Manjīl weather in February
In February, Manjīl sees average daytime highs of 9°C and overnight lows near -1°C, with 74 mm of precipitation across 11.1 wet days and about 10.6 hours of daylight. It is the 11th-warmest and 6th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 7°C in the first days to 10°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 39% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 10 h 06 min at the start of February to 11 h 06 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Manjīl's 7th-clearest and 4th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Manjīl's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 9°
- 11th warmest
- Overnight low
- -1°
- 2nd coldest
- Precipitation
- 74 mm
- 11.1 wet days
- Daylight
- 10 h 36 min
- 7:09 AM – 5:45 PM
- Cloud cover
- 53%
- 7th clearest
- Wind
- 6 km/h
- 4th windiest
- Solar energy
- 3.71 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 1.5
- out of 10
Manjīl is city in Gilan Province, Iran.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Highs climb over the month, from about 7°C in the first days to 10°C by the end.
A typical February day in Manjīl reaches about 9°C in the afternoon and slips back to -1°C overnight — a 10°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 1°C and 16°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 1°C warmer than January and about 5°C cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 |
| Avg low (°C) | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7 | -2 |
| 2 | 7 | -2 |
| 3 | 7 | -2 |
| 4 | 7 | -2 |
| 5 | 7 | -2 |
| 6 | 7 | -2 |
| 7 | 7 | -2 |
| 8 | 8 | -2 |
| 9 | 8 | -2 |
| 10 | 8 | -2 |
| 11 | 8 | -2 |
| 12 | 8 | -1 |
| 13 | 8 | -1 |
| 14 | 8 | -1 |
| 15 | 8 | -1 |
| 16 | 8 | -1 |
| 17 | 9 | -1 |
| 18 | 9 | -1 |
| 19 | 9 | 0 |
| 20 | 9 | 0 |
| 21 | 9 | 0 |
| 22 | 10 | 0 |
| 23 | 10 | 0 |
| 24 | 10 | 0 |
| 25 | 10 | 1 |
| 26 | 10 | 1 |
| 27 | 11 | 1 |
| 28 | 11 | 1 |
How February really feels in Manjīl
Once humidity and wind are folded in, February averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 28 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
The story in February is cold — wind chill drags the overnight "feels like" below the raw low.
Manjīl weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 11th-warmest and 6th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 7° / -2° | 66 | 10.3 | 6.3 | 9.8 | 1.0 |
| Feb | 9° / -1° | 74 | 11.1 | 6.8 | 10.6 | 1.5 |
| Mar | 13° / 3° | 87 | 13.2 | 4.6 | 11.7 | 3.5 |
| Apr | 19° / 8° | 82 | 12.7 | 1 | 12.9 | 5.5 |
| May | 23° / 13° | 45 | 10.5 | 0.1 | 13.9 | 6.7 |
| Jun | 26° / 16° | 41 | 8.6 | 0 | 14.5 | 7.1 |
| Jul | 27° / 18° | 51 | 10.1 | 0 | 14.3 | 6.7 |
| Aug | 27° / 18° | 64 | 12.1 | 0 | 13.4 | 6.4 |
| Sep | 24° / 15° | 83 | 14.8 | 0 | 12.2 | 6.2 |
| Oct | 21° / 11° | 86 | 13.3 | 0.1 | 11.1 | 6.0 |
| Nov | 14° / 5° | 93 | 11.7 | 1.8 | 10 | 4.0 |
| Dec | 10° / 1° | 64 | 9.7 | 4.2 | 9.5 | 2.2 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 39% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 14% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 47%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 57 | 57 | 56 | 56 | 55 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 53 | 53 | 52 | 52 | 51 | 51 | 51 | 51 | 51 | 51 | 51 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 53 | 53 | 52 | 53 | 53 |
| Cloudier (%) | 43 | 43 | 44 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 47 | 47 | 48 | 48 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 47 | 47 | 48 | 47 | 47 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 57 | 43 |
| 2 | 57 | 43 |
| 3 | 56 | 44 |
| 4 | 56 | 44 |
| 5 | 55 | 45 |
| 6 | 54 | 46 |
| 7 | 54 | 46 |
| 8 | 54 | 46 |
| 9 | 53 | 47 |
| 10 | 53 | 47 |
| 11 | 52 | 48 |
| 12 | 52 | 48 |
| 13 | 51 | 49 |
| 14 | 51 | 49 |
| 15 | 51 | 49 |
| 16 | 51 | 49 |
| 17 | 51 | 49 |
| 18 | 51 | 49 |
| 19 | 51 | 49 |
| 20 | 52 | 48 |
| 21 | 52 | 48 |
| 22 | 52 | 48 |
| 23 | 52 | 48 |
| 24 | 53 | 47 |
| 25 | 53 | 47 |
| 26 | 52 | 48 |
| 27 | 53 | 47 |
| 28 | 53 | 47 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Manjīl gets around 74 mm of rain and snow over 11.1 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 39% and peaks near 40% on the wettest days, and about 7 days bring snow.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 36 | 36 | 37 | 37 | 38 | 38 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 37 | 37 | 37 |
| Snow chance (%) | 24 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 21 | 21 | 20 | 20 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 18 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 36 | 24 |
| 2 | 36 | 24 |
| 3 | 37 | 24 |
| 4 | 37 | 25 |
| 5 | 38 | 25 |
| 6 | 38 | 25 |
| 7 | 39 | 25 |
| 8 | 39 | 26 |
| 9 | 39 | 26 |
| 10 | 39 | 26 |
| 11 | 40 | 25 |
| 12 | 40 | 25 |
| 13 | 40 | 25 |
| 14 | 40 | 24 |
| 15 | 40 | 24 |
| 16 | 40 | 23 |
| 17 | 40 | 23 |
| 18 | 40 | 23 |
| 19 | 39 | 22 |
| 20 | 39 | 22 |
| 21 | 39 | 21 |
| 22 | 39 | 21 |
| 23 | 38 | 20 |
| 24 | 38 | 20 |
| 25 | 38 | 19 |
| 26 | 37 | 19 |
| 27 | 37 | 19 |
| 28 | 37 | 18 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
Wind in February
Winds average 6 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 6 km/h on the calmest days to 6 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6 | calm |
| 2 | 6 | calm |
| 3 | 6 | calm |
| 4 | 6 | calm |
| 5 | 6 | calm |
| 6 | 6 | calm |
| 7 | 6 | calm |
| 8 | 6 | calm |
| 9 | 6 | calm |
| 10 | 6 | calm |
| 11 | 6 | calm |
| 12 | 6 | calm |
| 13 | 6 | calm |
| 14 | 6 | calm |
| 15 | 6 | calm |
| 16 | 6 | calm |
| 17 | 6 | calm |
| 18 | 6 | calm |
| 19 | 6 | calm |
| 20 | 6 | calm |
| 21 | 6 | calm |
| 22 | 6 | calm |
| 23 | 6 | calm |
| 24 | 6 | calm |
| 25 | 6 | calm |
| 26 | 6 | calm |
| 27 | 6 | calm |
| 28 | 6 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 10 h 06 min at the start of February to 11 h 06 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 60 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 7:22 AM to 6:53 AM, and sunset from 5:30 PM to 5:58 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 10.1 | 10.2 | 10.2 | 10.2 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.1 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 7:22 | 7:21 | 7:20 | 7:19 | 7:18 | 7:18 | 7:17 | 7:16 | 7:15 | 7:14 | 7:13 | 7:12 | 7:11 | 7:10 | 7:09 | 7:08 | 7:07 | 7:06 | 7:04 | 7:03 | 7:02 | 7:01 | 7:00 | 6:58 | 6:57 | 6:56 | 6:55 | 6:53 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:30 | 5:31 | 5:32 | 5:33 | 5:35 | 5:36 | 5:37 | 5:38 | 5:39 | 5:40 | 5:41 | 5:42 | 5:43 | 5:44 | 5:45 | 5:46 | 5:47 | 5:48 | 5:49 | 5:50 | 5:51 | 5:52 | 5:53 | 5:54 | 5:55 | 5:56 | 5:57 | 5:58 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10.1 | 7:22 | 5:30 |
| 2 | 10.2 | 7:21 | 5:31 |
| 3 | 10.2 | 7:20 | 5:32 |
| 4 | 10.2 | 7:19 | 5:33 |
| 5 | 10.3 | 7:18 | 5:35 |
| 6 | 10.3 | 7:18 | 5:36 |
| 7 | 10.3 | 7:17 | 5:37 |
| 8 | 10.4 | 7:16 | 5:38 |
| 9 | 10.4 | 7:15 | 5:39 |
| 10 | 10.4 | 7:14 | 5:40 |
| 11 | 10.5 | 7:13 | 5:41 |
| 12 | 10.5 | 7:12 | 5:42 |
| 13 | 10.5 | 7:11 | 5:43 |
| 14 | 10.6 | 7:10 | 5:44 |
| 15 | 10.6 | 7:09 | 5:45 |
| 16 | 10.6 | 7:08 | 5:46 |
| 17 | 10.7 | 7:07 | 5:47 |
| 18 | 10.7 | 7:06 | 5:48 |
| 19 | 10.7 | 7:04 | 5:49 |
| 20 | 10.8 | 7:03 | 5:50 |
| 21 | 10.8 | 7:02 | 5:51 |
| 22 | 10.9 | 7:01 | 5:52 |
| 23 | 10.9 | 7:00 | 5:53 |
| 24 | 10.9 | 6:58 | 5:54 |
| 25 | 11.0 | 6:57 | 5:55 |
| 26 | 11.0 | 6:56 | 5:56 |
| 27 | 11.0 | 6:55 | 5:57 |
| 28 | 11.1 | 6:53 | 5:58 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 3.71 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 2.39 kWh/m² to a high of 6.43 kWh/m² in June across the year — February's 3.71 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 4.2 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 3.3 | Moderate |
| 2 | 3.3 | Moderate |
| 3 | 3.4 | Moderate |
| 4 | 3.4 | Moderate |
| 5 | 3.4 | Moderate |
| 6 | 3.4 | Moderate |
| 7 | 3.5 | Moderate |
| 8 | 3.5 | Moderate |
| 9 | 3.5 | Moderate |
| 10 | 3.5 | Moderate |
| 11 | 3.6 | Moderate |
| 12 | 3.6 | Moderate |
| 13 | 3.6 | Moderate |
| 14 | 3.7 | Moderate |
| 15 | 3.7 | Moderate |
| 16 | 3.8 | Moderate |
| 17 | 3.8 | Moderate |
| 18 | 3.8 | Moderate |
| 19 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 20 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 21 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 22 | 4.0 | Moderate |
| 23 | 4.0 | Bright |
| 24 | 4.0 | Bright |
| 25 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 26 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 27 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 28 | 4.2 | Bright |
Is February a good time to visit Manjīl?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Manjīl.
What to pack for Manjīl in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Manjīl sees daytime highs around 9°C and nights near -1°C. Pack a warm layer. Worth having: a heavy coat and rain gear. About 11 days see rain.
UV index in Manjīl in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 4 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Manjīl peaks around July 17 at about 10 (very high) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near January 13 at about 2 (moderate).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 11 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 2 | 4 | 4 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 3 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | High | Very high | Very high | Very high | Very high | High | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 2 | Moderate |
| Feb | 4 | Moderate |
| Mar | 4 | Moderate |
| Apr | 7 | High |
| May | 8 | Very high |
| Jun | 9 | Very high |
| Jul | 10 | Very high |
| Aug | 9 | Very high |
| Sep | 7 | High |
| Oct | 5 | Moderate |
| Nov | 3 | Moderate |
| Dec | 3 | Moderate |
Air quality in Manjīl in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Manjīl is worst in March — around 32 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 2.2× the cleanest month (July, 15 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 29 | 28 | 32 | 31 | 28 | 19 | 15 | 17 | 21 | 24 | 27 | 29 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 29 | Moderate |
| Feb | 28 | Moderate |
| Mar | 32 | Moderate |
| Apr | 31 | Moderate |
| May | 28 | Moderate |
| Jun | 19 | Moderate |
| Jul | 15 | Moderate |
| Aug | 17 | Moderate |
| Sep | 21 | Moderate |
| Oct | 24 | Moderate |
| Nov | 27 | Moderate |
| Dec | 29 | Moderate |
Where is Manjīl?
Manjīl sits at 36.7°N, 49.4°E, 300 m above sea level, in Iran. The nearest listed city is Pādegān-e Manjīl, 1.0 km away.
Topography around Manjīl
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Manjīl.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Manjīl has large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 688 m around an average of 372 m above sea level; within 16 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,239 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 3,433 m.
The land around Manjīl is covered by grassland (43%) and water (25%) within 3 km, grassland (55%) within 16 km, and grassland (49%), cropland (24%) and trees (21%) within 80 km.
Iran travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 4
- Do Not Travel
- Power plugs
- Type C / F
- 220 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 352% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $3,924
- 2025
- Happiness
- 5.2 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 94%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 2.4
- per 100k, 2014
- Road deaths
- 21.5
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 492
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Manjīl (36.7445°, 49.4008°, elevation 300 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).