Luwuk weather in February
In February, Luwuk sees average daytime highs of 28°C and overnight lows near 23°C, with 111 mm of rain across 17.8 wet days and about 12 hours of daylight. It is the 2nd-warmest and 9th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 28°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 3% of the time in February, and the air most often feels oppressive.
Daylight stretches from about 12 hours at the start of February to 12 hours by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Luwuk's 10th-clearest and 7th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Luwuk's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 28°
- 2nd warmest
- Overnight low
- 23°
- 10th coldest
- Rainfall
- 111 mm
- 17.8 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 hours
- 6:03 AM – 6:04 PM
- Cloud cover
- 85%
- 10th clearest
- Wind
- 7 km/h
- 7th windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.38 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 4.5
- out of 10
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 28°C through the month.
A typical February day in Luwuk reaches about 28°C in the afternoon and slips back to 23°C overnight — a 5°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 27°C and 29°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs on par with January and on par with March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 |
| Avg low (°C) | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 28 | 23 |
| 2 | 28 | 23 |
| 3 | 28 | 23 |
| 4 | 28 | 23 |
| 5 | 28 | 23 |
| 6 | 28 | 23 |
| 7 | 28 | 23 |
| 8 | 28 | 23 |
| 9 | 28 | 23 |
| 10 | 28 | 23 |
| 11 | 28 | 23 |
| 12 | 28 | 23 |
| 13 | 28 | 23 |
| 14 | 28 | 23 |
| 15 | 28 | 23 |
| 16 | 28 | 23 |
| 17 | 28 | 23 |
| 18 | 28 | 23 |
| 19 | 28 | 23 |
| 20 | 28 | 23 |
| 21 | 28 | 23 |
| 22 | 28 | 23 |
| 23 | 28 | 23 |
| 24 | 28 | 23 |
| 25 | 28 | 23 |
| 26 | 28 | 23 |
| 27 | 28 | 23 |
| 28 | 28 | 23 |
Luwuk weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 2nd-warmest and 9th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 28° / 23° | 114 | 19.6 | 12 | 4.6 |
| Feb | 28° / 23° | 111 | 17.8 | 12 | 4.5 |
| Mar | 28° / 23° | 179 | 24 | 12 | 4.0 |
| Apr | 28° / 23° | 231 | 26.3 | 12 | 3.8 |
| May | 27° / 23° | 205 | 25.1 | 12 | 4.2 |
| Jun | 26° / 22° | 184 | 22.6 | 11.9 | 4.5 |
| Jul | 26° / 21° | 123 | 18.5 | 12 | 5.3 |
| Aug | 26° / 21° | 74 | 12.4 | 12 | 6.2 |
| Sep | 27° / 21° | 51 | 9 | 12 | 6.5 |
| Oct | 28° / 22° | 74 | 11.5 | 12 | 5.7 |
| Nov | 28° / 23° | 122 | 21.3 | 12 | 4.1 |
| Dec | 28° / 23° | 161 | 24.5 | 12.1 | 3.9 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 3% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 8% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 89%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 14 |
| Cloudier (%) | 91 | 91 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 91 | 91 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 86 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9 | 91 |
| 2 | 9 | 91 |
| 3 | 10 | 90 |
| 4 | 10 | 90 |
| 5 | 10 | 90 |
| 6 | 10 | 90 |
| 7 | 10 | 90 |
| 8 | 10 | 90 |
| 9 | 9 | 91 |
| 10 | 9 | 91 |
| 11 | 10 | 90 |
| 12 | 10 | 90 |
| 13 | 10 | 90 |
| 14 | 10 | 90 |
| 15 | 11 | 89 |
| 16 | 11 | 89 |
| 17 | 11 | 89 |
| 18 | 11 | 89 |
| 19 | 12 | 88 |
| 20 | 12 | 88 |
| 21 | 12 | 88 |
| 22 | 12 | 88 |
| 23 | 12 | 88 |
| 24 | 13 | 87 |
| 25 | 13 | 87 |
| 26 | 13 | 87 |
| 27 | 13 | 87 |
| 28 | 14 | 86 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Luwuk gets around 111 mm of rain over 17.8 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 63% and peaks near 66% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 59 | 59 | 60 | 60 | 61 | 62 | 63 | 64 | 64 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 64 | 64 | 63 | 63 | 63 | 62 | 62 | 63 | 63 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 59 |
| 2 | 59 |
| 3 | 60 |
| 4 | 60 |
| 5 | 61 |
| 6 | 62 |
| 7 | 63 |
| 8 | 64 |
| 9 | 64 |
| 10 | 65 |
| 11 | 65 |
| 12 | 65 |
| 13 | 66 |
| 14 | 66 |
| 15 | 66 |
| 16 | 65 |
| 17 | 65 |
| 18 | 65 |
| 19 | 65 |
| 20 | 64 |
| 21 | 64 |
| 22 | 63 |
| 23 | 63 |
| 24 | 63 |
| 25 | 62 |
| 26 | 62 |
| 27 | 63 |
| 28 | 63 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels oppressive — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the oppressive band about 70% of days. Sticky, muggy-or-worse air turns up on roughly 99% of them.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Humid (%) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Muggy (%) | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 29 |
| Oppressive (%) | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 71 | 71 | 71 | 71 | 71 | 71 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 70 |
| Humid (%) | Muggy (%) | Oppressive (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 | 29 | 70 |
| 2 | 1 | 29 | 70 |
| 3 | 1 | 29 | 70 |
| 4 | 1 | 29 | 70 |
| 5 | 0 | 29 | 71 |
| 6 | 0 | 29 | 71 |
| 7 | 0 | 29 | 71 |
| 8 | 0 | 29 | 71 |
| 9 | 0 | 29 | 71 |
| 10 | 0 | 29 | 71 |
| 11 | 1 | 29 | 70 |
| 12 | 1 | 29 | 70 |
| 13 | 1 | 29 | 70 |
| 14 | 1 | 29 | 70 |
| 15 | 1 | 29 | 70 |
| 16 | 1 | 29 | 70 |
| 17 | 1 | 30 | 69 |
| 18 | 1 | 30 | 69 |
| 19 | 1 | 30 | 69 |
| 20 | 1 | 30 | 69 |
| 21 | 1 | 30 | 69 |
| 22 | 1 | 30 | 69 |
| 23 | 1 | 30 | 69 |
| 24 | 1 | 30 | 69 |
| 25 | 1 | 30 | 69 |
| 26 | 1 | 30 | 69 |
| 27 | 1 | 30 | 69 |
| 28 | 1 | 29 | 70 |
Wind in February
Winds average 7 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 6 km/h on the calmest days to 7 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7 | calm |
| 2 | 7 | calm |
| 3 | 7 | calm |
| 4 | 7 | calm |
| 5 | 7 | calm |
| 6 | 7 | calm |
| 7 | 7 | calm |
| 8 | 7 | calm |
| 9 | 7 | calm |
| 10 | 7 | calm |
| 11 | 7 | calm |
| 12 | 7 | calm |
| 13 | 6 | calm |
| 14 | 6 | calm |
| 15 | 6 | calm |
| 16 | 6 | calm |
| 17 | 6 | calm |
| 18 | 6 | calm |
| 19 | 6 | calm |
| 20 | 6 | calm |
| 21 | 6 | calm |
| 22 | 6 | calm |
| 23 | 6 | calm |
| 24 | 6 | calm |
| 25 | 6 | calm |
| 26 | 6 | calm |
| 27 | 6 | calm |
| 28 | 6 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 12 hours at the start of February to 12 hours by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 0 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 6:01 AM to 6:02 AM, and sunset from 6:04 PM to 6:03 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:01 | 6:01 | 6:01 | 6:02 | 6:02 | 6:02 | 6:02 | 6:02 | 6:02 | 6:02 | 6:02 | 6:02 | 6:02 | 6:02 | 6:03 | 6:03 | 6:03 | 6:02 | 6:02 | 6:02 | 6:02 | 6:02 | 6:02 | 6:02 | 6:02 | 6:02 | 6:02 | 6:02 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:04 | 6:04 | 6:04 | 6:04 | 6:04 | 6:04 | 6:04 | 6:04 | 6:04 | 6:04 | 6:04 | 6:04 | 6:04 | 6:04 | 6:04 | 6:04 | 6:04 | 6:04 | 6:04 | 6:04 | 6:04 | 6:04 | 6:04 | 6:04 | 6:03 | 6:03 | 6:03 | 6:03 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.0 | 6:01 | 6:04 |
| 2 | 12.0 | 6:01 | 6:04 |
| 3 | 12.0 | 6:01 | 6:04 |
| 4 | 12.0 | 6:02 | 6:04 |
| 5 | 12.0 | 6:02 | 6:04 |
| 6 | 12.0 | 6:02 | 6:04 |
| 7 | 12.0 | 6:02 | 6:04 |
| 8 | 12.0 | 6:02 | 6:04 |
| 9 | 12.0 | 6:02 | 6:04 |
| 10 | 12.0 | 6:02 | 6:04 |
| 11 | 12.0 | 6:02 | 6:04 |
| 12 | 12.0 | 6:02 | 6:04 |
| 13 | 12.0 | 6:02 | 6:04 |
| 14 | 12.0 | 6:02 | 6:04 |
| 15 | 12.0 | 6:03 | 6:04 |
| 16 | 12.0 | 6:03 | 6:04 |
| 17 | 12.0 | 6:03 | 6:04 |
| 18 | 12.0 | 6:02 | 6:04 |
| 19 | 12.0 | 6:02 | 6:04 |
| 20 | 12.0 | 6:02 | 6:04 |
| 21 | 12.0 | 6:02 | 6:04 |
| 22 | 12.0 | 6:02 | 6:04 |
| 23 | 12.0 | 6:02 | 6:04 |
| 24 | 12.0 | 6:02 | 6:04 |
| 25 | 12.0 | 6:02 | 6:03 |
| 26 | 12.0 | 6:02 | 6:03 |
| 27 | 12.0 | 6:02 | 6:03 |
| 28 | 12.0 | 6:02 | 6:03 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 5.38 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.36 kWh/m² to a high of 6.03 kWh/m² in October across the year — February's 5.38 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.5 | Bright |
Is February a good time to visit Luwuk?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a reasonable time to visit Luwuk for sightseeing.
What to pack for Luwuk in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Luwuk sees daytime highs around 28°C and nights near 23°C. Pack light clothes and rain gear. Worth having: sun protection. About 18 days see rain.
Sea temperature near Luwuk in February
The nearest coast averages about 30°C in February — the other half of the beach question. The full-year curve and swim-comfort zones are below.
The sea at the nearest coast (about 13 km away) is warmest in April at about 30°C and coldest in August near 28°C.
The water stays above 20°C all year — warm enough for a swim any month.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sea temperature (°C) | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 29 | 29 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 30 | 30 |
| Comfort | Tropical | Tropical | Tropical | Tropical | Tropical | Tropical | Tropical | Tropical | Tropical | Tropical | Tropical | Tropical |
| Sea temperature (°C) | Comfort | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 30 | Tropical |
| Feb | 30 | Tropical |
| Mar | 30 | Tropical |
| Apr | 30 | Tropical |
| May | 30 | Tropical |
| Jun | 29 | Tropical |
| Jul | 29 | Tropical |
| Aug | 28 | Tropical |
| Sep | 29 | Tropical |
| Oct | 29 | Tropical |
| Nov | 30 | Tropical |
| Dec | 30 | Tropical |
UV index in Luwuk in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 16 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Luwuk peaks around February 19 at about 16 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 23 at about 11 (extreme).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 15 | 16 | 15 | 14 | 13 | 11 | 11 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 12 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 15 | Extreme |
| Feb | 16 | Extreme |
| Mar | 15 | Extreme |
| Apr | 14 | Extreme |
| May | 13 | Extreme |
| Jun | 11 | Extreme |
| Jul | 11 | Extreme |
| Aug | 13 | Extreme |
| Sep | 14 | Extreme |
| Oct | 14 | Extreme |
| Nov | 13 | Extreme |
| Dec | 12 | Extreme |
Where is Luwuk?
Luwuk sits at 1.0°S, 122.8°E, 17 m above sea level, in Indonesia. The nearest listed city is Gorontalo, 168 km away.
Topography around Luwuk
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Luwuk.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Luwuk has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 523 m around an average of 189 m above sea level; within 16 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,495 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,513 m.
The land around Luwuk is covered by trees (50%) and water (28%) within 3 km, trees (62%) and water (32%) within 16 km, and water (56%) and trees (42%) within 80 km.
Indonesia travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type C / F
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 29% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $5,060
- 2025
- Happiness
- 5.6 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 30%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 0.3
- per 100k, 2022
- Road deaths
- 11.3
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 471
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Luwuk (-0.9516°, 122.7875°, elevation 17 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. Sea temperatures are the NOAA OISST v2.1 1991–2020 monthly climatology (public domain), sampled at the nearest ocean point. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).