Satpayev weather in February
In February, Satpayev sees average daytime highs of -8°C and overnight lows near -17°C, with 16 mm of precipitation across 4.2 wet days and about 9.9 hours of daylight. It is the 11th-warmest and 9th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about -9°C in the first days to -6°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 19% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 9 h 12 min at the start of February to 10 h 36 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Satpayev's 11th-clearest and 2nd-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Satpayev's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- -8°
- 11th warmest
- Overnight low
- -17°
- 2nd coldest
- Precipitation
- 16 mm
- 4.2 wet days
- Daylight
- 9 h 54 min
- 8:47 AM – 6:42 PM
- Cloud cover
- 75%
- 11th clearest
- Wind
- 16 km/h
- 2nd windiest
- Solar energy
- 2.51 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 0.0
- out of 10
Satpayev is city in Ulytau region, Kazakhstan.
- Founded
- 1954
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Highs climb over the month, from about -9°C in the first days to -6°C by the end.
A typical February day in Satpayev reaches about -8°C in the afternoon and slips back to -17°C overnight — a 9°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between -16°C and -0°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 2°C warmer than January and about 9°C cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | -9 | -9 | -9 | -9 | -9 | -9 | -9 | -9 | -9 | -9 | -9 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -7 | -7 | -7 | -7 | -6 | -6 | -6 | -5 | -5 |
| Avg low (°C) | -17 | -17 | -17 | -17 | -17 | -17 | -17 | -17 | -17 | -17 | -17 | -17 | -17 | -17 | -17 | -17 | -17 | -17 | -17 | -16 | -16 | -16 | -16 | -15 | -15 | -15 | -15 | -14 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | -9 | -17 |
| 2 | -9 | -17 |
| 3 | -9 | -17 |
| 4 | -9 | -17 |
| 5 | -9 | -17 |
| 6 | -9 | -17 |
| 7 | -9 | -17 |
| 8 | -9 | -17 |
| 9 | -9 | -17 |
| 10 | -9 | -17 |
| 11 | -9 | -17 |
| 12 | -8 | -17 |
| 13 | -8 | -17 |
| 14 | -8 | -17 |
| 15 | -8 | -17 |
| 16 | -8 | -17 |
| 17 | -8 | -17 |
| 18 | -8 | -17 |
| 19 | -8 | -17 |
| 20 | -7 | -16 |
| 21 | -7 | -16 |
| 22 | -7 | -16 |
| 23 | -7 | -16 |
| 24 | -6 | -15 |
| 25 | -6 | -15 |
| 26 | -6 | -15 |
| 27 | -5 | -15 |
| 28 | -5 | -14 |
How February really feels in Satpayev
Once humidity and wind are folded in, February averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 28 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
The story in February is cold — wind chill drags the overnight "feels like" below the raw low.
Satpayev weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 11th-warmest and 9th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | -10° / -17° | 15 | 4.4 | 5.7 | 8.6 | 0.0 |
| Feb | -8° / -17° | 16 | 4.2 | 4.6 | 9.9 | 0.0 |
| Mar | 1° / -9° | 19 | 4.7 | 2.6 | 11.6 | 0.2 |
| Apr | 15° / 2° | 21 | 5.1 | 0.8 | 13.4 | 5.0 |
| May | 22° / 9° | 19 | 4.8 | 0.1 | 14.9 | 7.7 |
| Jun | 28° / 14° | 19 | 4.3 | 0 | 15.7 | 7.0 |
| Jul | 29° / 16° | 19 | 5.1 | 0 | 15.4 | 6.2 |
| Aug | 28° / 15° | 14 | 3 | 0 | 14.1 | 7.4 |
| Sep | 21° / 8° | 7 | 2 | 0 | 12.4 | 8.1 |
| Oct | 12° / 1° | 18 | 4.2 | 0.9 | 10.6 | 3.9 |
| Nov | 1° / -7° | 18 | 4.9 | 3.4 | 9 | 0.1 |
| Dec | -7° / -14° | 17 | 4.9 | 5.3 | 8.3 | 0.0 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 19% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 7% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 74%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 25 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 |
| Cloudier (%) | 75 | 76 | 77 | 77 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 77 | 76 | 75 | 74 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 71 | 71 | 71 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 25 | 75 |
| 2 | 24 | 76 |
| 3 | 23 | 77 |
| 4 | 23 | 77 |
| 5 | 22 | 78 |
| 6 | 22 | 78 |
| 7 | 22 | 78 |
| 8 | 22 | 78 |
| 9 | 22 | 78 |
| 10 | 22 | 78 |
| 11 | 22 | 78 |
| 12 | 22 | 78 |
| 13 | 23 | 77 |
| 14 | 24 | 76 |
| 15 | 25 | 75 |
| 16 | 26 | 74 |
| 17 | 27 | 73 |
| 18 | 27 | 73 |
| 19 | 27 | 73 |
| 20 | 27 | 73 |
| 21 | 29 | 71 |
| 22 | 29 | 71 |
| 23 | 29 | 71 |
| 24 | 30 | 70 |
| 25 | 30 | 70 |
| 26 | 30 | 70 |
| 27 | 30 | 70 |
| 28 | 30 | 70 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Satpayev gets around 16 mm of rain and snow over 4.2 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 15% and peaks near 16% on the wettest days, and about 5 days bring snow.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 15 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
| Snow chance (%) | 19 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 11 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 15 | 19 |
| 2 | 15 | 18 |
| 3 | 16 | 18 |
| 4 | 16 | 18 |
| 5 | 16 | 18 |
| 6 | 16 | 18 |
| 7 | 16 | 18 |
| 8 | 16 | 18 |
| 9 | 16 | 18 |
| 10 | 16 | 17 |
| 11 | 16 | 17 |
| 12 | 16 | 17 |
| 13 | 15 | 17 |
| 14 | 15 | 17 |
| 15 | 15 | 16 |
| 16 | 15 | 16 |
| 17 | 14 | 16 |
| 18 | 14 | 15 |
| 19 | 14 | 15 |
| 20 | 14 | 15 |
| 21 | 14 | 14 |
| 22 | 13 | 14 |
| 23 | 13 | 14 |
| 24 | 13 | 13 |
| 25 | 13 | 13 |
| 26 | 12 | 12 |
| 27 | 12 | 12 |
| 28 | 12 | 11 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
Wind in February
Winds average 16 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 16 km/h on the calmest days to 16 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 |
| Feels | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 16 | light breeze |
| 2 | 16 | light breeze |
| 3 | 16 | light breeze |
| 4 | 16 | light breeze |
| 5 | 16 | light breeze |
| 6 | 16 | light breeze |
| 7 | 16 | light breeze |
| 8 | 16 | light breeze |
| 9 | 16 | light breeze |
| 10 | 16 | light breeze |
| 11 | 16 | light breeze |
| 12 | 16 | light breeze |
| 13 | 16 | light breeze |
| 14 | 16 | light breeze |
| 15 | 16 | light breeze |
| 16 | 16 | light breeze |
| 17 | 16 | light breeze |
| 18 | 16 | light breeze |
| 19 | 16 | light breeze |
| 20 | 16 | light breeze |
| 21 | 16 | light breeze |
| 22 | 16 | light breeze |
| 23 | 16 | light breeze |
| 24 | 16 | light breeze |
| 25 | 16 | light breeze |
| 26 | 16 | light breeze |
| 27 | 16 | light breeze |
| 28 | 16 | light breeze |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 9 h 12 min at the start of February to 10 h 36 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 84 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 9:07 AM to 8:24 AM, and sunset from 6:20 PM to 7:02 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 9.2 | 9.3 | 9.3 | 9.4 | 9.4 | 9.5 | 9.5 | 9.6 | 9.6 | 9.7 | 9.7 | 9.8 | 9.8 | 9.9 | 9.9 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 10.2 | 10.2 | 10.3 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.6 | 10.6 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 9:07 | 9:06 | 9:04 | 9:03 | 9:02 | 9:00 | 8:59 | 8:58 | 8:56 | 8:55 | 8:53 | 8:52 | 8:50 | 8:49 | 8:47 | 8:45 | 8:44 | 8:42 | 8:40 | 8:39 | 8:37 | 8:35 | 8:33 | 8:32 | 8:30 | 8:28 | 8:26 | 8:24 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:20 | 6:21 | 6:23 | 6:25 | 6:26 | 6:28 | 6:29 | 6:31 | 6:32 | 6:34 | 6:36 | 6:37 | 6:39 | 6:40 | 6:42 | 6:43 | 6:45 | 6:47 | 6:48 | 6:50 | 6:51 | 6:53 | 6:54 | 6:56 | 6:58 | 6:59 | 7:01 | 7:02 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9.2 | 9:07 | 6:20 |
| 2 | 9.3 | 9:06 | 6:21 |
| 3 | 9.3 | 9:04 | 6:23 |
| 4 | 9.4 | 9:03 | 6:25 |
| 5 | 9.4 | 9:02 | 6:26 |
| 6 | 9.5 | 9:00 | 6:28 |
| 7 | 9.5 | 8:59 | 6:29 |
| 8 | 9.6 | 8:58 | 6:31 |
| 9 | 9.6 | 8:56 | 6:32 |
| 10 | 9.7 | 8:55 | 6:34 |
| 11 | 9.7 | 8:53 | 6:36 |
| 12 | 9.8 | 8:52 | 6:37 |
| 13 | 9.8 | 8:50 | 6:39 |
| 14 | 9.9 | 8:49 | 6:40 |
| 15 | 9.9 | 8:47 | 6:42 |
| 16 | 10.0 | 8:45 | 6:43 |
| 17 | 10.0 | 8:44 | 6:45 |
| 18 | 10.1 | 8:42 | 6:47 |
| 19 | 10.1 | 8:40 | 6:48 |
| 20 | 10.2 | 8:39 | 6:50 |
| 21 | 10.2 | 8:37 | 6:51 |
| 22 | 10.3 | 8:35 | 6:53 |
| 23 | 10.4 | 8:33 | 6:54 |
| 24 | 10.4 | 8:32 | 6:56 |
| 25 | 10.5 | 8:30 | 6:58 |
| 26 | 10.5 | 8:28 | 6:59 |
| 27 | 10.6 | 8:26 | 7:01 |
| 28 | 10.6 | 8:24 | 7:02 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 2.51 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 1.14 kWh/m² to a high of 6.84 kWh/m² in June across the year — February's 2.51 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.2 |
| Level | Dim | Dim | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2.0 | Dim |
| 2 | 2.0 | Dim |
| 3 | 2.0 | Moderate |
| 4 | 2.1 | Moderate |
| 5 | 2.1 | Moderate |
| 6 | 2.1 | Moderate |
| 7 | 2.2 | Moderate |
| 8 | 2.2 | Moderate |
| 9 | 2.3 | Moderate |
| 10 | 2.3 | Moderate |
| 11 | 2.3 | Moderate |
| 12 | 2.4 | Moderate |
| 13 | 2.4 | Moderate |
| 14 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 15 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 16 | 2.6 | Moderate |
| 17 | 2.6 | Moderate |
| 18 | 2.7 | Moderate |
| 19 | 2.7 | Moderate |
| 20 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 21 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 22 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 23 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 24 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 25 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 26 | 3.1 | Moderate |
| 27 | 3.1 | Moderate |
| 28 | 3.2 | Moderate |
Is February a good time to visit Satpayev?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Satpayev.
What to pack for Satpayev in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Satpayev sees daytime highs around -8°C and nights near -17°C. Pack a warm layer and a heavy coat. About 4 days see rain.
UV index in Satpayev in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 2. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Satpayev peaks around May 23 at about 7 (very high) — sunscreen and a hat are worth it in the middle of the day. It bottoms out near January 1 at about 1 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 6 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 5 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
| Level | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Very high | High | High | High | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 1 | Low |
| Feb | 2 | Moderate |
| Mar | 3 | Moderate |
| Apr | 5 | Moderate |
| May | 7 | Very high |
| Jun | 7 | High |
| Jul | 5 | High |
| Aug | 7 | High |
| Sep | 5 | Moderate |
| Oct | 3 | Moderate |
| Nov | 2 | Low |
| Dec | 1 | Low |
Air quality in Satpayev in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Satpayev is worst in April — around 15 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 1.9× the cleanest month (August, 8 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 9 | 10 | 14 | 15 | 11 | 8 | 12 | 8 | 8 | 12 | 11 | 8 |
| Level | Good | Good | Moderate | Moderate | Good | Good | Moderate | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 9 | Good |
| Feb | 10 | Good |
| Mar | 14 | Moderate |
| Apr | 15 | Moderate |
| May | 11 | Good |
| Jun | 8 | Good |
| Jul | 12 | Moderate |
| Aug | 8 | Good |
| Sep | 8 | Good |
| Oct | 12 | Good |
| Nov | 11 | Good |
| Dec | 8 | Good |
Where is Satpayev?
Satpayev sits at 47.9°N, 67.5°E, 427 m above sea level, in Kazakhstan. The nearest listed city is Zhezqazghan, 17 km away.
Topography around Satpayev
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Satpayev.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Satpayev has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 48 m around an average of 404 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 336 m; within 80 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 539 m.
The land around Satpayev is covered by grassland (59%) and artificial surfaces (24%) within 3 km, grassland (87%) within 16 km, and grassland (98%) within 80 km.
Kazakhstan travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 1
- Exercise Normal Precautions
- Power plugs
- Type C / F
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 33% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $14,692
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.6 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 92%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 2.6
- per 100k, 2022
- Road deaths
- 12.7
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Very low
- EF EPI 417
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Satpayev (47.9041°, 67.5411°, elevation 427 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).