Circoiscrizione I weather in February
In February, Circoiscrizione I sees average daytime highs of 9°C and overnight lows near 1°C, with 56 mm of precipitation across 6.5 wet days and about 10.1 hours of daylight. It is the 10th-warmest and 10th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 8°C in the first days to 10°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 46% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 9 h 30 min at the start of February to 10 h 48 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Circoiscrizione I's 5th-clearest and 3rd-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Circoiscrizione I's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 9°
- 10th warmest
- Overnight low
- 1°
- 3rd coldest
- Precipitation
- 56 mm
- 6.5 wet days
- Daylight
- 10 h 06 min
- 7:40 AM – 5:47 PM
- Cloud cover
- 49%
- 5th clearest
- Wind
- 4 km/h
- 3rd windiest
- Solar energy
- 2.55 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 2.0
- out of 10
Temperature in February
Highs climb over the month, from about 8°C in the first days to 10°C by the end.
A typical February day in Circoiscrizione I reaches about 9°C in the afternoon and slips back to 1°C overnight — a 8°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 3°C and 14°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 2°C warmer than January and about 5°C cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 |
| Avg low (°C) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8 | 0 |
| 2 | 8 | 0 |
| 3 | 8 | 0 |
| 4 | 8 | 0 |
| 5 | 8 | 0 |
| 6 | 8 | 0 |
| 7 | 8 | 0 |
| 8 | 8 | 0 |
| 9 | 8 | 0 |
| 10 | 9 | 0 |
| 11 | 9 | 0 |
| 12 | 9 | 0 |
| 13 | 9 | 1 |
| 14 | 9 | 1 |
| 15 | 9 | 1 |
| 16 | 9 | 1 |
| 17 | 9 | 1 |
| 18 | 9 | 1 |
| 19 | 9 | 1 |
| 20 | 10 | 1 |
| 21 | 10 | 1 |
| 22 | 10 | 1 |
| 23 | 10 | 2 |
| 24 | 10 | 2 |
| 25 | 10 | 2 |
| 26 | 10 | 2 |
| 27 | 11 | 2 |
| 28 | 11 | 2 |
How February really feels in Circoiscrizione I
Once humidity and wind are folded in, February averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 5 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
The story in February is cold — wind chill drags the overnight "feels like" below the raw low.
Circoiscrizione I weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 10th-warmest and 10th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 7° / -0° | 52 | 6.8 | 3.4 | 9 | 0.9 |
| Feb | 9° / 1° | 56 | 6.5 | 3 | 10.1 | 2.0 |
| Mar | 14° / 4° | 70 | 8.1 | 1.3 | 11.6 | 4.3 |
| Apr | 17° / 8° | 101 | 11 | 0.2 | 13.2 | 5.5 |
| May | 21° / 13° | 115 | 12.9 | 0 | 14.6 | 6.2 |
| Jun | 26° / 16° | 86 | 10.3 | 0 | 15.4 | 6.8 |
| Jul | 29° / 19° | 49 | 8.2 | 0 | 15.1 | 6.2 |
| Aug | 28° / 19° | 58 | 9.2 | 0 | 13.9 | 6.3 |
| Sep | 23° / 15° | 88 | 8.3 | 0 | 12.3 | 7.1 |
| Oct | 17° / 10° | 95 | 9.8 | 0.1 | 10.7 | 5.4 |
| Nov | 11° / 5° | 122 | 9.4 | 0.8 | 9.3 | 2.8 |
| Dec | 7° / 1° | 58 | 6.8 | 2.9 | 8.6 | 1.1 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 46% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 13% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 41%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 56 | 56 | 56 | 57 | 57 | 58 | 59 | 60 | 60 | 61 | 61 | 63 | 63 | 63 | 63 | 63 | 63 | 62 | 62 | 61 | 59 | 58 | 58 | 57 | 56 | 55 | 55 | 54 |
| Cloudier (%) | 44 | 44 | 44 | 43 | 43 | 42 | 41 | 40 | 40 | 39 | 39 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 38 | 38 | 39 | 41 | 42 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 45 | 46 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 56 | 44 |
| 2 | 56 | 44 |
| 3 | 56 | 44 |
| 4 | 57 | 43 |
| 5 | 57 | 43 |
| 6 | 58 | 42 |
| 7 | 59 | 41 |
| 8 | 60 | 40 |
| 9 | 60 | 40 |
| 10 | 61 | 39 |
| 11 | 61 | 39 |
| 12 | 63 | 37 |
| 13 | 63 | 37 |
| 14 | 63 | 37 |
| 15 | 63 | 37 |
| 16 | 63 | 37 |
| 17 | 63 | 37 |
| 18 | 62 | 38 |
| 19 | 62 | 38 |
| 20 | 61 | 39 |
| 21 | 59 | 41 |
| 22 | 58 | 42 |
| 23 | 58 | 42 |
| 24 | 57 | 43 |
| 25 | 56 | 44 |
| 26 | 55 | 45 |
| 27 | 55 | 45 |
| 28 | 54 | 46 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Circoiscrizione I gets around 56 mm of rain and snow over 6.5 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 23% and peaks near 29% on the wettest days, and about 3 days bring snow.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 28 | 28 | 29 |
| Snow chance (%) | 12 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 23 | 12 |
| 2 | 23 | 12 |
| 3 | 23 | 12 |
| 4 | 23 | 11 |
| 5 | 23 | 11 |
| 6 | 22 | 11 |
| 7 | 22 | 11 |
| 8 | 22 | 10 |
| 9 | 22 | 10 |
| 10 | 22 | 10 |
| 11 | 22 | 10 |
| 12 | 21 | 9 |
| 13 | 21 | 9 |
| 14 | 21 | 9 |
| 15 | 21 | 9 |
| 16 | 21 | 9 |
| 17 | 22 | 9 |
| 18 | 22 | 10 |
| 19 | 23 | 10 |
| 20 | 23 | 10 |
| 21 | 24 | 11 |
| 22 | 25 | 11 |
| 23 | 26 | 11 |
| 24 | 27 | 11 |
| 25 | 27 | 11 |
| 26 | 28 | 11 |
| 27 | 28 | 11 |
| 28 | 29 | 11 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
Wind in February
Winds average 4 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 4 km/h on the calmest days to 4 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4 | calm |
| 2 | 4 | calm |
| 3 | 4 | calm |
| 4 | 4 | calm |
| 5 | 4 | calm |
| 6 | 4 | calm |
| 7 | 4 | calm |
| 8 | 4 | calm |
| 9 | 4 | calm |
| 10 | 4 | calm |
| 11 | 4 | calm |
| 12 | 4 | calm |
| 13 | 4 | calm |
| 14 | 4 | calm |
| 15 | 4 | calm |
| 16 | 4 | calm |
| 17 | 4 | calm |
| 18 | 4 | calm |
| 19 | 4 | calm |
| 20 | 4 | calm |
| 21 | 4 | calm |
| 22 | 4 | calm |
| 23 | 4 | calm |
| 24 | 4 | calm |
| 25 | 4 | calm |
| 26 | 4 | calm |
| 27 | 4 | calm |
| 28 | 4 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 9 h 30 min at the start of February to 10 h 48 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 78 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 7:58 AM to 7:20 AM, and sunset from 5:27 PM to 6:06 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 9.5 | 9.5 | 9.6 | 9.6 | 9.7 | 9.7 | 9.7 | 9.8 | 9.8 | 9.9 | 9.9 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 10.2 | 10.2 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.8 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 7:58 | 7:57 | 7:56 | 7:55 | 7:54 | 7:52 | 7:51 | 7:50 | 7:49 | 7:47 | 7:46 | 7:45 | 7:43 | 7:42 | 7:40 | 7:39 | 7:37 | 7:36 | 7:34 | 7:33 | 7:31 | 7:30 | 7:28 | 7:26 | 7:25 | 7:23 | 7:21 | 7:20 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:27 | 5:29 | 5:30 | 5:32 | 5:33 | 5:35 | 5:36 | 5:37 | 5:39 | 5:40 | 5:42 | 5:43 | 5:44 | 5:46 | 5:47 | 5:49 | 5:50 | 5:52 | 5:53 | 5:54 | 5:56 | 5:57 | 5:59 | 6:00 | 6:01 | 6:03 | 6:04 | 6:06 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9.5 | 7:58 | 5:27 |
| 2 | 9.5 | 7:57 | 5:29 |
| 3 | 9.6 | 7:56 | 5:30 |
| 4 | 9.6 | 7:55 | 5:32 |
| 5 | 9.7 | 7:54 | 5:33 |
| 6 | 9.7 | 7:52 | 5:35 |
| 7 | 9.7 | 7:51 | 5:36 |
| 8 | 9.8 | 7:50 | 5:37 |
| 9 | 9.8 | 7:49 | 5:39 |
| 10 | 9.9 | 7:47 | 5:40 |
| 11 | 9.9 | 7:46 | 5:42 |
| 12 | 10.0 | 7:45 | 5:43 |
| 13 | 10.0 | 7:43 | 5:44 |
| 14 | 10.1 | 7:42 | 5:46 |
| 15 | 10.1 | 7:40 | 5:47 |
| 16 | 10.2 | 7:39 | 5:49 |
| 17 | 10.2 | 7:37 | 5:50 |
| 18 | 10.3 | 7:36 | 5:52 |
| 19 | 10.3 | 7:34 | 5:53 |
| 20 | 10.4 | 7:33 | 5:54 |
| 21 | 10.4 | 7:31 | 5:56 |
| 22 | 10.5 | 7:30 | 5:57 |
| 23 | 10.5 | 7:28 | 5:59 |
| 24 | 10.6 | 7:26 | 6:00 |
| 25 | 10.6 | 7:25 | 6:01 |
| 26 | 10.7 | 7:23 | 6:03 |
| 27 | 10.7 | 7:21 | 6:04 |
| 28 | 10.8 | 7:20 | 6:06 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 2.55 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 1.37 kWh/m² to a high of 6.09 kWh/m² in July across the year — February's 2.55 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2.1 | Moderate |
| 2 | 2.1 | Moderate |
| 3 | 2.1 | Moderate |
| 4 | 2.2 | Moderate |
| 5 | 2.2 | Moderate |
| 6 | 2.3 | Moderate |
| 7 | 2.3 | Moderate |
| 8 | 2.3 | Moderate |
| 9 | 2.4 | Moderate |
| 10 | 2.4 | Moderate |
| 11 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 12 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 13 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 14 | 2.6 | Moderate |
| 15 | 2.6 | Moderate |
| 16 | 2.6 | Moderate |
| 17 | 2.7 | Moderate |
| 18 | 2.7 | Moderate |
| 19 | 2.7 | Moderate |
| 20 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 21 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 22 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 23 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 24 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 25 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 26 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 27 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 28 | 3.0 | Moderate |
Is February a good time to visit Circoiscrizione I?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Circoiscrizione I.
What to pack for Circoiscrizione I in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Circoiscrizione I sees daytime highs around 9°C and nights near 1°C. Pack a warm layer. About 7 days see rain.
UV index in Circoiscrizione I in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 2. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Circoiscrizione I peaks around July 15 at about 8 (very high) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near January 1 at about 1 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 8 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
| Level | Low | Moderate | Moderate | High | High | Very high | Very high | High | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 1 | Low |
| Feb | 2 | Moderate |
| Mar | 4 | Moderate |
| Apr | 6 | High |
| May | 7 | High |
| Jun | 7 | Very high |
| Jul | 8 | Very high |
| Aug | 7 | High |
| Sep | 5 | Moderate |
| Oct | 3 | Moderate |
| Nov | 2 | Low |
| Dec | 1 | Low |
Air quality in Circoiscrizione I in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Circoiscrizione I is worst in March — around 18 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 1.7× the cleanest month (November, 11 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 13 | 14 | 18 | 17 | 15 | 17 | 15 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 11 | 11 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Good | Good |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 13 | Moderate |
| Feb | 14 | Moderate |
| Mar | 18 | Moderate |
| Apr | 17 | Moderate |
| May | 15 | Moderate |
| Jun | 17 | Moderate |
| Jul | 15 | Moderate |
| Aug | 14 | Moderate |
| Sep | 13 | Moderate |
| Oct | 13 | Moderate |
| Nov | 11 | Good |
| Dec | 11 | Good |
Where is Circoiscrizione I?
Circoiscrizione I sits at 45.1°N, 7.7°E, 200 m above sea level, in Italy. The nearest listed city is Turin, 0.0 km away.
Topography around Circoiscrizione I
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Circoiscrizione I.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Circoiscrizione I has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 300 m around an average of 257 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 532 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 3,908 m.
The land around Circoiscrizione I is covered by artificial surfaces (66%) and trees (30%) within 3 km, trees (29%), cropland (26%) and artificial surfaces (26%) within 16 km, and trees (40%), cropland (25%) and grassland (23%) within 80 km.
Italy travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type C / F / L
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 69% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $43,309
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.6 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 97%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 0.6
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 5.3
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- English
- Moderate
- EF EPI 513
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Circoiscrizione I (45.0664°, 7.6868°, elevation 200 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).