Haftkel weather in February
In February, Haftkel sees average daytime highs of 19°C and overnight lows near 9°C, with 73 mm of rain across 7.6 wet days and about 10.9 hours of daylight. It is the 10th-warmest and 5th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 18°C in the first days to 21°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 55% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 10 h 30 min at the start of February to 11 h 12 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Haftkel's 9th-clearest and 5th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Haftkel's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 19°
- 10th warmest
- Overnight low
- 9°
- 2nd coldest
- Rainfall
- 73 mm
- 7.6 wet days
- Daylight
- 10 h 54 min
- 7:01 AM – 5:52 PM
- Cloud cover
- 38%
- 9th clearest
- Wind
- 9 km/h
- 5th windiest
- Solar energy
- 4.2 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 6.7
- out of 10
Haftkel is city in Khuzestan Province, Iran.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Highs climb over the month, from about 18°C in the first days to 21°C by the end.
A typical February day in Haftkel reaches about 19°C in the afternoon and slips back to 9°C overnight — a 11°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 15°C and 23°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 2°C warmer than January and about 5°C cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 17 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 |
| Avg low (°C) | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 17 | 7 |
| 2 | 17 | 7 |
| 3 | 18 | 7 |
| 4 | 18 | 7 |
| 5 | 18 | 8 |
| 6 | 18 | 8 |
| 7 | 18 | 8 |
| 8 | 18 | 8 |
| 9 | 18 | 8 |
| 10 | 18 | 8 |
| 11 | 18 | 8 |
| 12 | 19 | 8 |
| 13 | 19 | 8 |
| 14 | 19 | 8 |
| 15 | 19 | 8 |
| 16 | 19 | 9 |
| 17 | 19 | 9 |
| 18 | 19 | 9 |
| 19 | 20 | 9 |
| 20 | 20 | 9 |
| 21 | 20 | 9 |
| 22 | 20 | 9 |
| 23 | 20 | 9 |
| 24 | 20 | 10 |
| 25 | 21 | 10 |
| 26 | 21 | 10 |
| 27 | 21 | 10 |
| 28 | 21 | 10 |
How February really feels in Haftkel
Once humidity and wind are folded in, February averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
February sits comfortably in between — no days that feel dangerously hot or drop to a hard freeze once humidity and wind are folded in.
Haftkel weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 10th-warmest and 5th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 17° / 7° | 111 | 10 | 10.2 | 5.7 |
| Feb | 19° / 9° | 73 | 7.6 | 10.9 | 6.7 |
| Mar | 24° / 12° | 81 | 6.9 | 11.8 | 7.7 |
| Apr | 30° / 17° | 36 | 4.6 | 12.7 | 6.0 |
| May | 38° / 23° | 5 | 0.9 | 13.6 | 1.7 |
| Jun | 43° / 27° | 0 | 0 | 14 | 0.0 |
| Jul | 45° / 29° | 0 | 0 | 13.8 | 0.0 |
| Aug | 44° / 29° | 1 | 0.3 | 13.1 | 0.0 |
| Sep | 41° / 25° | 1 | 0.3 | 12.2 | 0.2 |
| Oct | 34° / 20° | 8 | 1.3 | 11.2 | 3.7 |
| Nov | 25° / 14° | 82 | 5.5 | 10.4 | 7.6 |
| Dec | 19° / 9° | 109 | 8 | 10 | 6.7 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 55% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 16% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 29%. Skies tend to open up as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 68 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 71 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 74 | 74 |
| Cloudier (%) | 32 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 29 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 26 | 26 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 68 | 32 |
| 2 | 69 | 31 |
| 3 | 69 | 31 |
| 4 | 69 | 31 |
| 5 | 69 | 31 |
| 6 | 69 | 31 |
| 7 | 69 | 31 |
| 8 | 70 | 30 |
| 9 | 70 | 30 |
| 10 | 70 | 30 |
| 11 | 70 | 30 |
| 12 | 70 | 30 |
| 13 | 70 | 30 |
| 14 | 70 | 30 |
| 15 | 70 | 30 |
| 16 | 70 | 30 |
| 17 | 70 | 30 |
| 18 | 70 | 30 |
| 19 | 70 | 30 |
| 20 | 71 | 29 |
| 21 | 72 | 28 |
| 22 | 72 | 28 |
| 23 | 72 | 28 |
| 24 | 73 | 27 |
| 25 | 73 | 27 |
| 26 | 73 | 27 |
| 27 | 74 | 26 |
| 28 | 74 | 26 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Haftkel gets around 73 mm of rain over 7.6 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 27% and peaks near 31% on the wettest days. The odds ease toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 31 | 31 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 25 | 25 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 21 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 31 |
| 2 | 31 |
| 3 | 30 |
| 4 | 30 |
| 5 | 30 |
| 6 | 29 |
| 7 | 29 |
| 8 | 29 |
| 9 | 28 |
| 10 | 28 |
| 11 | 28 |
| 12 | 28 |
| 13 | 28 |
| 14 | 27 |
| 15 | 27 |
| 16 | 27 |
| 17 | 27 |
| 18 | 26 |
| 19 | 26 |
| 20 | 26 |
| 21 | 25 |
| 22 | 25 |
| 23 | 24 |
| 24 | 24 |
| 25 | 23 |
| 26 | 22 |
| 27 | 22 |
| 28 | 21 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 99% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 |
| Comfortable (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 100 | 0 |
| 2 | 100 | 0 |
| 3 | 100 | 0 |
| 4 | 99 | 1 |
| 5 | 99 | 1 |
| 6 | 99 | 1 |
| 7 | 99 | 1 |
| 8 | 99 | 1 |
| 9 | 99 | 1 |
| 10 | 99 | 1 |
| 11 | 99 | 1 |
| 12 | 99 | 1 |
| 13 | 99 | 1 |
| 14 | 99 | 1 |
| 15 | 99 | 1 |
| 16 | 99 | 1 |
| 17 | 99 | 1 |
| 18 | 99 | 1 |
| 19 | 99 | 1 |
| 20 | 99 | 1 |
| 21 | 99 | 1 |
| 22 | 99 | 1 |
| 23 | 99 | 1 |
| 24 | 99 | 1 |
| 25 | 99 | 1 |
| 26 | 99 | 1 |
| 27 | 99 | 1 |
| 28 | 99 | 1 |
Wind in February
Winds average 9 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 9 km/h on the calmest days to 9 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9 | calm |
| 2 | 9 | calm |
| 3 | 9 | calm |
| 4 | 9 | calm |
| 5 | 9 | calm |
| 6 | 9 | calm |
| 7 | 9 | calm |
| 8 | 9 | calm |
| 9 | 9 | calm |
| 10 | 9 | calm |
| 11 | 9 | calm |
| 12 | 9 | calm |
| 13 | 9 | calm |
| 14 | 9 | calm |
| 15 | 9 | calm |
| 16 | 9 | calm |
| 17 | 9 | calm |
| 18 | 9 | calm |
| 19 | 9 | calm |
| 20 | 9 | calm |
| 21 | 9 | calm |
| 22 | 9 | calm |
| 23 | 9 | calm |
| 24 | 9 | calm |
| 25 | 9 | calm |
| 26 | 9 | calm |
| 27 | 9 | calm |
| 28 | 9 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 10 h 30 min at the start of February to 11 h 12 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 42 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 7:11 AM to 6:48 AM, and sunset from 5:40 PM to 6:03 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 7:11 | 7:10 | 7:10 | 7:09 | 7:08 | 7:08 | 7:07 | 7:06 | 7:06 | 7:05 | 7:04 | 7:03 | 7:02 | 7:02 | 7:01 | 7:00 | 6:59 | 6:58 | 6:57 | 6:56 | 6:55 | 6:54 | 6:53 | 6:52 | 6:51 | 6:50 | 6:49 | 6:48 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:40 | 5:41 | 5:42 | 5:43 | 5:44 | 5:44 | 5:45 | 5:46 | 5:47 | 5:48 | 5:49 | 5:50 | 5:50 | 5:51 | 5:52 | 5:53 | 5:54 | 5:55 | 5:56 | 5:56 | 5:57 | 5:58 | 5:59 | 6:00 | 6:00 | 6:01 | 6:02 | 6:03 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10.5 | 7:11 | 5:40 |
| 2 | 10.5 | 7:10 | 5:41 |
| 3 | 10.5 | 7:10 | 5:42 |
| 4 | 10.6 | 7:09 | 5:43 |
| 5 | 10.6 | 7:08 | 5:44 |
| 6 | 10.6 | 7:08 | 5:44 |
| 7 | 10.6 | 7:07 | 5:45 |
| 8 | 10.7 | 7:06 | 5:46 |
| 9 | 10.7 | 7:06 | 5:47 |
| 10 | 10.7 | 7:05 | 5:48 |
| 11 | 10.7 | 7:04 | 5:49 |
| 12 | 10.8 | 7:03 | 5:50 |
| 13 | 10.8 | 7:02 | 5:50 |
| 14 | 10.8 | 7:02 | 5:51 |
| 15 | 10.9 | 7:01 | 5:52 |
| 16 | 10.9 | 7:00 | 5:53 |
| 17 | 10.9 | 6:59 | 5:54 |
| 18 | 10.9 | 6:58 | 5:55 |
| 19 | 11.0 | 6:57 | 5:56 |
| 20 | 11.0 | 6:56 | 5:56 |
| 21 | 11.0 | 6:55 | 5:57 |
| 22 | 11.1 | 6:54 | 5:58 |
| 23 | 11.1 | 6:53 | 5:59 |
| 24 | 11.1 | 6:52 | 6:00 |
| 25 | 11.2 | 6:51 | 6:00 |
| 26 | 11.2 | 6:50 | 6:01 |
| 27 | 11.2 | 6:49 | 6:02 |
| 28 | 11.2 | 6:48 | 6:03 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 4.2 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 2.99 kWh/m² to a high of 7.92 kWh/m² in June across the year — February's 4.2 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 3.6 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 4.8 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 3.6 | Moderate |
| 2 | 3.7 | Moderate |
| 3 | 3.7 | Moderate |
| 4 | 3.8 | Moderate |
| 5 | 3.8 | Moderate |
| 6 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 7 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 8 | 4.0 | Moderate |
| 9 | 4.0 | Moderate |
| 10 | 4.0 | Bright |
| 11 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 12 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 13 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 14 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 15 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 16 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 17 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 18 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 19 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 20 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 21 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 22 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 23 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 24 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 25 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 26 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 27 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 28 | 4.8 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for Haftkel
In February, Haftkel sits inside its rainy season season. The full year is below, with each hazard's peak months called out.
Haftkel's rainy season runs November–March, when most of the year's rain falls.
Haftkel sees seasonal dust haze (March–May), heaviest in May.
Is February a good time to visit Haftkel?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a reasonable time to visit Haftkel for sightseeing.
What to pack for Haftkel in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Haftkel sees daytime highs around 19°C and nights near 9°C. Little to plan around — just the basics. About 8 days see rain.
UV index in Haftkel in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 4 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Haftkel peaks around June 15 at about 10 (very high) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near January 11 at about 3 (moderate).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 3 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 3 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | High | High | Very high | Very high | Very high | Very high | High | High | Moderate | Moderate |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 3 | Moderate |
| Feb | 4 | Moderate |
| Mar | 6 | High |
| Apr | 7 | High |
| May | 9 | Very high |
| Jun | 10 | Very high |
| Jul | 9 | Very high |
| Aug | 9 | Very high |
| Sep | 6 | High |
| Oct | 6 | High |
| Nov | 4 | Moderate |
| Dec | 3 | Moderate |
Air quality in Haftkel in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Haftkel is worst in April — around 43 µg/m³ PM2.5 (poor), about 1.7× the cleanest month (November, 26 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 31 | 36 | 42 | 43 | 41 | 32 | 35 | 31 | 29 | 29 | 26 | 27 |
| Level | Moderate | Poor | Poor | Poor | Poor | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 31 | Moderate |
| Feb | 36 | Poor |
| Mar | 42 | Poor |
| Apr | 43 | Poor |
| May | 41 | Poor |
| Jun | 32 | Moderate |
| Jul | 35 | Moderate |
| Aug | 31 | Moderate |
| Sep | 29 | Moderate |
| Oct | 29 | Moderate |
| Nov | 26 | Moderate |
| Dec | 27 | Moderate |
Where is Haftkel?
Haftkel sits at 31.4°N, 49.5°E, 298 m above sea level, in Iran. The nearest listed city is Rāmhormoz, 20 km away.
Topography around Haftkel
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Haftkel.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Haftkel has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 224 m around an average of 322 m above sea level; within 16 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 664 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 3,573 m.
The land around Haftkel is covered by grassland (46%) and bare terrain (33%) within 3 km, grassland (58%) and bare terrain (27%) within 16 km, and grassland (48%), bare terrain (27%) and cropland (22%) within 80 km.
Iran travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 4
- Do Not Travel
- Power plugs
- Type C / F
- 220 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 352% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $3,924
- 2025
- Happiness
- 5.2 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 94%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 2.4
- per 100k, 2014
- Road deaths
- 21.5
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 492
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Haftkel (31.4469°, 49.5295°, elevation 298 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).