Iranshahr weather in February
In February, Iranshahr sees average daytime highs of 23°C and overnight lows near 10°C, with 17 mm of rain across 2.6 wet days and about 11 hours of daylight. It is the 10th-warmest and 3rd-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 21°C in the first days to 24°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 69% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 10 h 42 min at the start of February to 11 h 24 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Iranshahr's 11th-clearest and 7th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Iranshahr's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 23°
- 10th warmest
- Overnight low
- 10°
- 3rd coldest
- Rainfall
- 17 mm
- 2.6 wet days
- Daylight
- 11 hours
- 6:11 AM – 5:13 PM
- Cloud cover
- 28%
- 11th clearest
- Wind
- 9 km/h
- 7th windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.17 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 8.5
- out of 10
Iranshahr is city in Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Highs climb over the month, from about 21°C in the first days to 24°C by the end.
A typical February day in Iranshahr reaches about 23°C in the afternoon and slips back to 10°C overnight — a 12°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 18°C and 27°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 2°C warmer than January and about 4°C cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 |
| Avg low (°C) | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 21 | 9 |
| 2 | 21 | 9 |
| 3 | 21 | 9 |
| 4 | 21 | 9 |
| 5 | 21 | 9 |
| 6 | 21 | 9 |
| 7 | 22 | 9 |
| 8 | 22 | 9 |
| 9 | 22 | 10 |
| 10 | 22 | 10 |
| 11 | 22 | 10 |
| 12 | 22 | 10 |
| 13 | 22 | 10 |
| 14 | 22 | 10 |
| 15 | 23 | 10 |
| 16 | 23 | 10 |
| 17 | 23 | 10 |
| 18 | 23 | 11 |
| 19 | 23 | 11 |
| 20 | 23 | 11 |
| 21 | 23 | 11 |
| 22 | 24 | 11 |
| 23 | 24 | 11 |
| 24 | 24 | 12 |
| 25 | 24 | 12 |
| 26 | 24 | 12 |
| 27 | 24 | 12 |
| 28 | 24 | 12 |
How February really feels in Iranshahr
Once humidity and wind are folded in, February averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
February sits comfortably in between — no days that feel dangerously hot or drop to a hard freeze once humidity and wind are folded in.
Iranshahr weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 10th-warmest and 3rd-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 20° / 8° | 21 | 2.9 | 10.5 | 8.0 |
| Feb | 23° / 10° | 17 | 2.6 | 11 | 8.5 |
| Mar | 27° / 15° | 20 | 2.9 | 11.8 | 7.9 |
| Apr | 33° / 20° | 4 | 0.6 | 12.6 | 4.7 |
| May | 38° / 25° | 0 | 0.1 | 13.3 | 1.2 |
| Jun | 41° / 28° | 1 | 0.3 | 13.7 | 0.0 |
| Jul | 42° / 29° | 2 | 0.5 | 13.5 | 0.0 |
| Aug | 40° / 27° | 1 | 0.4 | 13 | 0.0 |
| Sep | 38° / 23° | 0 | 0 | 12.2 | 1.5 |
| Oct | 33° / 19° | 3 | 0.3 | 11.3 | 4.6 |
| Nov | 27° / 13° | 3 | 0.7 | 10.7 | 8.4 |
| Dec | 22° / 9° | 10 | 1.7 | 10.3 | 8.8 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 69% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 11% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 20%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 |
| Cloudier (%) | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 81 | 19 |
| 2 | 81 | 19 |
| 3 | 81 | 19 |
| 4 | 81 | 19 |
| 5 | 80 | 20 |
| 6 | 80 | 20 |
| 7 | 80 | 20 |
| 8 | 81 | 19 |
| 9 | 81 | 19 |
| 10 | 81 | 19 |
| 11 | 81 | 19 |
| 12 | 80 | 20 |
| 13 | 80 | 20 |
| 14 | 80 | 20 |
| 15 | 80 | 20 |
| 16 | 80 | 20 |
| 17 | 80 | 20 |
| 18 | 80 | 20 |
| 19 | 80 | 20 |
| 20 | 79 | 21 |
| 21 | 79 | 21 |
| 22 | 79 | 21 |
| 23 | 79 | 21 |
| 24 | 79 | 21 |
| 25 | 79 | 21 |
| 26 | 79 | 21 |
| 27 | 79 | 21 |
| 28 | 79 | 21 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Iranshahr gets around 17 mm of rain over 2.6 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 9% and peaks near 10% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 10 |
| 2 | 10 |
| 3 | 10 |
| 4 | 9 |
| 5 | 9 |
| 6 | 10 |
| 7 | 10 |
| 8 | 10 |
| 9 | 9 |
| 10 | 9 |
| 11 | 9 |
| 12 | 9 |
| 13 | 9 |
| 14 | 9 |
| 15 | 8 |
| 16 | 8 |
| 17 | 8 |
| 18 | 9 |
| 19 | 9 |
| 20 | 9 |
| 21 | 9 |
| 22 | 9 |
| 23 | 10 |
| 24 | 10 |
| 25 | 10 |
| 26 | 10 |
| 27 | 10 |
| 28 | 10 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 99% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 98 | 98 | 98 |
| Comfortable (%) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 99 | 1 |
| 2 | 99 | 1 |
| 3 | 99 | 1 |
| 4 | 99 | 1 |
| 5 | 99 | 1 |
| 6 | 99 | 1 |
| 7 | 99 | 1 |
| 8 | 99 | 1 |
| 9 | 99 | 1 |
| 10 | 99 | 1 |
| 11 | 99 | 1 |
| 12 | 99 | 1 |
| 13 | 99 | 1 |
| 14 | 99 | 1 |
| 15 | 99 | 1 |
| 16 | 99 | 1 |
| 17 | 99 | 1 |
| 18 | 99 | 1 |
| 19 | 99 | 1 |
| 20 | 99 | 1 |
| 21 | 99 | 1 |
| 22 | 99 | 1 |
| 23 | 99 | 1 |
| 24 | 99 | 1 |
| 25 | 99 | 1 |
| 26 | 98 | 2 |
| 27 | 98 | 2 |
| 28 | 98 | 2 |
Wind in February
Winds average 9 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 9 km/h on the calmest days to 9 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9 | calm |
| 2 | 9 | calm |
| 3 | 9 | calm |
| 4 | 9 | calm |
| 5 | 9 | calm |
| 6 | 9 | calm |
| 7 | 9 | calm |
| 8 | 9 | calm |
| 9 | 9 | calm |
| 10 | 9 | calm |
| 11 | 9 | calm |
| 12 | 9 | calm |
| 13 | 9 | calm |
| 14 | 9 | calm |
| 15 | 9 | calm |
| 16 | 9 | calm |
| 17 | 9 | calm |
| 18 | 9 | calm |
| 19 | 9 | calm |
| 20 | 9 | calm |
| 21 | 9 | calm |
| 22 | 9 | calm |
| 23 | 9 | calm |
| 24 | 9 | calm |
| 25 | 9 | calm |
| 26 | 9 | calm |
| 27 | 9 | calm |
| 28 | 9 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 10 h 42 min at the start of February to 11 h 24 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 42 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 6:19 AM to 6:00 AM, and sunset from 5:03 PM to 5:22 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 10.7 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 11.4 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:19 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:17 | 6:17 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:14 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:12 | 6:11 | 6:11 | 6:10 | 6:09 | 6:08 | 6:08 | 6:07 | 6:06 | 6:05 | 6:04 | 6:03 | 6:02 | 6:01 | 6:01 | 6:00 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:03 | 5:03 | 5:04 | 5:05 | 5:06 | 5:06 | 5:07 | 5:08 | 5:09 | 5:09 | 5:10 | 5:11 | 5:12 | 5:12 | 5:13 | 5:14 | 5:14 | 5:15 | 5:16 | 5:17 | 5:17 | 5:18 | 5:19 | 5:19 | 5:20 | 5:20 | 5:21 | 5:22 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10.7 | 6:19 | 5:03 |
| 2 | 10.8 | 6:18 | 5:03 |
| 3 | 10.8 | 6:18 | 5:04 |
| 4 | 10.8 | 6:17 | 5:05 |
| 5 | 10.8 | 6:17 | 5:06 |
| 6 | 10.8 | 6:16 | 5:06 |
| 7 | 10.9 | 6:16 | 5:07 |
| 8 | 10.9 | 6:15 | 5:08 |
| 9 | 10.9 | 6:15 | 5:09 |
| 10 | 10.9 | 6:14 | 5:09 |
| 11 | 10.9 | 6:13 | 5:10 |
| 12 | 11.0 | 6:13 | 5:11 |
| 13 | 11.0 | 6:12 | 5:12 |
| 14 | 11.0 | 6:11 | 5:12 |
| 15 | 11.0 | 6:11 | 5:13 |
| 16 | 11.1 | 6:10 | 5:14 |
| 17 | 11.1 | 6:09 | 5:14 |
| 18 | 11.1 | 6:08 | 5:15 |
| 19 | 11.1 | 6:08 | 5:16 |
| 20 | 11.2 | 6:07 | 5:17 |
| 21 | 11.2 | 6:06 | 5:17 |
| 22 | 11.2 | 6:05 | 5:18 |
| 23 | 11.2 | 6:04 | 5:19 |
| 24 | 11.3 | 6:03 | 5:19 |
| 25 | 11.3 | 6:02 | 5:20 |
| 26 | 11.3 | 6:01 | 5:20 |
| 27 | 11.3 | 6:01 | 5:21 |
| 28 | 11.4 | 6:00 | 5:22 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 5.17 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.12 kWh/m² to a high of 7.86 kWh/m² in May across the year — February's 5.17 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 4.7 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.6 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 2 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 3 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 4 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 5 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 6 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 7 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.6 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for Iranshahr
None of Iranshahr's seasonal hazards are active in February. The full-year calendar below shows when the rainy season, cyclone risk and dust haze do peak.
Iranshahr sees seasonal dust haze (May–August), heaviest in July.
Is February a good time to visit Iranshahr?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is one of the better times to visit Iranshahr for general sightseeing. The water and warmth also suit a beach or pool day.
What to pack for Iranshahr in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Iranshahr sees daytime highs around 23°C and nights near 10°C. Worth packing: light clothes and sun protection.
UV index in Iranshahr in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 8 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Iranshahr peaks around May 23 at about 11 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 19 at about 5 (moderate).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 5 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 8 | 5 | 5 |
| Level | Moderate | Very high | Extreme | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Very high | High | Moderate |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 5 | Moderate |
| Feb | 8 | Very high |
| Mar | 10 | Extreme |
| Apr | 10 | Very high |
| May | 11 | Extreme |
| Jun | 11 | Extreme |
| Jul | 11 | Extreme |
| Aug | 11 | Extreme |
| Sep | 10 | Very high |
| Oct | 8 | Very high |
| Nov | 5 | High |
| Dec | 5 | Moderate |
Air quality in Iranshahr in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Iranshahr is worst in July — around 49 µg/m³ PM2.5 (poor), about 4.0× the cleanest month (November, 12 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 16 | 21 | 21 | 28 | 32 | 33 | 49 | 34 | 26 | 19 | 12 | 14 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Poor | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 16 | Moderate |
| Feb | 21 | Moderate |
| Mar | 21 | Moderate |
| Apr | 28 | Moderate |
| May | 32 | Moderate |
| Jun | 33 | Moderate |
| Jul | 49 | Poor |
| Aug | 34 | Moderate |
| Sep | 26 | Moderate |
| Oct | 19 | Moderate |
| Nov | 12 | Moderate |
| Dec | 14 | Moderate |
Where is Iranshahr?
Iranshahr sits at 27.2°N, 60.7°E, 566 m above sea level, in Iran. The nearest listed city is Qaşr-e Qand, 106 km away.
Topography around Iranshahr
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Iranshahr.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Iranshahr has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 87 m around an average of 569 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 372 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,243 m.
The land around Iranshahr is covered by artificial surfaces (46%) and bare terrain (44%) within 3 km, bare terrain (85%) within 16 km, and bare terrain (99%) within 80 km.
Iran travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 4
- Do Not Travel
- Power plugs
- Type C / F
- 220 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 352% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $3,924
- 2025
- Happiness
- 5.2 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 94%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 2.4
- per 100k, 2014
- Road deaths
- 21.5
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 492
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Iranshahr (27.2024°, 60.6848°, elevation 566 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).