Padalarang weather in February
In February, Padalarang sees average daytime highs of 27°C and overnight lows near 21°C, with 328 mm of rain across 27.2 wet days and about 12.2 hours of daylight. It is the 12th-warmest and 5th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 27°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 0% of the time in February, and the air most often feels oppressive.
Daylight stretches from about 12 h 18 min at the start of February to 12 h 06 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Padalarang's 12th-clearest and 1st-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Padalarang's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 27°
- 12th warmest
- Overnight low
- 21°
- 7th coldest
- Rainfall
- 328 mm
- 27.2 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 12 min
- 5:58 AM – 6:11 PM
- Cloud cover
- 93%
- 12th clearest
- Wind
- 5 km/h
- 1st windiest
- Solar energy
- 4.31 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 3.3
- out of 10
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 27°C through the month.
A typical February day in Padalarang reaches about 27°C in the afternoon and slips back to 21°C overnight — a 6°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 25°C and 29°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs on par with January and about 1°C cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 |
| Avg low (°C) | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 27 | 21 |
| 2 | 27 | 21 |
| 3 | 27 | 21 |
| 4 | 27 | 21 |
| 5 | 27 | 21 |
| 6 | 27 | 21 |
| 7 | 27 | 21 |
| 8 | 27 | 21 |
| 9 | 27 | 21 |
| 10 | 27 | 21 |
| 11 | 27 | 21 |
| 12 | 27 | 21 |
| 13 | 27 | 21 |
| 14 | 27 | 21 |
| 15 | 27 | 21 |
| 16 | 27 | 21 |
| 17 | 27 | 21 |
| 18 | 27 | 21 |
| 19 | 27 | 21 |
| 20 | 28 | 21 |
| 21 | 28 | 21 |
| 22 | 28 | 21 |
| 23 | 28 | 21 |
| 24 | 28 | 21 |
| 25 | 28 | 21 |
| 26 | 28 | 21 |
| 27 | 28 | 21 |
| 28 | 28 | 21 |
Padalarang weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 12th-warmest and 5th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 27° / 21° | 337 | 29.3 | 12.4 | 3.4 |
| Feb | 27° / 21° | 328 | 27.2 | 12.2 | 3.3 |
| Mar | 28° / 22° | 356 | 29.7 | 12 | 3.1 |
| Apr | 29° / 22° | 297 | 28.5 | 11.9 | 3.1 |
| May | 29° / 22° | 168 | 23.7 | 11.7 | 3.8 |
| Jun | 29° / 21° | 110 | 17.4 | 11.6 | 4.6 |
| Jul | 29° / 20° | 90 | 14.1 | 11.6 | 5.1 |
| Aug | 29° / 20° | 71 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 5.2 |
| Sep | 30° / 21° | 105 | 14.4 | 12 | 4.6 |
| Oct | 29° / 21° | 281 | 21.5 | 12.2 | 3.8 |
| Nov | 29° / 22° | 401 | 27.7 | 12.3 | 3.1 |
| Dec | 28° / 22° | 368 | 28.5 | 12.4 | 3.3 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 0% of the time in February, the cloudiest month of the year.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 2% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 98%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Cloudier (%) | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 | 99 |
| 2 | 1 | 99 |
| 3 | 1 | 99 |
| 4 | 1 | 99 |
| 5 | 1 | 99 |
| 6 | 1 | 99 |
| 7 | 1 | 99 |
| 8 | 1 | 99 |
| 9 | 1 | 99 |
| 10 | 1 | 99 |
| 11 | 1 | 99 |
| 12 | 1 | 99 |
| 13 | 1 | 99 |
| 14 | 1 | 99 |
| 15 | 1 | 99 |
| 16 | 1 | 99 |
| 17 | 1 | 99 |
| 18 | 1 | 99 |
| 19 | 2 | 98 |
| 20 | 2 | 98 |
| 21 | 2 | 98 |
| 22 | 2 | 98 |
| 23 | 2 | 98 |
| 24 | 2 | 98 |
| 25 | 3 | 97 |
| 26 | 3 | 97 |
| 27 | 3 | 97 |
| 28 | 3 | 97 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Padalarang gets around 328 mm of rain over 27.2 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 97% and peaks near 99% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 99 | 99 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 99 |
| 2 | 99 |
| 3 | 98 |
| 4 | 98 |
| 5 | 98 |
| 6 | 98 |
| 7 | 98 |
| 8 | 98 |
| 9 | 98 |
| 10 | 98 |
| 11 | 97 |
| 12 | 97 |
| 13 | 97 |
| 14 | 97 |
| 15 | 97 |
| 16 | 97 |
| 17 | 97 |
| 18 | 96 |
| 19 | 96 |
| 20 | 96 |
| 21 | 96 |
| 22 | 96 |
| 23 | 96 |
| 24 | 96 |
| 25 | 96 |
| 26 | 96 |
| 27 | 96 |
| 28 | 96 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels oppressive — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the oppressive band about 75% of days. Sticky, muggy-or-worse air turns up on roughly 100% of them.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muggy (%) | 24 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 23 |
| Oppressive (%) | 76 | 76 | 76 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 77 | 77 |
| Muggy (%) | Oppressive (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 24 | 76 |
| 2 | 24 | 76 |
| 3 | 24 | 76 |
| 4 | 25 | 75 |
| 5 | 25 | 75 |
| 6 | 25 | 75 |
| 7 | 25 | 75 |
| 8 | 26 | 74 |
| 9 | 26 | 74 |
| 10 | 26 | 74 |
| 11 | 26 | 74 |
| 12 | 26 | 74 |
| 13 | 26 | 74 |
| 14 | 26 | 74 |
| 15 | 26 | 74 |
| 16 | 26 | 74 |
| 17 | 25 | 75 |
| 18 | 25 | 75 |
| 19 | 25 | 75 |
| 20 | 25 | 75 |
| 21 | 25 | 75 |
| 22 | 24 | 76 |
| 23 | 24 | 76 |
| 24 | 24 | 76 |
| 25 | 24 | 76 |
| 26 | 24 | 76 |
| 27 | 23 | 77 |
| 28 | 23 | 77 |
Wind in February
Winds average 5 km/h in February, the windiest month of the year.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 5 km/h on the calmest days to 5 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5 | calm |
| 2 | 5 | calm |
| 3 | 5 | calm |
| 4 | 5 | calm |
| 5 | 5 | calm |
| 6 | 5 | calm |
| 7 | 5 | calm |
| 8 | 5 | calm |
| 9 | 5 | calm |
| 10 | 5 | calm |
| 11 | 5 | calm |
| 12 | 5 | calm |
| 13 | 5 | calm |
| 14 | 5 | calm |
| 15 | 5 | calm |
| 16 | 5 | calm |
| 17 | 5 | calm |
| 18 | 5 | calm |
| 19 | 5 | calm |
| 20 | 5 | calm |
| 21 | 5 | calm |
| 22 | 5 | calm |
| 23 | 5 | calm |
| 24 | 5 | calm |
| 25 | 5 | calm |
| 26 | 5 | calm |
| 27 | 5 | calm |
| 28 | 5 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 12 h 18 min at the start of February to 12 h 06 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 12 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 5:55 AM to 5:59 AM, and sunset from 6:12 PM to 6:08 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.1 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 5:55 | 5:55 | 5:55 | 5:56 | 5:56 | 5:56 | 5:56 | 5:57 | 5:57 | 5:57 | 5:57 | 5:57 | 5:58 | 5:58 | 5:58 | 5:58 | 5:58 | 5:58 | 5:59 | 5:59 | 5:59 | 5:59 | 5:59 | 5:59 | 5:59 | 5:59 | 5:59 | 5:59 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:11 | 6:11 | 6:11 | 6:11 | 6:11 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:09 | 6:09 | 6:09 | 6:08 | 6:08 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.3 | 5:55 | 6:12 |
| 2 | 12.3 | 5:55 | 6:12 |
| 3 | 12.3 | 5:55 | 6:12 |
| 4 | 12.3 | 5:56 | 6:12 |
| 5 | 12.3 | 5:56 | 6:12 |
| 6 | 12.3 | 5:56 | 6:12 |
| 7 | 12.3 | 5:56 | 6:12 |
| 8 | 12.3 | 5:57 | 6:12 |
| 9 | 12.3 | 5:57 | 6:12 |
| 10 | 12.3 | 5:57 | 6:12 |
| 11 | 12.2 | 5:57 | 6:12 |
| 12 | 12.2 | 5:57 | 6:12 |
| 13 | 12.2 | 5:58 | 6:12 |
| 14 | 12.2 | 5:58 | 6:12 |
| 15 | 12.2 | 5:58 | 6:11 |
| 16 | 12.2 | 5:58 | 6:11 |
| 17 | 12.2 | 5:58 | 6:11 |
| 18 | 12.2 | 5:58 | 6:11 |
| 19 | 12.2 | 5:59 | 6:11 |
| 20 | 12.2 | 5:59 | 6:10 |
| 21 | 12.2 | 5:59 | 6:10 |
| 22 | 12.2 | 5:59 | 6:10 |
| 23 | 12.2 | 5:59 | 6:10 |
| 24 | 12.2 | 5:59 | 6:09 |
| 25 | 12.2 | 5:59 | 6:09 |
| 26 | 12.2 | 5:59 | 6:09 |
| 27 | 12.2 | 5:59 | 6:08 |
| 28 | 12.1 | 5:59 | 6:08 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 4.31 kWh/m² — the year's lowest.
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.31 kWh/m² to a high of 5.98 kWh/m² in September across the year — February's 4.31 kWh/m² sits near the bottom.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 2 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 3 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 4 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 5 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 6 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 7 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 8 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 9 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 10 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 11 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 12 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 13 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 14 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 15 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 16 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 17 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 18 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 19 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 20 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 21 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 22 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 23 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 24 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 25 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 26 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 27 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 28 | 4.5 | Bright |
Is February a good time to visit Padalarang?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Padalarang.
What to pack for Padalarang in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Padalarang sees daytime highs around 27°C and nights near 21°C. Pack light clothes and rain gear. About 27 days see rain.
UV index in Padalarang in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 11 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Padalarang peaks around March 16 at about 15 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near November 16 at about 8 (very high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 12 | 11 | 15 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 7 | 12 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Very high | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 12 | Extreme |
| Feb | 11 | Extreme |
| Mar | 15 | Extreme |
| Apr | 10 | Extreme |
| May | 9 | Very high |
| Jun | 8 | Very high |
| Jul | 9 | Very high |
| Aug | 11 | Extreme |
| Sep | 12 | Extreme |
| Oct | 12 | Extreme |
| Nov | 7 | Very high |
| Dec | 12 | Extreme |
Air quality in Padalarang in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Padalarang is worst in May — around 121 µg/m³ PM2.5 (unhealthy), and holds fairly steady the rest of the year.
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 77 | 81 | 95 | 106 | 121 | 117 | 108 | 92 | 84 | 84 | 87 | 77 |
| Level | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 77 | Unhealthy |
| Feb | 81 | Unhealthy |
| Mar | 95 | Unhealthy |
| Apr | 106 | Unhealthy |
| May | 121 | Unhealthy |
| Jun | 117 | Unhealthy |
| Jul | 108 | Unhealthy |
| Aug | 92 | Unhealthy |
| Sep | 84 | Unhealthy |
| Oct | 84 | Unhealthy |
| Nov | 87 | Unhealthy |
| Dec | 77 | Unhealthy |
Where is Padalarang?
Padalarang sits at 6.8°S, 107.5°E, 703 m above sea level, in Indonesia. The nearest listed city is Cimahi, 9.0 km away.
Topography around Padalarang
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Padalarang.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Padalarang has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 370 m around an average of 709 m above sea level; within 16 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,831 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,987 m.
The land around Padalarang is covered by trees (52%) and artificial surfaces (32%) within 3 km, trees (64%) and artificial surfaces (20%) within 16 km, and trees (64%) and cropland (21%) within 80 km.
Indonesia travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type C / F
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 29% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $5,060
- 2025
- Happiness
- 5.6 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 30%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 0.3
- per 100k, 2022
- Road deaths
- 11.3
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 471
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Padalarang (-6.8378°, 107.4728°, elevation 703 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).