	45	47	49	51	52
Comfortable (%)	29	30	30	30	30	31	32	32	33	34	34	35	36	37	37	38	38	39	39	39	38	38	37	37	36	35	34	33	32	31	31
Humid (%)	36	35	35	35	34	34	33	32	32	31	30	29	28	28	27	26	26	26	25	25	25	24	24	23	22	21	20	19	18	17	16
Muggy (%)	16	16	15	15	14	13	12	11	10	9	8	8	7	6	5	5	4	4	3	3	2	2	2	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)	Muggy (%)
1	19	29	36	16
2	19	30	35	16
3	20	30	35	15
4	21	30	35	15
5	21	30	34	14
6	22	31	34	13
7	23	32	33	12
8	24	32	32	11
9	25	33	32	10
10	26	34	31	9
11	27	34	30	8
12	28	35	29	8
13	29	36	28	7
14	30	37	28	6
15	30	37	27	5
16	31	38	26	5
17	32	38	26	4
18	32	39	26	4
19	33	39	25	3
20	34	39	25	3
21	35	38	25	2
22	36	38	24	2
23	37	37	24	2
24	39	37	23	2
25	41	36	22	1
26	43	35	21	1
27	45	34	20	1
28	47	33	19	1
29	49	32	18	1
30	51	31	17	1
31	52	31	16	1

Wind in August

Winds average 9 km/h in August, the calmest month.

Across August, daily wind ranges from about 9 km/h on the calmest days to 10 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Wind speed (km/h)	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	10	10
Feels	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm

	Wind speed (km/h)	Feels
1	9	calm
2	9	calm
3	9	calm
4	9	calm
5	9	calm
6	9	calm
7	9	calm
8	9	calm
9	9	calm
10	9	calm
11	9	calm
12	9	calm
13	9	calm
14	9	calm
15	9	calm
16	9	calm
17	9	calm
18	9	calm
19	9	calm
20	9	calm
21	9	calm
22	9	calm
23	9	calm
24	9	calm
25	9	calm
26	9	calm
27	9	calm
28	9	calm
29	9	calm
30	10	calm
31	10	calm

Sunrise & sunset in August

DaylightNight

Daylight runs from about 14 h 48 min at the start of August to 13 h 12 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.

Days shrink by about 96 minutes over August. Sunrise moves from 4:21 AM to 5:00 AM, and sunset from 7:06 PM to 6:15 PM.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Daylight (h)	14.8	14.7	14.7	14.6	14.6	14.5	14.5	14.4	14.4	14.3	14.3	14.2	14.2	14.1	14.1	14.0	14.0	13.9	13.9	13.8	13.8	13.7	13.7	13.6	13.6	13.5	13.5	13.4	13.4	13.3	13.2
Sunrise (AM)	4:21	4:22	4:23	4:25	4:26	4:27	4:28	4:30	4:31	4:32	4:34	4:35	4:36	4:38	4:39	4:40	4:42	4:43	4:44	4:46	4:47	4:48	4:50	4:51	4:52	4:54	4:55	4:56	4:58	4:59	5:00
Sunset (PM)	7:06	7:05	7:03	7:02	7:01	6:59	6:58	6:56	6:55	6:53	6:51	6:50	6:48	6:46	6:45	6:43	6:41	6:39	6:38	6:36	6:34	6:32	6:30	6:28	6:26	6:25	6:23	6:21	6:19	6:17	6:15

	Daylight (h)	Sunrise (AM)	Sunset (PM)
1	14.8	4:21	7:06
2	14.7	4:22	7:05
3	14.7	4:23	7:03
4	14.6	4:25	7:02
5	14.6	4:26	7:01
6	14.5	4:27	6:59
7	14.5	4:28	6:58
8	14.4	4:30	6:56
9	14.4	4:31	6:55
10	14.3	4:32	6:53
11	14.3	4:34	6:51
12	14.2	4:35	6:50
13	14.2	4:36	6:48
14	14.1	4:38	6:46
15	14.1	4:39	6:45
16	14.0	4:40	6:43
17	14.0	4:42	6:41
18	13.9	4:43	6:39
19	13.9	4:44	6:38
20	13.8	4:46	6:36
21	13.8	4:47	6:34
22	13.7	4:48	6:32
23	13.7	4:50	6:30
24	13.6	4:51	6:28
25	13.6	4:52	6:26
26	13.5	4:54	6:25
27	13.5	4:55	6:23
28	13.4	4:56	6:21
29	13.4	4:58	6:19
30	13.3	4:59	6:17
31	13.2	5:00	6:15

Solar energy in August

Daily solar energy (kWh/m²)

Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in August, about 5.31 kWh/m².

For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 0.98 kWh/m² to a high of 6.01 kWh/m² in June across the year — August's 5.31 kWh/m² falls in the middle.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Solar energy (kWh/m²)	5.6	5.6	5.6	5.6	5.6	5.6	5.6	5.6	5.5	5.5	5.5	5.5	5.4	5.4	5.4	5.3	5.3	5.3	5.2	5.2	5.1	5.1	5.0	5.0	4.9	4.9	4.8	4.8	4.7	4.7	4.6
Level	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright

	Solar energy (kWh/m²)	Level
1	5.6	Bright
2	5.6	Bright
3	5.6	Bright
4	5.6	Bright
5	5.6	Bright
6	5.6	Bright
7	5.6	Bright
8	5.6	Bright
9	5.5	Bright
10	5.5	Bright
11	5.5	Bright
12	5.5	Bright
13	5.4	Bright
14	5.4	Bright
15	5.4	Bright
16	5.3	Bright
17	5.3	Bright
18	5.3	Bright
19	5.2	Bright
20	5.2	Bright
21	5.1	Bright
22	5.1	Bright
23	5.0	Bright
24	5.0	Bright
25	4.9	Bright
26	4.9	Bright
27	4.8	Bright
28	4.8	Bright
29	4.7	Bright
30	4.7	Bright
31	4.6	Bright

Planning a trip in August

Is August a good time to visit Mezőtúr?

Our two travel scores rate August for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).

6.3

Sightseeing

4th-best month of the year

7.4

Beach & pool

1st-best month of the year

August is a reasonable time to visit Mezőtúr for sightseeing. The water and warmth also suit a beach or pool day.

What to pack for Mezőtúr in August

From August's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.

In August, Mezőtúr sees daytime highs around 29°C and nights near 17°C. Pack light clothes. Worth having: sun protection. About 8 days see rain.

light clothessun protection

UV index in Mezőtúr in August

LowModerateHighVery highExtreme

Clear-sky midday UV in August peaks around 7 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.

Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Mezőtúr peaks around July 12 at about 7 (very high) — sunscreen and a hat are worth it in the middle of the day. It bottoms out near December 22 at about 1 (low).

The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 7 months of the year.

	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
UV index (midday)	1	2	4	7	6	7	8	7	5	3	1	1
Level	Low	Low	Moderate	High	High	Very high	Very high	Very high	Moderate	Moderate	Low	Low

	UV index (midday)	Level
Jan	1	Low
Feb	2	Low
Mar	4	Moderate
Apr	7	High
May	6	High
Jun	7	Very high
Jul	8	Very high
Aug	7	Very high
Sep	5	Moderate
Oct	3	Moderate
Nov	1	Low
Dec	1	Low

Location & terrain

Where is Mezőtúr?

Mezőtúr sits at 47.0°N, 20.6°E, 82 m above sea level, in Hungary. The nearest listed city is Szarvas, 16 km away.

Topography around Mezőtúr

How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Mezőtúr.

Within 3 km, the terrain around Mezőtúr has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 14 m around an average of 84 m above sea level; within 16 km, only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 37 m; within 80 km, only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 120 m.

The land around Mezőtúr is covered by cropland (43%) and grassland (29%) within 3 km, cropland (77%) within 16 km, and cropland (67%) and grassland (20%) within 80 km.

3 km

14 m

cropland 43%

16 km

37 m

cropland 77%

80 km

120 m

cropland 67%

treesgrasslandcroplandartificial surfaceswaterwetland

← July Mezőtúr year-round climate September →Best places to visit in August

August weather nearby: Szarvas 16 km · Gyomaendrőd 17 km · Törökszentmiklós 26 km · Szolnok 39 km · Karcag 42 km · Békés 46 km · Szentes 47 km · Orosháza 48 km

Hungary travel facts

Travel advisory: Level 1; Exercise Normal Precautions
Power plugs: Type C / F; 230 V · 50 Hz
Prices: ≈ 52% of US; price level, 2025
GDP per capita: $25,907; 2025
Happiness: 5.9 / 10; World Happiness, 2025
Safe drinking water: 100%; of population, 2024
Homicide rate: 0.7; per 100k, 2023
Road deaths: 7.7; per 100k/yr, 2019
Income group: High; World Bank
English: High; EF EPI 590
Religion

Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.

Data sources

Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Mezőtúr (47°, 20.6333°, elevation 82 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	29	18
2	29	18
3	29	18
4	29	18
5	29	18
6	29	18
7	29	17
8	29	17
9	29	17
10	29	17
11	29	17
12	29	17
13	29	17
14	29	17
15	29	17
16	29	17
17	29	17
18	29	17
19	29	17
20	29	16
21	28	16
22	28	16
23	28	16
24	28	16
25	28	16
26	28	16
27	27	15
28	27	15
29	27	15
30	27	15
31	26	15

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	67	33
2	68	32
3	68	32
4	70	30
5	71	29
6	71	29
7	71	29
8	72	28
9	72	28
10	72	28
11	72	28
12	72	28
13	72	28
14	72	28
15	72	28
16	71	29
17	71	29
18	71	29
19	70	30
20	70	30
21	70	30
22	69	31
23	69	31
24	68	32
25	67	33
26	68	32
27	67	33
28	66	34
29	65	35
30	65	35
31	64	36

	Rain chance (%)
1	32
2	31
3	31
4	30
5	29
6	29
7	28
8	27
9	27
10	26
11	26
12	25
13	25
14	24
15	24
16	23
17	23
18	23
19	23
20	23
21	23
22	23
23	23
24	23
25	23
26	23
27	24
28	24
29	24
30	25
31	25

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)	Muggy (%)
1	19	29	36	16
2	19	30	35	16
3	20	30	35	15
4	21	30	35	15
5	21	30	34	14
6	22	31	34	13
7	23	32	33	12
8	24	32	32	11
9	25	33	32	10
10	26	34	31	9
11	27	34	30	8
12	28	35	29	8
13	29	36	28	7
14	30	37	28	6
15	30	37	27	5
16	31	38	26	5
17	32	38	26	4
18	32	39	26	4
19	33	39	25	3
20	34	39	25	3
21	35	38	25	2
22	36	38	24	2
23	37	37	24	2
24	39	37	23	2
25	41	36	22	1
26	43	35	21	1
27	45	34	20	1
28	47	33	19	1
29	49	32	18	1
30	51	31	17	1
31	52	31	16	1

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	29	18
2	29	18
3	29	18
4	29	18
5	29	18
6	29	18
7	29	17
8	29	17
9	29	17
10	29	17
11	29	17
12	29	17
13	29	17
14	29	17
15	29	17
16	29	17
17	29	17
18	29	17
19	29	17
20	29	16
21	28	16
22	28	16
23	28	16
24	28	16
25	28	16
26	28	16
27	27	15
28	27	15
29	27	15
30	27	15
31	26	15

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	67	33
2	68	32
3	68	32
4	70	30
5	71	29
6	71	29
7	71	29
8	72	28
9	72	28
10	72	28
11	72	28
12	72	28
13	72	28
14	72	28
15	72	28
16	71	29
17	71	29
18	71	29
19	70	30
20	70	30
21	70	30
22	69	31
23	69	31
24	68	32
25	67	33
26	68	32
27	67	33
28	66	34
29	65	35
30	65	35
31	64	36

	Rain chance (%)
1	32
2	31
3	31
4	30
5	29
6	29
7	28
8	27
9	27
10	26
11	26
12	25
13	25
14	24
15	24
16	23
17	23
18	23
19	23
20	23
21	23
22	23
23	23
24	23
25	23
26	23
27	24
28	24
29	24
30	25
31	25

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)	Muggy (%)
1	19	29	36	16
2	19	30	35	16
3	20	30	35	15
4	21	30	35	15
5	21	30	34	14
6	22	31	34	13
7	23	32	33	12
8	24	32	32	11
9	25	33	32	10
10	26	34	31	9
11	27	34	30	8
12	28	35	29	8
13	29	36	28	7
14	30	37	28	6
15	30	37	27	5
16	31	38	26	5
17	32	38	26	4
18	32	39	26	4
19	33	39	25	3
20	34	39	25	3
21	35	38	25	2
22	36	38	24	2
23	37	37	24	2
24	39	37	23	2
25	41	36	22	1
26	43	35	21	1
27	45	34	20	1
28	47	33	19	1
29	49	32	18	1
30	51	31	17	1
31	52	31	16	1

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	29	18
2	29	18
3	29	18
4	29	18
5	29	18
6	29	18
7	29	17
8	29	17
9	29	17
10	29	17
11	29	17
12	29	17
13	29	17
14	29	17
15	29	17
16	29	17
17	29	17
18	29	17
19	29	17
20	29	16
21	28	16
22	28	16
23	28	16
24	28	16
25	28	16
26	28	16
27	27	15
28	27	15
29	27	15
30	27	15
31	26	15

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	67	33
2	68	32
3	68	32
4	70	30
5	71	29
6	71	29
7	71	29
8	72	28
9	72	28
10	72	28
11	72	28
12	72	28
13	72	28
14	72	28
15	72	28
16	71	29
17	71	29
18	71	29
19	70	30
20	70	30
21	70	30
22	69	31
23	69	31
24	68	32
25	67	33
26	68	32
27	67	33
28	66	34
29	65	35
30	65	35
31	64	36

	Rain chance (%)
1	32
2	31
3	31
4	30
5	29
6	29
7	28
8	27
9	27
10	26
11	26
12	25
13	25
14	24
15	24
16	23
17	23
18	23
19	23
20	23
21	23
22	23
23	23
24	23
25	23
26	23
27	24
28	24
29	24
30	25
31	25

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)	Muggy (%)
1	19	29	36	16
2	19	30	35	16
3	20	30	35	15
4	21	30	35	15
5	21	30	34	14
6	22	31	34	13
7	23	32	33	12
8	24	32	32	11
9	25	33	32	10
10	26	34	31	9
11	27	34	30	8
12	28	35	29	8
13	29	36	28	7
14	30	37	28	6
15	30	37	27	5
16	31	38	26	5
17	32	38	26	4
18	32	39	26	4
19	33	39	25	3
20	34	39	25	3
21	35	38	25	2
22	36	38	24	2
23	37	37	24	2
24	39	37	23	2
25	41	36	22	1
26	43	35	21	1
27	45	34	20	1
28	47	33	19	1
29	49	32	18	1
30	51	31	17	1
31	52	31	16	1