Ol Kalou weather in September
In September, Ol Kalou sees average daytime highs of 19°C and overnight lows near 8°C, with 138 mm of rain across 16.8 wet days and about 12 hours of daylight. It is the 8th-warmest and 8th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 19°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 9% of the time in September, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 12 hours at the start of September to 12 hours by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, September is Ol Kalou's 5th-clearest and 5th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Ol Kalou's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 19°
- 8th warmest
- Overnight low
- 8°
- 2nd coldest
- Rainfall
- 138 mm
- 16.8 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 hours
- 6:29 AM – 6:29 PM
- Cloud cover
- 66%
- 5th clearest
- Wind
- 7 km/h
- 5th windiest
- Solar energy
- 6.12 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 5.1
- out of 10
Ol Kalou is town in Kenya.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in September
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 19°C through the month.
A typical September day in Ol Kalou reaches about 19°C in the afternoon and slips back to 8°C overnight — a 10°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 17°C and 20°C. Set against its neighbours, September runs about 1°C warmer than August and on par with October.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 |
| Avg low (°C) | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 18 | 9 |
| 2 | 18 | 9 |
| 3 | 18 | 8 |
| 4 | 18 | 8 |
| 5 | 18 | 8 |
| 6 | 18 | 8 |
| 7 | 18 | 8 |
| 8 | 18 | 8 |
| 9 | 18 | 8 |
| 10 | 19 | 8 |
| 11 | 19 | 8 |
| 12 | 19 | 8 |
| 13 | 19 | 8 |
| 14 | 19 | 8 |
| 15 | 19 | 8 |
| 16 | 19 | 8 |
| 17 | 19 | 8 |
| 18 | 19 | 8 |
| 19 | 19 | 8 |
| 20 | 19 | 8 |
| 21 | 19 | 8 |
| 22 | 19 | 8 |
| 23 | 19 | 8 |
| 24 | 19 | 8 |
| 25 | 19 | 8 |
| 26 | 19 | 8 |
| 27 | 19 | 8 |
| 28 | 19 | 9 |
| 29 | 19 | 9 |
| 30 | 19 | 9 |
Ol Kalou weather by month
How September compares with the rest of the year at a glance. September is the 8th-warmest and 8th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 20° / 9° | 66 | 8.4 | 12 | 6.6 |
| Feb | 22° / 8° | 52 | 5.7 | 12 | 7.1 |
| Mar | 22° / 9° | 112 | 11.8 | 12 | 6.4 |
| Apr | 20° / 10° | 235 | 20.6 | 12 | 4.6 |
| May | 19° / 11° | 181 | 18.4 | 12 | 4.9 |
| Jun | 18° / 10° | 139 | 17.5 | 12 | 4.8 |
| Jul | 17° / 9° | 164 | 22.1 | 12 | 4.0 |
| Aug | 18° / 9° | 190 | 22.8 | 12 | 3.9 |
| Sep | 19° / 8° | 138 | 16.8 | 12 | 5.1 |
| Oct | 19° / 9° | 206 | 20 | 12 | 4.6 |
| Nov | 19° / 10° | 211 | 23.4 | 12 | 4.1 |
| Dec | 19° / 9° | 95 | 13.4 | 12 | 5.6 |
Cloud cover in September
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 9% of the time in September.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 32% of September, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 59%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 30 | 31 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 37 | 39 | 40 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 44 | 44 | 43 | 43 | 41 | 41 | 40 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 39 |
| Cloudier (%) | 70 | 69 | 67 | 66 | 65 | 63 | 61 | 60 | 58 | 57 | 56 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 56 | 56 | 57 | 57 | 59 | 59 | 60 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 61 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 30 | 70 |
| 2 | 31 | 69 |
| 3 | 33 | 67 |
| 4 | 34 | 66 |
| 5 | 35 | 65 |
| 6 | 37 | 63 |
| 7 | 39 | 61 |
| 8 | 40 | 60 |
| 9 | 42 | 58 |
| 10 | 43 | 57 |
| 11 | 44 | 56 |
| 12 | 45 | 55 |
| 13 | 45 | 55 |
| 14 | 45 | 55 |
| 15 | 45 | 55 |
| 16 | 45 | 55 |
| 17 | 45 | 55 |
| 18 | 45 | 55 |
| 19 | 44 | 56 |
| 20 | 44 | 56 |
| 21 | 43 | 57 |
| 22 | 43 | 57 |
| 23 | 41 | 59 |
| 24 | 41 | 59 |
| 25 | 40 | 60 |
| 26 | 39 | 61 |
| 27 | 39 | 61 |
| 28 | 39 | 61 |
| 29 | 39 | 61 |
| 30 | 39 | 61 |
Chance of precipitation in September
Ol Kalou gets around 138 mm of rain over 16.8 wet days in September. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 55% and peaks near 71% on the wettest days. The odds ease toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 71 | 70 | 69 | 68 | 66 | 64 | 62 | 61 | 59 | 57 | 55 | 54 | 52 | 51 | 50 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 51 | 51 | 51 | 51 | 51 | 51 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 71 |
| 2 | 70 |
| 3 | 69 |
| 4 | 68 |
| 5 | 66 |
| 6 | 64 |
| 7 | 62 |
| 8 | 61 |
| 9 | 59 |
| 10 | 57 |
| 11 | 55 |
| 12 | 54 |
| 13 | 52 |
| 14 | 51 |
| 15 | 50 |
| 16 | 49 |
| 17 | 49 |
| 18 | 49 |
| 19 | 49 |
| 20 | 49 |
| 21 | 49 |
| 22 | 50 |
| 23 | 50 |
| 24 | 50 |
| 25 | 51 |
| 26 | 51 |
| 27 | 51 |
| 28 | 51 |
| 29 | 51 |
| 30 | 51 |
Humidity in September
Most of September feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, September lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
| 29 | 100 |
| 30 | 100 |
Wind in September
Winds average 7 km/h in September.
Across September, daily wind ranges from about 6 km/h on the calmest days to 7 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6 | calm |
| 2 | 6 | calm |
| 3 | 6 | calm |
| 4 | 6 | calm |
| 5 | 6 | calm |
| 6 | 7 | calm |
| 7 | 7 | calm |
| 8 | 7 | calm |
| 9 | 7 | calm |
| 10 | 7 | calm |
| 11 | 7 | calm |
| 12 | 7 | calm |
| 13 | 7 | calm |
| 14 | 7 | calm |
| 15 | 7 | calm |
| 16 | 7 | calm |
| 17 | 7 | calm |
| 18 | 7 | calm |
| 19 | 7 | calm |
| 20 | 7 | calm |
| 21 | 7 | calm |
| 22 | 7 | calm |
| 23 | 7 | calm |
| 24 | 7 | calm |
| 25 | 7 | calm |
| 26 | 7 | calm |
| 27 | 7 | calm |
| 28 | 7 | calm |
| 29 | 7 | calm |
| 30 | 7 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in September
Daylight runs from about 12 hours at the start of September to 12 hours by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 0 minutes over September. Sunrise moves from 6:34 AM to 6:24 AM, and sunset from 6:34 PM to 6:24 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:34 | 6:34 | 6:34 | 6:33 | 6:33 | 6:33 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:31 | 6:31 | 6:31 | 6:30 | 6:30 | 6:30 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:34 | 6:34 | 6:33 | 6:33 | 6:33 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:31 | 6:31 | 6:31 | 6:30 | 6:30 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:24 | 6:24 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.0 | 6:34 | 6:34 |
| 2 | 12.0 | 6:34 | 6:34 |
| 3 | 12.0 | 6:34 | 6:33 |
| 4 | 12.0 | 6:33 | 6:33 |
| 5 | 12.0 | 6:33 | 6:33 |
| 6 | 12.0 | 6:33 | 6:32 |
| 7 | 12.0 | 6:32 | 6:32 |
| 8 | 12.0 | 6:32 | 6:32 |
| 9 | 12.0 | 6:31 | 6:31 |
| 10 | 12.0 | 6:31 | 6:31 |
| 11 | 12.0 | 6:31 | 6:31 |
| 12 | 12.0 | 6:30 | 6:30 |
| 13 | 12.0 | 6:30 | 6:30 |
| 14 | 12.0 | 6:30 | 6:29 |
| 15 | 12.0 | 6:29 | 6:29 |
| 16 | 12.0 | 6:29 | 6:29 |
| 17 | 12.0 | 6:28 | 6:28 |
| 18 | 12.0 | 6:28 | 6:28 |
| 19 | 12.0 | 6:28 | 6:28 |
| 20 | 12.0 | 6:27 | 6:27 |
| 21 | 12.0 | 6:27 | 6:27 |
| 22 | 12.0 | 6:27 | 6:27 |
| 23 | 12.0 | 6:26 | 6:26 |
| 24 | 12.0 | 6:26 | 6:26 |
| 25 | 12.0 | 6:25 | 6:26 |
| 26 | 12.0 | 6:25 | 6:25 |
| 27 | 12.0 | 6:25 | 6:25 |
| 28 | 12.0 | 6:24 | 6:25 |
| 29 | 12.0 | 6:24 | 6:24 |
| 30 | 12.0 | 6:24 | 6:24 |
Solar energy in September
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in September, about 6.12 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.81 kWh/m² to a high of 6.95 kWh/m² in February across the year — September's 6.12 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 10 | 6.0 | Bright |
| 11 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 12 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 13 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 14 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 15 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 16 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 17 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 18 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 19 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 20 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 21 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 22 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 23 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 24 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 25 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 26 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 27 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 28 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 29 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 30 | 6.3 | Intense |
Is September a good time to visit Ol Kalou?
Our two travel scores rate September for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
September is a reasonable time to visit Ol Kalou for sightseeing.
What to pack for Ol Kalou in September
From September's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In September, Ol Kalou sees daytime highs around 19°C and nights near 8°C. Pack rain gear and sun protection. About 17 days see rain.
UV index in Ol Kalou in September
Clear-sky midday UV in September peaks around 14 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Ol Kalou peaks around March 16 at about 17 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 19 at about 11 (extreme).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 16 | 16 | 17 | 16 | 13 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 14 | 13 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 16 | Extreme |
| Feb | 16 | Extreme |
| Mar | 17 | Extreme |
| Apr | 16 | Extreme |
| May | 13 | Extreme |
| Jun | 11 | Extreme |
| Jul | 12 | Extreme |
| Aug | 13 | Extreme |
| Sep | 14 | Extreme |
| Oct | 15 | Extreme |
| Nov | 14 | Extreme |
| Dec | 13 | Extreme |
Air quality in Ol Kalou in September
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where September falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Ol Kalou is worst in June — around 34 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), and holds fairly steady the rest of the year.
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 27 | 31 | 28 | 27 | 28 | 34 | 34 | 28 | 25 | 24 | 27 | 28 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 27 | Moderate |
| Feb | 31 | Moderate |
| Mar | 28 | Moderate |
| Apr | 27 | Moderate |
| May | 28 | Moderate |
| Jun | 34 | Moderate |
| Jul | 34 | Moderate |
| Aug | 28 | Moderate |
| Sep | 25 | Moderate |
| Oct | 24 | Moderate |
| Nov | 27 | Moderate |
| Dec | 28 | Moderate |
Where is Ol Kalou?
Ol Kalou sits at 0.3°S, 36.4°E, 2,348 m above sea level, in Kenya. The nearest listed city is Upper Gilgil, 14 km away.
Topography around Ol Kalou
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Ol Kalou.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Ol Kalou has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 197 m around an average of 2,380 m above sea level; within 16 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 803 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,992 m.
The land around Ol Kalou is covered by cropland (51%) and grassland (23%) within 3 km, cropland (40%) and grassland (31%) within 16 km, and grassland (33%), trees (24%) and cropland (23%) within 80 km.
Kenya travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type G
- 240 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 34% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $2,363
- 2025
- Happiness
- 4.7 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Homicide rate
- 4.9
- per 100k, 2022
- Road deaths
- 28.3
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Lower middle
- World Bank
- English
- High
- EF EPI 593
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Ol Kalou (-0.2709°, 36.3792°, elevation 2,348 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).