Garmsār weather in February
In February, Garmsār sees average daytime highs of 12°C and overnight lows near 2°C, with 22 mm of precipitation across 4.9 wet days and about 10.7 hours of daylight. It is the 10th-warmest and 2nd-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 11°C in the first days to 14°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 59% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 10 h 12 min at the start of February to 11 h 06 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Garmsār's 9th-clearest and 8th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Garmsār's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 12°
- 10th warmest
- Overnight low
- 2°
- 3rd coldest
- Precipitation
- 22 mm
- 4.9 wet days
- Daylight
- 10 h 42 min
- 6:55 AM – 5:36 PM
- Cloud cover
- 37%
- 9th clearest
- Wind
- 8 km/h
- 8th windiest
- Solar energy
- 4.21 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 3.9
- out of 10
Garmsār is city in Semnan Province, Iran.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Highs climb over the month, from about 11°C in the first days to 14°C by the end.
A typical February day in Garmsār reaches about 12°C in the afternoon and slips back to 2°C overnight — a 10°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 7°C and 17°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 3°C warmer than January and about 6°C cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 15 |
| Avg low (°C) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10 | 1 |
| 2 | 10 | 1 |
| 3 | 11 | 1 |
| 4 | 11 | 1 |
| 5 | 11 | 1 |
| 6 | 11 | 1 |
| 7 | 11 | 1 |
| 8 | 11 | 1 |
| 9 | 11 | 1 |
| 10 | 11 | 2 |
| 11 | 11 | 2 |
| 12 | 12 | 2 |
| 13 | 12 | 2 |
| 14 | 12 | 2 |
| 15 | 12 | 2 |
| 16 | 12 | 2 |
| 17 | 12 | 2 |
| 18 | 13 | 3 |
| 19 | 13 | 3 |
| 20 | 13 | 3 |
| 21 | 13 | 3 |
| 22 | 14 | 3 |
| 23 | 14 | 3 |
| 24 | 14 | 4 |
| 25 | 14 | 4 |
| 26 | 14 | 4 |
| 27 | 15 | 4 |
| 28 | 15 | 4 |
How February really feels in Garmsār
Once humidity and wind are folded in, February averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 16 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
The story in February is cold — wind chill drags the overnight "feels like" below the raw low.
Garmsār weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 10th-warmest and 2nd-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 10° / 0° | 21 | 4.8 | 1.2 | 9.9 | 2.5 |
| Feb | 12° / 2° | 22 | 4.9 | 1 | 10.7 | 3.9 |
| Mar | 18° / 7° | 29 | 5.8 | 0.4 | 11.7 | 6.5 |
| Apr | 24° / 13° | 18 | 3.7 | 0 | 12.9 | 8.0 |
| May | 30° / 19° | 7 | 1.8 | 0 | 13.8 | 6.2 |
| Jun | 36° / 24° | 1 | 0.3 | 0 | 14.3 | 2.8 |
| Jul | 38° / 27° | 1 | 0.2 | 0 | 14.1 | 1.2 |
| Aug | 37° / 25° | 1 | 0.2 | 0 | 13.3 | 2.2 |
| Sep | 33° / 20° | 1 | 0.3 | 0 | 12.2 | 5.2 |
| Oct | 26° / 14° | 7 | 1.6 | 0 | 11.1 | 8.6 |
| Nov | 17° / 7° | 22 | 4.6 | 0.2 | 10.1 | 6.1 |
| Dec | 11° / 2° | 22 | 5.3 | 0.3 | 9.7 | 3.1 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 59% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 13% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 28%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 71 | 71 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 73 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 73 | 73 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 71 | 72 | 72 | 71 | 71 | 71 |
| Cloudier (%) | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 27 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 27 | 27 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 29 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 72 | 28 |
| 2 | 72 | 28 |
| 3 | 72 | 28 |
| 4 | 72 | 28 |
| 5 | 72 | 28 |
| 6 | 71 | 29 |
| 7 | 71 | 29 |
| 8 | 72 | 28 |
| 9 | 72 | 28 |
| 10 | 72 | 28 |
| 11 | 72 | 28 |
| 12 | 73 | 27 |
| 13 | 72 | 28 |
| 14 | 72 | 28 |
| 15 | 72 | 28 |
| 16 | 72 | 28 |
| 17 | 72 | 28 |
| 18 | 73 | 27 |
| 19 | 73 | 27 |
| 20 | 72 | 28 |
| 21 | 72 | 28 |
| 22 | 72 | 28 |
| 23 | 71 | 29 |
| 24 | 72 | 28 |
| 25 | 72 | 28 |
| 26 | 71 | 29 |
| 27 | 71 | 29 |
| 28 | 71 | 29 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Garmsār gets around 22 mm of rain and snow over 4.9 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 17% and peaks near 20% on the wettest days, and about 1 day brings snow.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 18 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 17 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 |
| Snow chance (%) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 18 | 5 |
| 2 | 19 | 5 |
| 3 | 19 | 5 |
| 4 | 19 | 5 |
| 5 | 19 | 5 |
| 6 | 20 | 5 |
| 7 | 20 | 5 |
| 8 | 20 | 4 |
| 9 | 20 | 4 |
| 10 | 20 | 4 |
| 11 | 19 | 4 |
| 12 | 19 | 3 |
| 13 | 19 | 3 |
| 14 | 18 | 3 |
| 15 | 18 | 3 |
| 16 | 18 | 2 |
| 17 | 17 | 2 |
| 18 | 17 | 2 |
| 19 | 16 | 2 |
| 20 | 16 | 2 |
| 21 | 16 | 2 |
| 22 | 15 | 2 |
| 23 | 15 | 2 |
| 24 | 15 | 2 |
| 25 | 14 | 2 |
| 26 | 14 | 2 |
| 27 | 14 | 2 |
| 28 | 14 | 2 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
Wind in February
Winds average 8 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 8 km/h on the calmest days to 9 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8 | calm |
| 2 | 8 | calm |
| 3 | 8 | calm |
| 4 | 8 | calm |
| 5 | 8 | calm |
| 6 | 8 | calm |
| 7 | 8 | calm |
| 8 | 8 | calm |
| 9 | 8 | calm |
| 10 | 8 | calm |
| 11 | 8 | calm |
| 12 | 8 | calm |
| 13 | 8 | calm |
| 14 | 8 | calm |
| 15 | 8 | calm |
| 16 | 8 | calm |
| 17 | 8 | calm |
| 18 | 8 | calm |
| 19 | 8 | calm |
| 20 | 8 | calm |
| 21 | 8 | calm |
| 22 | 8 | calm |
| 23 | 9 | calm |
| 24 | 9 | calm |
| 25 | 9 | calm |
| 26 | 9 | calm |
| 27 | 9 | calm |
| 28 | 9 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 10 h 12 min at the start of February to 11 h 06 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 54 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 7:07 AM to 6:40 AM, and sunset from 5:22 PM to 5:48 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 10.2 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 7:07 | 7:06 | 7:05 | 7:05 | 7:04 | 7:03 | 7:02 | 7:01 | 7:00 | 7:00 | 6:59 | 6:58 | 6:57 | 6:56 | 6:55 | 6:54 | 6:53 | 6:52 | 6:51 | 6:50 | 6:48 | 6:47 | 6:46 | 6:45 | 6:44 | 6:43 | 6:41 | 6:40 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:22 | 5:23 | 5:24 | 5:25 | 5:26 | 5:27 | 5:28 | 5:29 | 5:30 | 5:31 | 5:32 | 5:33 | 5:34 | 5:35 | 5:36 | 5:37 | 5:38 | 5:39 | 5:39 | 5:40 | 5:41 | 5:42 | 5:43 | 5:44 | 5:45 | 5:46 | 5:47 | 5:48 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10.2 | 7:07 | 5:22 |
| 2 | 10.3 | 7:06 | 5:23 |
| 3 | 10.3 | 7:05 | 5:24 |
| 4 | 10.3 | 7:05 | 5:25 |
| 5 | 10.4 | 7:04 | 5:26 |
| 6 | 10.4 | 7:03 | 5:27 |
| 7 | 10.4 | 7:02 | 5:28 |
| 8 | 10.5 | 7:01 | 5:29 |
| 9 | 10.5 | 7:00 | 5:30 |
| 10 | 10.5 | 7:00 | 5:31 |
| 11 | 10.5 | 6:59 | 5:32 |
| 12 | 10.6 | 6:58 | 5:33 |
| 13 | 10.6 | 6:57 | 5:34 |
| 14 | 10.6 | 6:56 | 5:35 |
| 15 | 10.7 | 6:55 | 5:36 |
| 16 | 10.7 | 6:54 | 5:37 |
| 17 | 10.7 | 6:53 | 5:38 |
| 18 | 10.8 | 6:52 | 5:39 |
| 19 | 10.8 | 6:51 | 5:39 |
| 20 | 10.8 | 6:50 | 5:40 |
| 21 | 10.9 | 6:48 | 5:41 |
| 22 | 10.9 | 6:47 | 5:42 |
| 23 | 11.0 | 6:46 | 5:43 |
| 24 | 11.0 | 6:45 | 5:44 |
| 25 | 11.0 | 6:44 | 5:45 |
| 26 | 11.1 | 6:43 | 5:46 |
| 27 | 11.1 | 6:41 | 5:47 |
| 28 | 11.1 | 6:40 | 5:48 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 4.21 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 2.81 kWh/m² to a high of 8.03 kWh/m² in June across the year — February's 4.21 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 4.8 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 3.7 | Moderate |
| 2 | 3.7 | Moderate |
| 3 | 3.8 | Moderate |
| 4 | 3.8 | Moderate |
| 5 | 3.8 | Moderate |
| 6 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 7 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 8 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 9 | 4.0 | Moderate |
| 10 | 4.0 | Bright |
| 11 | 4.0 | Bright |
| 12 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 13 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 14 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 15 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 16 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 17 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 18 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 19 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 20 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 21 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 22 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 23 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 24 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 25 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 26 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 27 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 28 | 4.8 | Bright |
Is February a good time to visit Garmsār?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Garmsār.
What to pack for Garmsār in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Garmsār sees daytime highs around 12°C and nights near 2°C. Worth packing: a warm layer. About 5 days see rain.
UV index in Garmsār in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 5 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Garmsār peaks around July 18 at about 10 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near January 1 at about 3 (moderate).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 10 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 3 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 8 | 6 | 3 | 3 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Very high | Very high | Very high | Extreme | Very high | Very high | High | Moderate | Moderate |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 3 | Moderate |
| Feb | 5 | Moderate |
| Mar | 4 | Moderate |
| Apr | 7 | Very high |
| May | 9 | Very high |
| Jun | 9 | Very high |
| Jul | 10 | Extreme |
| Aug | 10 | Very high |
| Sep | 8 | Very high |
| Oct | 6 | High |
| Nov | 3 | Moderate |
| Dec | 3 | Moderate |
Air quality in Garmsār in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Garmsār is worst in December — around 73 µg/m³ PM2.5 (unhealthy), about 2.6× the cleanest month (July, 28 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 69 | 64 | 56 | 56 | 47 | 32 | 28 | 29 | 39 | 49 | 62 | 73 |
| Level | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Poor | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Poor | Poor | Unhealthy | Unhealthy |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 69 | Unhealthy |
| Feb | 64 | Unhealthy |
| Mar | 56 | Unhealthy |
| Apr | 56 | Unhealthy |
| May | 47 | Poor |
| Jun | 32 | Moderate |
| Jul | 28 | Moderate |
| Aug | 29 | Moderate |
| Sep | 39 | Poor |
| Oct | 49 | Poor |
| Nov | 62 | Unhealthy |
| Dec | 73 | Unhealthy |
Where is Garmsār?
Garmsār sits at 35.2°N, 52.3°E, 860 m above sea level, in Iran. The nearest listed city is Īstgāh-e Rāh Āhan-e Garmsār, 3.0 km away.
Topography around Garmsār
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Garmsār.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Garmsār has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 54 m around an average of 855 m above sea level; within 16 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,433 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 3,315 m.
The land around Garmsār is covered by cropland (41%), bare terrain (30%) and artificial surfaces (28%) within 3 km, bare terrain (68%) and cropland (29%) within 16 km, and bare terrain (70%) and grassland (20%) within 80 km.
Iran travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 4
- Do Not Travel
- Power plugs
- Type C / F
- 220 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 352% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $3,924
- 2025
- Happiness
- 5.2 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 94%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 2.4
- per 100k, 2014
- Road deaths
- 21.5
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 492
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Garmsār (35.2182°, 52.3409°, elevation 860 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).