Al Hillah weather in February
In February, Al Hillah sees average daytime highs of 21°C and overnight lows near 9°C, with 16 mm of rain across 3.1 wet days and about 10.8 hours of daylight. It is the 10th-warmest and 4th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 19°C in the first days to 23°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 65% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 10 h 24 min at the start of February to 11 h 12 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Al Hillah's 8th-clearest and 8th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Al Hillah's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 21°
- 10th warmest
- Overnight low
- 9°
- 3rd coldest
- Rainfall
- 16 mm
- 3.1 wet days
- Daylight
- 10 h 48 min
- 6:53 AM – 5:41 PM
- Cloud cover
- 31%
- 8th clearest
- Wind
- 11 km/h
- 8th windiest
- Solar energy
- 4.35 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 8.0
- out of 10
Al Hillah is city in Iraq.
- Founded
- 1101
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Highs climb over the month, from about 19°C in the first days to 23°C by the end.
A typical February day in Al Hillah reaches about 21°C in the afternoon and slips back to 9°C overnight — a 11°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 16°C and 25°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 3°C warmer than January and about 5°C cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 24 |
| Avg low (°C) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 19 | 8 |
| 2 | 19 | 8 |
| 3 | 19 | 8 |
| 4 | 19 | 8 |
| 5 | 19 | 8 |
| 6 | 19 | 8 |
| 7 | 19 | 8 |
| 8 | 19 | 8 |
| 9 | 20 | 8 |
| 10 | 20 | 9 |
| 11 | 20 | 9 |
| 12 | 20 | 9 |
| 13 | 20 | 9 |
| 14 | 20 | 9 |
| 15 | 21 | 9 |
| 16 | 21 | 9 |
| 17 | 21 | 10 |
| 18 | 21 | 10 |
| 19 | 21 | 10 |
| 20 | 22 | 10 |
| 21 | 22 | 10 |
| 22 | 22 | 10 |
| 23 | 22 | 10 |
| 24 | 23 | 11 |
| 25 | 23 | 11 |
| 26 | 23 | 11 |
| 27 | 23 | 11 |
| 28 | 24 | 11 |
How February really feels in Al Hillah
Once humidity and wind are folded in, February averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
February sits comfortably in between — no days that feel dangerously hot or drop to a hard freeze once humidity and wind are folded in.
Al Hillah weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 10th-warmest and 4th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 18° / 7° | 22 | 4 | 10.1 | 7.1 |
| Feb | 21° / 9° | 16 | 3.1 | 10.8 | 8.0 |
| Mar | 26° / 13° | 15 | 2.7 | 11.8 | 8.2 |
| Apr | 32° / 19° | 12 | 2.6 | 12.8 | 4.8 |
| May | 39° / 24° | 4 | 0.9 | 13.6 | 1.0 |
| Jun | 43° / 29° | 0 | 0 | 14.1 | 0.0 |
| Jul | 46° / 31° | 0 | 0 | 13.9 | 0.0 |
| Aug | 46° / 31° | 0 | 0 | 13.2 | 0.0 |
| Sep | 42° / 27° | 0 | 0.1 | 12.2 | 0.0 |
| Oct | 35° / 21° | 5 | 1.3 | 11.2 | 2.9 |
| Nov | 26° / 14° | 20 | 3 | 10.3 | 8.0 |
| Dec | 20° / 9° | 19 | 3.3 | 9.9 | 7.6 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 65% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 14% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 21%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 79 | 78 | 78 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 80 | 79 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 81 | 81 | 80 | 80 | 80 |
| Cloudier (%) | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 21 | 22 | 22 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 20 | 21 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 20 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 78 | 22 |
| 2 | 78 | 22 |
| 3 | 78 | 22 |
| 4 | 78 | 22 |
| 5 | 78 | 22 |
| 6 | 78 | 22 |
| 7 | 78 | 22 |
| 8 | 78 | 22 |
| 9 | 78 | 22 |
| 10 | 78 | 22 |
| 11 | 78 | 22 |
| 12 | 79 | 21 |
| 13 | 78 | 22 |
| 14 | 78 | 22 |
| 15 | 79 | 21 |
| 16 | 79 | 21 |
| 17 | 79 | 21 |
| 18 | 79 | 21 |
| 19 | 80 | 20 |
| 20 | 79 | 21 |
| 21 | 80 | 20 |
| 22 | 80 | 20 |
| 23 | 80 | 20 |
| 24 | 81 | 19 |
| 25 | 81 | 19 |
| 26 | 80 | 20 |
| 27 | 80 | 20 |
| 28 | 80 | 20 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Al Hillah gets around 16 mm of rain over 3.1 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 11% and peaks near 13% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 13 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 13 |
| 2 | 12 |
| 3 | 12 |
| 4 | 12 |
| 5 | 12 |
| 6 | 12 |
| 7 | 11 |
| 8 | 11 |
| 9 | 11 |
| 10 | 11 |
| 11 | 11 |
| 12 | 11 |
| 13 | 11 |
| 14 | 11 |
| 15 | 11 |
| 16 | 11 |
| 17 | 11 |
| 18 | 11 |
| 19 | 11 |
| 20 | 11 |
| 21 | 11 |
| 22 | 10 |
| 23 | 10 |
| 24 | 10 |
| 25 | 10 |
| 26 | 9 |
| 27 | 9 |
| 28 | 9 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 99% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 |
| Comfortable (%) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 99 | 1 |
| 2 | 99 | 1 |
| 3 | 99 | 1 |
| 4 | 99 | 1 |
| 5 | 99 | 1 |
| 6 | 99 | 1 |
| 7 | 99 | 1 |
| 8 | 99 | 1 |
| 9 | 100 | 0 |
| 10 | 100 | 0 |
| 11 | 100 | 0 |
| 12 | 100 | 0 |
| 13 | 100 | 0 |
| 14 | 100 | 0 |
| 15 | 100 | 0 |
| 16 | 100 | 0 |
| 17 | 100 | 0 |
| 18 | 100 | 0 |
| 19 | 99 | 1 |
| 20 | 99 | 1 |
| 21 | 99 | 1 |
| 22 | 99 | 1 |
| 23 | 99 | 1 |
| 24 | 99 | 1 |
| 25 | 99 | 1 |
| 26 | 99 | 1 |
| 27 | 99 | 1 |
| 28 | 99 | 1 |
Wind in February
Winds average 11 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 11 km/h on the calmest days to 12 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11 | calm |
| 2 | 11 | calm |
| 3 | 11 | calm |
| 4 | 11 | calm |
| 5 | 11 | calm |
| 6 | 11 | calm |
| 7 | 11 | calm |
| 8 | 11 | calm |
| 9 | 11 | calm |
| 10 | 11 | calm |
| 11 | 11 | calm |
| 12 | 11 | calm |
| 13 | 11 | calm |
| 14 | 11 | calm |
| 15 | 11 | calm |
| 16 | 11 | calm |
| 17 | 11 | calm |
| 18 | 11 | calm |
| 19 | 11 | calm |
| 20 | 11 | calm |
| 21 | 11 | calm |
| 22 | 11 | calm |
| 23 | 11 | calm |
| 24 | 12 | calm |
| 25 | 12 | calm |
| 26 | 12 | calm |
| 27 | 12 | calm |
| 28 | 12 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 10 h 24 min at the start of February to 11 h 12 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 48 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 7:03 AM to 6:39 AM, and sunset from 5:29 PM to 5:52 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 7:03 | 7:02 | 7:02 | 7:01 | 7:01 | 7:00 | 6:59 | 6:58 | 6:58 | 6:57 | 6:56 | 6:55 | 6:54 | 6:53 | 6:53 | 6:52 | 6:51 | 6:50 | 6:49 | 6:48 | 6:47 | 6:46 | 6:45 | 6:44 | 6:43 | 6:41 | 6:40 | 6:39 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:29 | 5:29 | 5:30 | 5:31 | 5:32 | 5:33 | 5:34 | 5:35 | 5:36 | 5:37 | 5:38 | 5:39 | 5:39 | 5:40 | 5:41 | 5:42 | 5:43 | 5:44 | 5:45 | 5:46 | 5:46 | 5:47 | 5:48 | 5:49 | 5:50 | 5:51 | 5:51 | 5:52 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10.4 | 7:03 | 5:29 |
| 2 | 10.4 | 7:02 | 5:29 |
| 3 | 10.5 | 7:02 | 5:30 |
| 4 | 10.5 | 7:01 | 5:31 |
| 5 | 10.5 | 7:01 | 5:32 |
| 6 | 10.6 | 7:00 | 5:33 |
| 7 | 10.6 | 6:59 | 5:34 |
| 8 | 10.6 | 6:58 | 5:35 |
| 9 | 10.6 | 6:58 | 5:36 |
| 10 | 10.7 | 6:57 | 5:37 |
| 11 | 10.7 | 6:56 | 5:38 |
| 12 | 10.7 | 6:55 | 5:39 |
| 13 | 10.8 | 6:54 | 5:39 |
| 14 | 10.8 | 6:53 | 5:40 |
| 15 | 10.8 | 6:53 | 5:41 |
| 16 | 10.8 | 6:52 | 5:42 |
| 17 | 10.9 | 6:51 | 5:43 |
| 18 | 10.9 | 6:50 | 5:44 |
| 19 | 10.9 | 6:49 | 5:45 |
| 20 | 11.0 | 6:48 | 5:46 |
| 21 | 11.0 | 6:47 | 5:46 |
| 22 | 11.0 | 6:46 | 5:47 |
| 23 | 11.1 | 6:45 | 5:48 |
| 24 | 11.1 | 6:44 | 5:49 |
| 25 | 11.1 | 6:43 | 5:50 |
| 26 | 11.2 | 6:41 | 5:51 |
| 27 | 11.2 | 6:40 | 5:51 |
| 28 | 11.2 | 6:39 | 5:52 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 4.35 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 3.03 kWh/m² to a high of 7.81 kWh/m² in June across the year — February's 4.35 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 3.8 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 5.0 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 3.8 | Moderate |
| 2 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 3 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 4 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 5 | 4.0 | Moderate |
| 6 | 4.0 | Bright |
| 7 | 4.0 | Bright |
| 8 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 9 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 10 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 11 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 12 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 13 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 14 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 15 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 16 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 17 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 18 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 19 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 20 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 21 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 22 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 23 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 24 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 25 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 26 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 27 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.0 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for Al Hillah
None of Al Hillah's seasonal hazards are active in February. The full-year calendar below shows when the rainy season, cyclone risk and dust haze do peak.
Al Hillah sees seasonal dust haze (March–October), heaviest in May.
Is February a good time to visit Al Hillah?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is one of the better times to visit Al Hillah for general sightseeing.
What to pack for Al Hillah in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Al Hillah sees daytime highs around 21°C and nights near 9°C. Little to plan around — just the basics. About 3 days see rain.
UV index in Al Hillah in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 4 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Al Hillah peaks around June 15 at about 10 (very high) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near January 11 at about 3 (moderate).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 11 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 7 | 8 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 3 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | High | High | Very high | Extreme | High | Very high | Moderate | High | Moderate | Moderate |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 3 | Moderate |
| Feb | 4 | Moderate |
| Mar | 5 | High |
| Apr | 6 | High |
| May | 8 | Very high |
| Jun | 10 | Extreme |
| Jul | 7 | High |
| Aug | 8 | Very high |
| Sep | 4 | Moderate |
| Oct | 6 | High |
| Nov | 4 | Moderate |
| Dec | 3 | Moderate |
Air quality in Al Hillah in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Al Hillah is worst in May — around 77 µg/m³ PM2.5 (unhealthy), and holds fairly steady the rest of the year.
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 68 | 68 | 73 | 72 | 77 | 64 | 60 | 61 | 65 | 70 | 63 | 70 |
| Level | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 68 | Unhealthy |
| Feb | 68 | Unhealthy |
| Mar | 73 | Unhealthy |
| Apr | 72 | Unhealthy |
| May | 77 | Unhealthy |
| Jun | 64 | Unhealthy |
| Jul | 60 | Unhealthy |
| Aug | 61 | Unhealthy |
| Sep | 65 | Unhealthy |
| Oct | 70 | Unhealthy |
| Nov | 63 | Unhealthy |
| Dec | 70 | Unhealthy |
Where is Al Hillah?
Al Hillah sits at 32.5°N, 44.4°E, 33 m above sea level, in Iraq. The nearest listed city is Al Hindīyah, 20 km away.
Topography around Al Hillah
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Al Hillah.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Al Hillah has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 18 m around an average of 29 m above sea level; within 16 km, only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 44 m; within 80 km, only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 153 m.
The land around Al Hillah is covered by artificial surfaces (84%) within 3 km, cropland (42%) and trees (26%) within 16 km, and cropland (44%) and bare terrain (43%) within 80 km.
Iraq travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 4
- Do Not Travel
- Power plugs
- Type C / D / G
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 38% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $5,410
- 2025
- Happiness
- 5.2 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 60%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 9.5
- per 100k, 2013
- Road deaths
- 27.3
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Very low
- EF EPI 406
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Al Hillah (32.4637°, 44.4196°, elevation 33 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).