Quthing weather in February
In February, Quthing sees average daytime highs of 24°C and overnight lows near 12°C, with 105 mm of rain across 14.4 wet days and about 13.1 hours of daylight. It is the 2nd-warmest and 3rd-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 24°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 46% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 13 h 30 min at the start of February to 12 h 42 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Quthing's 11th-clearest and 8th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Quthing's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 24°
- 2nd warmest
- Overnight low
- 12°
- 11th coldest
- Rainfall
- 105 mm
- 14.4 wet days
- Daylight
- 13 h 06 min
- 5:51 AM – 6:57 PM
- Cloud cover
- 45%
- 11th clearest
- Wind
- 8 km/h
- 8th windiest
- Solar energy
- 6.67 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 6.3
- out of 10
Quthing is city.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 24°C through the month.
A typical February day in Quthing reaches about 24°C in the afternoon and slips back to 12°C overnight — a 12°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 20°C and 28°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs on par with January and about 2°C warmer than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 |
| Avg low (°C) | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 11 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 24 | 12 |
| 2 | 24 | 12 |
| 3 | 24 | 12 |
| 4 | 24 | 12 |
| 5 | 24 | 12 |
| 6 | 24 | 12 |
| 7 | 24 | 12 |
| 8 | 24 | 12 |
| 9 | 24 | 12 |
| 10 | 24 | 12 |
| 11 | 24 | 12 |
| 12 | 24 | 12 |
| 13 | 24 | 12 |
| 14 | 24 | 12 |
| 15 | 24 | 12 |
| 16 | 24 | 12 |
| 17 | 24 | 12 |
| 18 | 24 | 12 |
| 19 | 24 | 12 |
| 20 | 24 | 12 |
| 21 | 24 | 12 |
| 22 | 24 | 12 |
| 23 | 24 | 12 |
| 24 | 24 | 12 |
| 25 | 23 | 12 |
| 26 | 23 | 12 |
| 27 | 23 | 12 |
| 28 | 23 | 11 |
How February really feels in Quthing
Once humidity and wind are folded in, February averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
February sits comfortably in between — no days that feel dangerously hot or drop to a hard freeze once humidity and wind are folded in.
Quthing weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 2nd-warmest and 3rd-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 25° / 12° | 119 | 15.8 | 0 | 13.7 | 6.3 |
| Feb | 24° / 12° | 105 | 14.4 | 0 | 13.1 | 6.3 |
| Mar | 22° / 10° | 93 | 13.6 | 0 | 12.2 | 6.5 |
| Apr | 19° / 7° | 63 | 9.5 | 0.2 | 11.3 | 6.4 |
| May | 16° / 3° | 33 | 4.9 | 0.6 | 10.5 | 5.8 |
| Jun | 13° / -1° | 24 | 4.3 | 1.4 | 10.1 | 4.3 |
| Jul | 13° / -1° | 21 | 3.8 | 2 | 10.2 | 4.3 |
| Aug | 15° / 2° | 31 | 4.9 | 1.1 | 10.9 | 5.6 |
| Sep | 19° / 6° | 30 | 4.9 | 0.6 | 11.8 | 7.3 |
| Oct | 21° / 8° | 76 | 9.9 | 0.1 | 12.7 | 6.9 |
| Nov | 22° / 9° | 104 | 11.7 | 0.1 | 13.5 | 6.7 |
| Dec | 24° / 11° | 118 | 13.9 | 0 | 13.9 | 6.6 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 46% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 24% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 30%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 69 | 69 | 69 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 69 | 70 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 71 | 71 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 73 |
| Cloudier (%) | 31 | 31 | 31 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 31 | 30 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 29 | 29 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 27 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 69 | 31 |
| 2 | 69 | 31 |
| 3 | 69 | 31 |
| 4 | 70 | 30 |
| 5 | 70 | 30 |
| 6 | 70 | 30 |
| 7 | 70 | 30 |
| 8 | 70 | 30 |
| 9 | 69 | 31 |
| 10 | 70 | 30 |
| 11 | 69 | 31 |
| 12 | 69 | 31 |
| 13 | 69 | 31 |
| 14 | 68 | 32 |
| 15 | 68 | 32 |
| 16 | 68 | 32 |
| 17 | 69 | 31 |
| 18 | 69 | 31 |
| 19 | 69 | 31 |
| 20 | 70 | 30 |
| 21 | 70 | 30 |
| 22 | 70 | 30 |
| 23 | 71 | 29 |
| 24 | 71 | 29 |
| 25 | 72 | 28 |
| 26 | 72 | 28 |
| 27 | 72 | 28 |
| 28 | 73 | 27 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Quthing gets around 105 mm of rain over 14.4 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 52% and peaks near 55% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 53 | 53 | 53 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 54 | 53 | 53 | 52 | 51 | 50 | 50 | 49 | 48 | 48 | 47 | 46 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 53 |
| 2 | 53 |
| 3 | 53 |
| 4 | 54 |
| 5 | 54 |
| 6 | 54 |
| 7 | 54 |
| 8 | 54 |
| 9 | 54 |
| 10 | 54 |
| 11 | 55 |
| 12 | 55 |
| 13 | 55 |
| 14 | 55 |
| 15 | 55 |
| 16 | 55 |
| 17 | 54 |
| 18 | 53 |
| 19 | 53 |
| 20 | 52 |
| 21 | 51 |
| 22 | 50 |
| 23 | 50 |
| 24 | 49 |
| 25 | 48 |
| 26 | 48 |
| 27 | 47 |
| 28 | 46 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 84% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 84 | 84 | 84 | 83 | 83 | 83 | 83 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 83 | 83 | 84 | 85 | 86 | 86 | 87 | 88 | 89 | 90 | 90 | 91 |
| Comfortable (%) | 16 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 17 | 16 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 9 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 84 | 16 |
| 2 | 84 | 16 |
| 3 | 84 | 16 |
| 4 | 83 | 17 |
| 5 | 83 | 17 |
| 6 | 83 | 17 |
| 7 | 83 | 17 |
| 8 | 82 | 18 |
| 9 | 82 | 18 |
| 10 | 82 | 18 |
| 11 | 82 | 18 |
| 12 | 82 | 18 |
| 13 | 82 | 18 |
| 14 | 82 | 18 |
| 15 | 82 | 18 |
| 16 | 82 | 18 |
| 17 | 83 | 17 |
| 18 | 83 | 17 |
| 19 | 84 | 16 |
| 20 | 85 | 15 |
| 21 | 86 | 14 |
| 22 | 86 | 14 |
| 23 | 87 | 13 |
| 24 | 88 | 12 |
| 25 | 89 | 11 |
| 26 | 90 | 10 |
| 27 | 90 | 10 |
| 28 | 91 | 9 |
Wind in February
Winds average 8 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 7 km/h on the calmest days to 8 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8 | calm |
| 2 | 8 | calm |
| 3 | 8 | calm |
| 4 | 8 | calm |
| 5 | 8 | calm |
| 6 | 8 | calm |
| 7 | 8 | calm |
| 8 | 8 | calm |
| 9 | 8 | calm |
| 10 | 8 | calm |
| 11 | 8 | calm |
| 12 | 8 | calm |
| 13 | 8 | calm |
| 14 | 8 | calm |
| 15 | 8 | calm |
| 16 | 8 | calm |
| 17 | 8 | calm |
| 18 | 8 | calm |
| 19 | 7 | calm |
| 20 | 7 | calm |
| 21 | 7 | calm |
| 22 | 7 | calm |
| 23 | 7 | calm |
| 24 | 7 | calm |
| 25 | 7 | calm |
| 26 | 7 | calm |
| 27 | 7 | calm |
| 28 | 7 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 13 h 30 min at the start of February to 12 h 42 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 48 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 5:39 AM to 6:01 AM, and sunset from 7:06 PM to 6:44 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 13.5 | 13.4 | 13.4 | 13.4 | 13.4 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.7 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 5:39 | 5:40 | 5:41 | 5:42 | 5:43 | 5:43 | 5:44 | 5:45 | 5:46 | 5:47 | 5:48 | 5:48 | 5:49 | 5:50 | 5:51 | 5:52 | 5:53 | 5:53 | 5:54 | 5:55 | 5:56 | 5:56 | 5:57 | 5:58 | 5:59 | 5:59 | 6:00 | 6:01 |
| Sunset (PM) | 7:06 | 7:06 | 7:05 | 7:05 | 7:04 | 7:03 | 7:03 | 7:02 | 7:01 | 7:01 | 7:00 | 6:59 | 6:58 | 6:57 | 6:57 | 6:56 | 6:55 | 6:54 | 6:53 | 6:52 | 6:51 | 6:50 | 6:49 | 6:48 | 6:47 | 6:46 | 6:45 | 6:44 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 13.5 | 5:39 | 7:06 |
| 2 | 13.4 | 5:40 | 7:06 |
| 3 | 13.4 | 5:41 | 7:05 |
| 4 | 13.4 | 5:42 | 7:05 |
| 5 | 13.4 | 5:43 | 7:04 |
| 6 | 13.3 | 5:43 | 7:03 |
| 7 | 13.3 | 5:44 | 7:03 |
| 8 | 13.3 | 5:45 | 7:02 |
| 9 | 13.3 | 5:46 | 7:01 |
| 10 | 13.2 | 5:47 | 7:01 |
| 11 | 13.2 | 5:48 | 7:00 |
| 12 | 13.2 | 5:48 | 6:59 |
| 13 | 13.2 | 5:49 | 6:58 |
| 14 | 13.1 | 5:50 | 6:57 |
| 15 | 13.1 | 5:51 | 6:57 |
| 16 | 13.1 | 5:52 | 6:56 |
| 17 | 13.0 | 5:53 | 6:55 |
| 18 | 13.0 | 5:53 | 6:54 |
| 19 | 13.0 | 5:54 | 6:53 |
| 20 | 13.0 | 5:55 | 6:52 |
| 21 | 12.9 | 5:56 | 6:51 |
| 22 | 12.9 | 5:56 | 6:50 |
| 23 | 12.9 | 5:57 | 6:49 |
| 24 | 12.8 | 5:58 | 6:48 |
| 25 | 12.8 | 5:59 | 6:47 |
| 26 | 12.8 | 5:59 | 6:46 |
| 27 | 12.8 | 6:00 | 6:45 |
| 28 | 12.7 | 6:01 | 6:44 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 6.67 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 3.45 kWh/m² to a high of 7.68 kWh/m² in December across the year — February's 6.67 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.3 |
| Level | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 2 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 3 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 4 | 6.9 | Intense |
| 5 | 6.9 | Intense |
| 6 | 6.9 | Intense |
| 7 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 8 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 9 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 10 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 11 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 12 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 13 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 14 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 15 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 16 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 17 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 18 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 19 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 20 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 21 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 22 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 23 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 24 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 25 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 26 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 27 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 28 | 6.3 | Intense |
Hazard calendar for Quthing
In February, Quthing sits inside its rainy season season. The full year is below, with each hazard's peak months called out.
Quthing's rainy season runs October–April, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is February a good time to visit Quthing?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a reasonable time to visit Quthing for sightseeing.
What to pack for Quthing in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Quthing sees daytime highs around 24°C and nights near 12°C. Pack rain gear and sun protection. Worth having: light clothes. About 14 days see rain.
UV index in Quthing in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 13 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Quthing peaks around January 13 at about 15 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 23 at about 4 (moderate).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 15 | 13 | 11 | 7 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 12 | 12 | 14 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | High | Moderate | Moderate | High | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 15 | Extreme |
| Feb | 13 | Extreme |
| Mar | 11 | Extreme |
| Apr | 7 | Very high |
| May | 6 | High |
| Jun | 4 | Moderate |
| Jul | 4 | Moderate |
| Aug | 6 | High |
| Sep | 8 | Very high |
| Oct | 12 | Extreme |
| Nov | 12 | Extreme |
| Dec | 14 | Extreme |
Air quality in Quthing in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Quthing is worst in September — around 21 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 4.2× the cleanest month (December, 5 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 13 | 18 | 21 | 14 | 6 | 5 |
| Level | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Good | Good |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 5 | Good |
| Feb | 6 | Good |
| Mar | 7 | Good |
| Apr | 8 | Good |
| May | 10 | Good |
| Jun | 12 | Moderate |
| Jul | 13 | Moderate |
| Aug | 18 | Moderate |
| Sep | 21 | Moderate |
| Oct | 14 | Moderate |
| Nov | 6 | Good |
| Dec | 5 | Good |
Where is Quthing?
Quthing sits at 30.4°S, 27.7°E, 1,515 m above sea level, in Lesotho. The nearest listed city is Mohale's Hoek, 35 km away.
Topography around Quthing
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Quthing.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Quthing has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 382 m around an average of 1,610 m above sea level; within 16 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,302 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,782 m.
The land around Quthing is covered by grassland (61%) within 3 km, grassland (74%) within 16 km, and grassland (88%) within 80 km.
Lesotho travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type M
- 220 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 34% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $1,089
- 2025
- Happiness
- 4.4 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 31%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 38.2
- per 100k, 2008
- Road deaths
- 31.9
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Lower middle
- World Bank
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Quthing (-30.4°, 27.7003°, elevation 1,515 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).