Nabire weather in February
In February, Nabire sees average daytime highs of 28°C and overnight lows near 25°C, with 305 mm of rain across 24.7 wet days and about 12.1 hours of daylight. It is the 6th-warmest and 4th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 28°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 0% of the time in February, and the air most often feels oppressive.
Daylight stretches from about 12 h 06 min at the start of February to 12 h 06 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Nabire's 12th-clearest and 2nd-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Nabire's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 28°
- 6th warmest
- Overnight low
- 25°
- 7th coldest
- Rainfall
- 305 mm
- 24.7 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 06 min
- 6:09 AM – 6:16 PM
- Cloud cover
- 93%
- 12th clearest
- Wind
- 6 km/h
- 2nd windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.07 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 3.6
- out of 10
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 28°C through the month.
A typical February day in Nabire reaches about 28°C in the afternoon and slips back to 25°C overnight — a 3°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 27°C and 29°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs on par with January and on par with March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 |
| Avg low (°C) | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 28 | 25 |
| 2 | 28 | 25 |
| 3 | 28 | 25 |
| 4 | 28 | 25 |
| 5 | 28 | 25 |
| 6 | 28 | 25 |
| 7 | 28 | 25 |
| 8 | 28 | 25 |
| 9 | 28 | 25 |
| 10 | 28 | 25 |
| 11 | 28 | 25 |
| 12 | 28 | 25 |
| 13 | 28 | 25 |
| 14 | 28 | 25 |
| 15 | 28 | 25 |
| 16 | 28 | 25 |
| 17 | 28 | 25 |
| 18 | 28 | 25 |
| 19 | 28 | 25 |
| 20 | 28 | 25 |
| 21 | 28 | 25 |
| 22 | 28 | 25 |
| 23 | 28 | 25 |
| 24 | 28 | 25 |
| 25 | 28 | 25 |
| 26 | 28 | 25 |
| 27 | 28 | 25 |
| 28 | 28 | 25 |
How February really feels in Nabire
Once humidity and wind are folded in, February averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
February sits comfortably in between — no days that feel dangerously hot or drop to a hard freeze once humidity and wind are folded in.
Nabire weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 6th-warmest and 4th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 28° / 25° | 325 | 27.6 | 12.2 | 3.5 |
| Feb | 28° / 25° | 305 | 24.7 | 12.1 | 3.6 |
| Mar | 28° / 25° | 365 | 27.7 | 12 | 3.6 |
| Apr | 28° / 25° | 373 | 26.7 | 11.9 | 3.4 |
| May | 28° / 25° | 254 | 25.6 | 11.8 | 3.8 |
| Jun | 28° / 25° | 231 | 24.5 | 11.8 | 4.1 |
| Jul | 28° / 25° | 185 | 23.1 | 11.8 | 4.3 |
| Aug | 28° / 25° | 204 | 22.6 | 11.9 | 4.4 |
| Sep | 28° / 25° | 255 | 24.7 | 12 | 4.0 |
| Oct | 28° / 25° | 250 | 25.6 | 12.1 | 3.8 |
| Nov | 28° / 25° | 280 | 25.2 | 12.2 | 3.5 |
| Dec | 28° / 26° | 288 | 27.8 | 12.2 | 3.3 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 0% of the time in February, the cloudiest month of the year.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 3% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 97%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Cloudier (%) | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 3 | 97 |
| 2 | 3 | 97 |
| 3 | 3 | 97 |
| 4 | 3 | 97 |
| 5 | 3 | 97 |
| 6 | 3 | 97 |
| 7 | 3 | 97 |
| 8 | 3 | 97 |
| 9 | 3 | 97 |
| 10 | 3 | 97 |
| 11 | 3 | 97 |
| 12 | 3 | 97 |
| 13 | 3 | 97 |
| 14 | 3 | 97 |
| 15 | 4 | 96 |
| 16 | 4 | 96 |
| 17 | 4 | 96 |
| 18 | 3 | 97 |
| 19 | 3 | 97 |
| 20 | 3 | 97 |
| 21 | 3 | 97 |
| 22 | 3 | 97 |
| 23 | 3 | 97 |
| 24 | 3 | 97 |
| 25 | 3 | 97 |
| 26 | 3 | 97 |
| 27 | 3 | 97 |
| 28 | 3 | 97 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Nabire gets around 305 mm of rain over 24.7 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 89% and peaks near 91% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 89 | 89 | 88 | 88 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 88 | 88 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 91 |
| 2 | 91 |
| 3 | 91 |
| 4 | 91 |
| 5 | 91 |
| 6 | 91 |
| 7 | 91 |
| 8 | 91 |
| 9 | 90 |
| 10 | 90 |
| 11 | 90 |
| 12 | 89 |
| 13 | 89 |
| 14 | 88 |
| 15 | 88 |
| 16 | 87 |
| 17 | 87 |
| 18 | 87 |
| 19 | 87 |
| 20 | 86 |
| 21 | 86 |
| 22 | 86 |
| 23 | 87 |
| 24 | 87 |
| 25 | 87 |
| 26 | 87 |
| 27 | 88 |
| 28 | 88 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels oppressive — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the oppressive band about 83% of days. Sticky, muggy-or-worse air turns up on roughly 100% of them.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oppressive (%) | 82 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 83 | 83 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 84 | 84 | 83 | 83 | 82 |
| Miserable (%) | 18 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 17 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 18 |
| Oppressive (%) | Miserable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 82 | 18 |
| 2 | 81 | 19 |
| 3 | 81 | 19 |
| 4 | 81 | 19 |
| 5 | 81 | 19 |
| 6 | 81 | 19 |
| 7 | 81 | 19 |
| 8 | 81 | 19 |
| 9 | 82 | 18 |
| 10 | 82 | 18 |
| 11 | 82 | 18 |
| 12 | 83 | 17 |
| 13 | 83 | 17 |
| 14 | 84 | 16 |
| 15 | 84 | 16 |
| 16 | 84 | 16 |
| 17 | 85 | 15 |
| 18 | 85 | 15 |
| 19 | 85 | 15 |
| 20 | 85 | 15 |
| 21 | 85 | 15 |
| 22 | 85 | 15 |
| 23 | 85 | 15 |
| 24 | 84 | 16 |
| 25 | 84 | 16 |
| 26 | 83 | 17 |
| 27 | 83 | 17 |
| 28 | 82 | 18 |
Wind in February
Winds average 6 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 6 km/h on the calmest days to 6 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6 | calm |
| 2 | 6 | calm |
| 3 | 6 | calm |
| 4 | 6 | calm |
| 5 | 6 | calm |
| 6 | 6 | calm |
| 7 | 6 | calm |
| 8 | 6 | calm |
| 9 | 6 | calm |
| 10 | 6 | calm |
| 11 | 6 | calm |
| 12 | 6 | calm |
| 13 | 6 | calm |
| 14 | 6 | calm |
| 15 | 6 | calm |
| 16 | 6 | calm |
| 17 | 6 | calm |
| 18 | 6 | calm |
| 19 | 6 | calm |
| 20 | 6 | calm |
| 21 | 6 | calm |
| 22 | 6 | calm |
| 23 | 6 | calm |
| 24 | 6 | calm |
| 25 | 6 | calm |
| 26 | 6 | calm |
| 27 | 6 | calm |
| 28 | 6 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 12 h 06 min at the start of February to 12 h 06 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 0 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 6:07 AM to 6:09 AM, and sunset from 6:16 PM to 6:14 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:07 | 6:07 | 6:08 | 6:08 | 6:08 | 6:08 | 6:08 | 6:09 | 6:09 | 6:09 | 6:09 | 6:09 | 6:09 | 6:09 | 6:09 | 6:09 | 6:09 | 6:09 | 6:09 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:09 | 6:09 | 6:09 | 6:09 | 6:09 | 6:09 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.1 | 6:07 | 6:16 |
| 2 | 12.1 | 6:07 | 6:16 |
| 3 | 12.1 | 6:08 | 6:16 |
| 4 | 12.1 | 6:08 | 6:16 |
| 5 | 12.1 | 6:08 | 6:16 |
| 6 | 12.1 | 6:08 | 6:16 |
| 7 | 12.1 | 6:08 | 6:16 |
| 8 | 12.1 | 6:09 | 6:16 |
| 9 | 12.1 | 6:09 | 6:16 |
| 10 | 12.1 | 6:09 | 6:16 |
| 11 | 12.1 | 6:09 | 6:16 |
| 12 | 12.1 | 6:09 | 6:16 |
| 13 | 12.1 | 6:09 | 6:16 |
| 14 | 12.1 | 6:09 | 6:16 |
| 15 | 12.1 | 6:09 | 6:16 |
| 16 | 12.1 | 6:09 | 6:16 |
| 17 | 12.1 | 6:09 | 6:16 |
| 18 | 12.1 | 6:09 | 6:16 |
| 19 | 12.1 | 6:09 | 6:15 |
| 20 | 12.1 | 6:10 | 6:15 |
| 21 | 12.1 | 6:10 | 6:15 |
| 22 | 12.1 | 6:10 | 6:15 |
| 23 | 12.1 | 6:09 | 6:15 |
| 24 | 12.1 | 6:09 | 6:14 |
| 25 | 12.1 | 6:09 | 6:14 |
| 26 | 12.1 | 6:09 | 6:14 |
| 27 | 12.1 | 6:09 | 6:14 |
| 28 | 12.1 | 6:09 | 6:14 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 5.07 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.44 kWh/m² to a high of 5.4 kWh/m² in October across the year — February's 5.07 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.2 | Bright |
Is February a good time to visit Nabire?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Nabire.
What to pack for Nabire in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Nabire sees daytime highs around 28°C and nights near 25°C. Pack light clothes and rain gear. Worth having: sun protection. About 25 days see rain.
Sea temperature near Nabire in February
The nearest coast averages about 30°C in February — the other half of the beach question. The full-year curve and swim-comfort zones are below.
The sea at the nearest coast (about 14 km away) is warmest in November at about 30°C and coldest in July near 29°C.
The water stays above 20°C all year — warm enough for a swim any month.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sea temperature (°C) | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 30 | 30 | 30 |
| Comfort | Tropical | Tropical | Tropical | Tropical | Tropical | Tropical | Tropical | Tropical | Tropical | Tropical | Tropical | Tropical |
| Sea temperature (°C) | Comfort | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 30 | Tropical |
| Feb | 30 | Tropical |
| Mar | 30 | Tropical |
| Apr | 30 | Tropical |
| May | 30 | Tropical |
| Jun | 29 | Tropical |
| Jul | 29 | Tropical |
| Aug | 29 | Tropical |
| Sep | 29 | Tropical |
| Oct | 30 | Tropical |
| Nov | 30 | Tropical |
| Dec | 30 | Tropical |
UV index in Nabire in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 16 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Nabire peaks around March 10 at about 16 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 22 at about 11 (extreme).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 15 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 13 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 13 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 15 | Extreme |
| Feb | 16 | Extreme |
| Mar | 16 | Extreme |
| Apr | 15 | Extreme |
| May | 13 | Extreme |
| Jun | 11 | Extreme |
| Jul | 12 | Extreme |
| Aug | 13 | Extreme |
| Sep | 14 | Extreme |
| Oct | 14 | Extreme |
| Nov | 13 | Extreme |
| Dec | 13 | Extreme |
Where is Nabire?
Nabire sits at 3.4°S, 135.5°E, 8 m above sea level, in Indonesia. The nearest listed city is Timika, 191 km away.
Topography around Nabire
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Nabire.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Nabire has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 175 m around an average of 12 m above sea level; within 16 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 832 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 3,716 m.
The land around Nabire is covered by water (41%) and trees (35%) within 3 km, trees (56%) and water (38%) within 16 km, and trees (70%) and water (29%) within 80 km.
Indonesia travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type C / F
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 29% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $5,060
- 2025
- Happiness
- 5.6 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 30%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 0.3
- per 100k, 2022
- Road deaths
- 11.3
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 471
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Nabire (-3.3599°, 135.5007°, elevation 8 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. Sea temperatures are the NOAA OISST v2.1 1991–2020 monthly climatology (public domain), sampled at the nearest ocean point. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).